联合国三次海洋法会议与美国关于海洋法问题的政策（1958-1982）
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摘要
联合国曾分别于1958、1960和1973-1982年召开了三次海洋法会议，旨在编纂国际海洋法，确定海洋各海域的法律地位，调整各国从事各种海洋活动的关系。作为当时最强大的海洋大国，美国推动和参加了联合国三次海洋法会议。本文利用美国政府文件，并借鉴相关的研究成果，追踪1958-1982年美国关于海洋法问题的政策与谈判策略的发展脉络和演变历程，考察美国关于海洋法问题的政策的决策机制，探究美国海洋法利益，探讨和分析美国拒绝签署和批准1982年《联合国海洋法公约》与1994年《关于执行1982年12月10日<联合国海洋法公约>第11部分的协定》的原因、得失与影响，揭示联合国海洋法会议对美国关于海洋法问题的政策的影响，以及作为双向互动的结果，美国关于海洋法问题的政策与谈判策略又在何种程度上以何种方式影响了会议的进程。
本文内容一共包括引言、五章正文和结语七个部分，主要内容如下：
引言部分首先追溯了国际海洋法的历史发展，随后对国内外学界关于海洋法问题的研究成果进行归纳和总结。在此基础上，阐述本文的理论与现实意义、研究思路与方法、研究的创新与不足。最后阐明本文使用频率很高的一些法律概念，并阐释本文的题目。
第一章考察了战后初期和第一、二次联合国海洋法会议期间美国关于海洋法问题的政策。《杜鲁门公告》和大陆架立场是战后初期美国关于海洋法问题的政策的主要内容。3海里和6海里领海宽度与9海里或6海里附有不同历史捕鱼权利的毗连渔区是美国在第一、第二次联合国海洋法会议上的主要政策。《杜鲁门公告》的出台凸显了美国决策的不周，领海宽度和毗连渔区政策反映了美国以国家安全利益为先的理念。
第二章考察了1960-1973年美国关于海洋法问题的政策。肯尼迪—约翰逊政府拒绝谈判多边协定，在应对马耳他提案过程中形成了初步的海底立场，并在与苏联举行的海洋法谈判中制定了12海里领海、自由通过和飞越国际海峡以及承认沿海国享有12海里领海之外的优惠渔权三项政策。尼克松政府时期确定了大陆架和海底政策、继承了约翰逊政府的领海和国际海峡政策，修改了渔业政策，出台了海洋环境和海洋科学研究政策。在第三次联合国海洋法会议筹备会议上，除了12海里领海之外，美国的其他海洋法问题政策均未获得多数支持。在谈判过程中，美国日益倾向支持200海里专属资源区，这是美国国内利益集团影响和国际压力双重作用的结果。
第三章考察了1973-1976年第三次联合国海洋法会议期间美国关于海洋法问题的政策以及政策的谈判情况。1975年，美国实现了领海和国际海峡方面的谈判目标，到了1976年美国基本上实现了渔业和海洋环境方面的谈判目标，大陆边缘外部界限的谈判趋势符合美国的立场，而海洋科学研究谈判则制定了同意制度条款，美国的海洋科学研究政策未能取得突破。这一时期，美国关于海洋法问题的政策出现了重大调整，一是同意200海里专属经济区，一是针对深海底采矿作出巨大让步，只是美国的让步收效甚微，深海底采矿谈判陷入僵局。深海底采矿让步反映了海洋法谈判对美国深海底采矿政策的影响，亦反映了美国对早日达成海洋法条约的渴望。
第四章考察了1977-1980年联合国海洋法会议期间美国关于海洋法问题的政策。1977年海洋法会议产生了美国不接受的非正式综合谈判案文，促使美国政府调整谈判策略：对外寻求海洋法条约替代选择，对内支持国会进行深海底采矿立法。谈判程序改进后，美国重返“妥协”立场，继续参加海洋法谈判，谋求修改非正式谈判案文，并继续作出了一些深海底采矿让步，进而促成了为美国接受的1980年《联合国海洋法公约》草案。
第五章考察了1981-1982年最后两期联合国海洋法会议美国关于海洋法问题的政策，概述了1982-1994年美国关于海洋法问题的政策，阐述了美国拒绝签署和批准1982年《联合国海洋法公约》与1994年《关于执行1982年12月10日<联合国海洋法公约>第11部分》的原因、得失与影响。
结语部分对美国关于海洋法问题的政策的特点进行了总结和分析，并对美国关于海洋问题的政策进行了思考。
The United Nations held theconferences on the Law of the Sea three times in1958,1960, and1973-1982respectively. The United Nations Conferences on the Lawof the Sea aimed to codify the international law of the sea, define the legal status ofthe sea waters, and adjust the relations among nations related to the ocean activities inthe world.As the strongest maritime nation at that time, the United States promotedand attended all the three United Nations Conferences on the Law of the Sea.Employing the U.S. government documents and relevant research achievements, thisdissertation tracks development and evolution of the U.S. policies on the law of thesea issues and negotiating strategies, examines its decision-making mechanism,explores U.S. law of the sea interests, discusses the reasons, gain and loss, and theinfluence of its refusal to sign the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Seain1982, and Agreement relating to the Implementation of Part XI of the UnitedNations Convention on the Law of the Sea of10December1982, reveals impact ofthe United Nations Conferences on the Law of the Sea on the U.S. policies on the lawof the sea issues and analyzes to what extent and in what way the U.S. policies on thelaw of the sea issues and negotiating strategies influence the progress of the UnitedNations Conferences on the Law of the Sea.
