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利用NOAA-AVHRR探讨中国北部海域的环流和悬浮泥沙沉积作用
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摘要
本文研究区包括渤海、北黄海和部分南黄海等海区,位于欧亚大陆桥的东端,包括了环渤海经济区的主体,经纬度范围位于北纬36°至41.5°,东经117°至127°之间,海区面积234700平方公里。环研究区陆域包括山东、河北、辽宁、天津等三省一市,具有独特的资源优势和地缘优势,也是中国九大重要的经济圈之一。在这里,由于周边人口近年的急剧增长和经济的迅速发展,造成了渤、黄海环境的急剧恶化(例如赤潮频发等),中国政府为了遏制环渤海经济区海域环境的恶化,确保环渤海经济区社会经济的可持续发展,决定于2001-2015年实施“渤海碧海行动计划”,还渤海一个清新、美丽的新环境。
     研究区的经济地位以及“渤海碧海行动计划”、“973计划”和“建设三条黄河计划”的实施说明该区在国家的发展中起着重要的作用,而本区的环流直接影响污染物入海后扩散、悬浮泥沙运移和赤潮发生等问题,所以探讨该区的环流和沉积作用有着比较重要的实际意义。
     本文收集了三部分资料:美国海洋数据中心提供的1930—2002年实测温、盐资料、国家海洋局有关部门提供的2000年8月—2001年12月NOAA/AVHRR遥感数据和2001年7—9月的三站实测海温资料。通过对以上资料分析,结合海底沉积环境分布研究成果,得出以下结论:
     1、影响研究区流系的主要动力因素是黑潮和东亚季风,本文在对水团温、盐资料分析基础上,建立了一个简单的水团强度指数,得到了三条水团强度界线。在对中国东部海域200m水层以上水体进行水团强度计算的基础上,探讨了重要的水团边界的分布和演变,揭露了中国东部海域主要流系水体的月变化特征。结果表明,本区主要流系是黄海暖流系统和沿岸流系统,它们的时空变化过程使我们对区内的环流情况有了规律性了解。中国东部海域水团的月演变过程主要分为三个阶段:12月到4月为东亚冬季季风沿岸水团强烈影响阶段,5月到7月为过渡阶段,沿岸流水体减弱到残留,暖流水体加强;8月到11月属于夏季过程,水团不稳定。黄海沿岸流水体在中国东部海域水团演变中起重要作用,它对黄海
    
    暖流水体向黄海的扩展起到重要作用。
     2、通过分析NOAA/AVHRR的第4、5波段和实测海温资料,建立一个SST
    统计模式:SST=1 .035T4+3.046(T4一TS)一287.97(OC),得到了研究区典型时段的
    SST场和流系解译图,结合前人研究,初步推断出一个黄、渤海环流模式、研究
    表明,渤海和北黄海依次存在四个和三个环流系统;冬季黄海暖流和黄渤海沿岸
    流相互影响,发育强盛;夏季黄海暖流和黄海沿岸流较弱。这些结果与水团强度
    计算有较好的对应关系。
     3、通过分析NOAA/AVHRR的第1、2波段,得到了典型时段的DVI值图,探
    讨了研究区悬浮泥沙特别是来自黄河的泥沙扩散运移路线、时空变化过程。指出
    其运移过程可以分为三个阶段:12一3月,渤海悬沙运移至黄海的冬输阶段;4
    一8月,黄河泥沙向渤海扩散、储备的阶段;9一H月,渤海悬沙向黄海运移的
    准备阶段。
     4、通过悬浮泥沙分析与中国北部海域沉积物成因环境和悬沙输运模式图对
    比,获得了研究区的悬沙输运模式:夏季,黄河等河流挟带大量的泥沙进入渤海,
    造成河口、莱州湾、渤海湾和渤海中部等区域悬浮浓度较高;冬季,波浪强盛,
    环流发育,携带大量悬沙的沿岸流与暖流系统相互作用是系列沿岸流泥质沉积
    区、涡旋沉积区、沿岸小涡旋泥区堆积的主要阶段。渤海悬沙运移到黄海的形式,
    遵循“夏储冬输”的规律。
     5、SST分布、悬沙状态、水团强度分析揭示的环流格局与中国北部海域海
    底沉积物成因环境有着很好的对应关系。表明现代海底细颗粒沉积区是海洋环流
    作用的结果。
The study area consists of Bohai Sea, northern Yellow Sea and parts of southern Yellow Sea, and it ,lies in eastern of Eurasia Bridge that includes the principal part of economic zone around Bohai Sea. And the position of the study area is between 36?41.5癗 and 117?127癊, whose sea area is 234700km2. The land around the study area includes Shandong, Hebei, Liaoning Province and Tianjin City, and it is one of nine important economic circles that have unique resource and geography superiority in China. But in recent years rapid increase of the population and speedy development of the economy make the environment worsen rapidly in Bohai and Yellow Seas, for example red tides happen frequently. In order to hold out the exacerbation of sea area environment and insure persistent development of the economy around Bohai economic zone, China government has determined that "Blue Sea Action Project in
    Bdhai Sea" has being performed from 2001 to 2015 so as to obtain fresh and beautiful environment in Bohai Sea.
    The economic status of the study area and the performance of "Blue Sea Action Project in Bohai Sea", "973 Project" and "Three Yellow Rivers Construction Project" show that the study area is very important in the development of China, and the circulation in the study area affects the diffusion of contaminates after entering into the seas, transport'of suspended sediment and occur of red tides, so analysis of the circulation and sedimentation has important practical meanings.
    The paper collects three parts of data: 1930-2002 temperature and salinity data
    provided by National Oceanographic Data Center of USA, 2000/08-2001/12 NOAA/AVHRR romantic data and 2001/07/-09 sea surface temperature data in three stations provided by related departments of the Station Oceanic Administration of China. According to the analysis of these data and combining the studied results for seabed sediment environment distribution, the paper makes conclusion as follows: 1 The leading dynamical factors dominating the current systems in the study area
    
    
    are Kuroshio Current and the East Asia Monsoon, so based on the analysis of water mass' temperature and salinity, the paper constructs a simple water mass' intensity exponent and obtains three water mass' intensity borderlines. Namely, the paper computes water mass' intensity of the waters in upper 200m layers in eastern China
    Sea, analyzes the distribution and evolvement of important water mass1 borderlines and indicates monthly variations of primary current systems waters in eastern China Sea. The results indicates that the main current systems are Yellow Sea Warm Current and Coastal Current systems, and according to their temporal and spatial variation we can know the major circulation in study area. Monthly variation of water masses in eastern China Sea is divided into three phases: First, Eastern Asia Winter Monsoon coastal water masses affect intensely from December to April. Second, from May to July is transitional phase, when coastal currents weaken and remain and warm currents strengthen. Third, from August to November belongs to summer process, and the water masses are not stable. The Yellow Sea Coastal Current waters is very important for water mass' evolvement and Yellow Warm Current extending to Yellow Sea.
    2 The paper analyses fourth and fifth bands data of NOAA/AVHRR and sea surface temperature (SST) data, then gains a SST statistical formula: SST=1. 035T4+3. 046(T4-T5)-287. 97 and SST field and interpretation figures of current systems during typical periods in the study area, then concludes a circulation mode in Yellow and Bohai Seas combining former studies. The study indicates that there are respectively four and three circulation systems in Bohai Sea and northern Yellow Sea. In winter Yellow Sea Warm Current and coastal currents influence each other and develop intensely. But in summer they are weak. These results have correspondence with water mass' intensity computations.
    3 The paper analyses first and second bands data of NOAA/AVHRR and obtai
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