This dissertation consists of seven parts: introduction, five chapters of main body,and conclusion. The main content is as follows:
The introduction part first traces the historical development of the internationallaw of the sea, then follows the summary and conclusion of the research findings athome and abroad concerning the law of the sea issues. On that basis, the theoreticaland practical significance, research ideas and research methods, and the innovationand limitation of this dissertation are expounded. Lastly, some legal concept with highuse frequency in this paper is elucidated as well as the topic of this dissertation.
The first chapter examines U.S. policies on the law of the sea issues in the earlypost–World War II period and those during the First and Second United NationsConferences on the Law of the Sea. Truman Proclamations and continental shelfposition are the two major U.S. policies on the law of the sea issues in the earlypost–World War II; while3miles and6miles territorial sea and9miles or6milescontiguous fishing zone with different historical fishing right are its major policiesduring the First and Second United Nations Conferences on the Law of the Sea.Truman Proclamations highlight the decision-making errors of the United States government, whereas the policies of the breadth of territorial sea and contiguousfishing zone reflect its idea that national security interest should always come first.
The second chapter examines U.S. policies on the law of the sea issues from1960to1973. Kennedy and Johnson administrations refused to negotiatemultilateralagreement, established an initial seabed policy in the process of dealing with MaltaProposal, and made three policies in U.S.-Soviet law of the sea negotiation, which are12miles territorial sea, free transit through and over international straits, andrecognition of coastal states’preferential fishing rights beyond12miles territorial sea.The Nixon administration established the continental shelf and seabed policies,inherited the territorial sea and international straits policies of the Johnsonadministrations, revised the fishery policies, and introduced marine environment andmarine scientific research policies. At Preparatory Meetings ofthe Third UnitedNations Conferences on the Law of the Sea, all the U.S polices on the law of the seaissues failed to win the support, except12miles territorial sea. During the process ofnegotiation, the United States became increasingly enthusiastic banking for the200miles exclusive resource zone, which is the result ofthe two-way interaction betweenthe domestic interest groups and international pressure.
The third chapter examines the U.S. policies on the law of the sea issues and thenegotiation during the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea. In1975, the United States achieved its negotiating goals on the territorial sea andinternational straits. Till1976, the United States basically realized its negotiatinggoals on fishery and marine environment. The trend of negotiation on the outer limitof continental margin met U.S. position, marine scientific research negotiationestablished draft articles of consent system, thus U.S. marine scientific researchpolicies failed to make a breakthrough. During this period, the United States policiesunderwent two significant changes, one being the agreement of200miles exclusiveeconomic zone, and the other being the enormous concessions to the deep-sea mining.However, the concessions had little apparent result, and the deep-sea miningnegotiation wasin impasse. The concessions to the deep-sea mining not only reflectsthe impact of the law of the sea negotiation on the U.S deep-sea mining policies, butalso reveals the eagerness of the United States towards the early conclusion of the lawof the sea treaty.
The fourth chapter examines the U.S. policies on law of the sea issues during theThird United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea from1977to1980. In1977,the conference made an Informal Composite Negotiating Text that the United States did not accept, which led to the adjustment of U.S. negotiating strategies: seekingalternative of law of the sea treaty, and supporting the Congress conducting deep-seamining legislation. After the improvement of negotiating procedures, the UnitedStates returned to compromise position, kept attending the law of the sea negotiation,seeking to revise the Informal Composite Negotiating Text, and continued to makeconcessions to the deep-sea mining, which helped to bring about the draft of theUnited Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea in1980.
The fifth chapter examines the U.S. policies on the law of the sea issues duringthe last two United Nations Conferences on the Law of the Sea from1981to1982,summarizes the U.S. policies on law of the sea issues from1982to1994, anddiscusses the reasons, gain and loss, and the influence of its refusal to sign the UnitedNations Convention on the Law of the Sea in1982, and Agreement relating to theImplementation of Part XI of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of10December1982.
The conclusion part attempts to summarize and analyze the U.S policies on thelaws of the sea issues. Also, some thoughts are made in terms of the U.S policies onthe laws of the sea.
本文内容一共包括引言、五章正文和结语七个部分，主要内容如下：
引言部分首先追溯了国际海洋法的历史发展，随后对国内外学界关于海洋法问题的研究成果进行归纳和总结。在此基础上，阐述本文的理论与现实意义、研究思路与方法、研究的创新与不足。最后阐明本文使用频率很高的一些法律概念，并阐释本文的题目。
第一章考察了战后初期和第一、二次联合国海洋法会议期间美国关于海洋法问题的政策。《杜鲁门公告》和大陆架立场是战后初期美国关于海洋法问题的政策的主要内容。3海里和6海里领海宽度与9海里或6海里附有不同历史捕鱼权利的毗连渔区是美国在第一、第二次联合国海洋法会议上的主要政策。《杜鲁门公告》的出台凸显了美国决策的不周，领海宽度和毗连渔区政策反映了美国以国家安全利益为先的理念。
第二章考察了1960-1973年美国关于海洋法问题的政策。肯尼迪—约翰逊政府拒绝谈判多边协定，在应对马耳他提案过程中形成了初步的海底立场，并在与苏联举行的海洋法谈判中制定了12海里领海、自由通过和飞越国际海峡以及承认沿海国享有12海里领海之外的优惠渔权三项政策。尼克松政府时期确定了大陆架和海底政策、继承了约翰逊政府的领海和国际海峡政策，修改了渔业政策，出台了海洋环境和海洋科学研究政策。在第三次联合国海洋法会议筹备会议上，除了12海里领海之外，美国的其他海洋法问题政策均未获得多数支持。在谈判过程中，美国日益倾向支持200海里专属资源区，这是美国国内利益集团影响和国际压力双重作用的结果。
第三章考察了1973-1976年第三次联合国海洋法会议期间美国关于海洋法问题的政策以及政策的谈判情况。1975年，美国实现了领海和国际海峡方面的谈判目标，到了1976年美国基本上实现了渔业和海洋环境方面的谈判目标，大陆边缘外部界限的谈判趋势符合美国的立场，而海洋科学研究谈判则制定了同意制度条款，美国的海洋科学研究政策未能取得突破。这一时期，美国关于海洋法问题的政策出现了重大调整，一是同意200海里专属经济区，一是针对深海底采矿作出巨大让步，只是美国的让步收效甚微，深海底采矿谈判陷入僵局。深海底采矿让步反映了海洋法谈判对美国深海底采矿政策的影响，亦反映了美国对早日达成海洋法条约的渴望。
第四章考察了1977-1980年联合国海洋法会议期间美国关于海洋法问题的政策。1977年海洋法会议产生了美国不接受的非正式综合谈判案文，促使美国政府调整谈判策略：对外寻求海洋法条约替代选择，对内支持国会进行深海底采矿立法。谈判程序改进后，美国重返“妥协”立场，继续参加海洋法谈判，谋求修改非正式谈判案文，并继续作出了一些深海底采矿让步，进而促成了为美国接受的1980年《联合国海洋法公约》草案。
第五章考察了1981-1982年最后两期联合国海洋法会议美国关于海洋法问题的政策，概述了1982-1994年美国关于海洋法问题的政策，阐述了美国拒绝签署和批准1982年《联合国海洋法公约》与1994年《关于执行1982年12月10日<联合国海洋法公约>第11部分》的原因、得失与影响。
结语部分对美国关于海洋法问题的政策的特点进行了总结和分析，并对美国关于海洋问题的政策进行了思考。
The United Nations held theconferences on the Law of the Sea three times in1958,1960, and1973-1982respectively. The United Nations Conferences on the Lawof the Sea aimed to codify the international law of the sea, define the legal status ofthe sea waters, and adjust the relations among nations related to the ocean activities inthe world.As the strongest maritime nation at that time, the United States promotedand attended all the three United Nations Conferences on the Law of the Sea.Employing the U.S. government documents and relevant research achievements, thisdissertation tracks development and evolution of the U.S. policies on the law of thesea issues and negotiating strategies, examines its decision-making mechanism,explores U.S. law of the sea interests, discusses the reasons, gain and loss, and theinfluence of its refusal to sign the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Seain1982, and Agreement relating to the Implementation of Part XI of the UnitedNations Convention on the Law of the Sea of10December1982, reveals impact ofthe United Nations Conferences on the Law of the Sea on the U.S. policies on the lawof the sea issues and analyzes to what extent and in what way the U.S. policies on thelaw of the sea issues and negotiating strategies influence the progress of the UnitedNations Conferences on the Law of the Sea.
This dissertation consists of seven parts: introduction, five chapters of main body,and conclusion. The main content is as follows:
The introduction part first traces the historical development of the internationallaw of the sea, then follows the summary and conclusion of the research findings athome and abroad concerning the law of the sea issues. On that basis, the theoreticaland practical significance, research ideas and research methods, and the innovationand limitation of this dissertation are expounded. Lastly, some legal concept with highuse frequency in this paper is elucidated as well as the topic of this dissertation.
The first chapter examines U.S. policies on the law of the sea issues in the earlypost–World War II period and those during the First and Second United NationsConferences on the Law of the Sea. Truman Proclamations and continental shelfposition are the two major U.S. policies on the law of the sea issues in the earlypost–World War II; while3miles and6miles territorial sea and9miles or6milescontiguous fishing zone with different historical fishing right are its major policiesduring the First and Second United Nations Conferences on the Law of the Sea.Truman Proclamations highlight the decision-making errors of the United States government, whereas the policies of the breadth of territorial sea and contiguousfishing zone reflect its idea that national security interest should always come first.
The second chapter examines U.S. policies on the law of the sea issues from1960to1973. Kennedy and Johnson administrations refused to negotiatemultilateralagreement, established an initial seabed policy in the process of dealing with MaltaProposal, and made three policies in U.S.-Soviet law of the sea negotiation, which are12miles territorial sea, free transit through and over international straits, andrecognition of coastal states’preferential fishing rights beyond12miles territorial sea.The Nixon administration established the continental shelf and seabed policies,inherited the territorial sea and international straits policies of the Johnsonadministrations, revised the fishery policies, and introduced marine environment andmarine scientific research policies. At Preparatory Meetings ofthe Third UnitedNations Conferences on the Law of the Sea, all the U.S polices on the law of the seaissues failed to win the support, except12miles territorial sea. During the process ofnegotiation, the United States became increasingly enthusiastic banking for the200miles exclusive resource zone, which is the result ofthe two-way interaction betweenthe domestic interest groups and international pressure.
The third chapter examines the U.S. policies on the law of the sea issues and thenegotiation during the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea. In1975, the United States achieved its negotiating goals on the territorial sea andinternational straits. Till1976, the United States basically realized its negotiatinggoals on fishery and marine environment. The trend of negotiation on the outer limitof continental margin met U.S. position, marine scientific research negotiationestablished draft articles of consent system, thus U.S. marine scientific researchpolicies failed to make a breakthrough. During this period, the United States policiesunderwent two significant changes, one being the agreement of200miles exclusiveeconomic zone, and the other being the enormous concessions to the deep-sea mining.However, the concessions had little apparent result, and the deep-sea miningnegotiation wasin impasse. The concessions to the deep-sea mining not only reflectsthe impact of the law of the sea negotiation on the U.S deep-sea mining policies, butalso reveals the eagerness of the United States towards the early conclusion of the lawof the sea treaty.
The fourth chapter examines the U.S. policies on law of the sea issues during theThird United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea from1977to1980. In1977,the conference made an Informal Composite Negotiating Text that the United States did not accept, which led to the adjustment of U.S. negotiating strategies: seekingalternative of law of the sea treaty, and supporting the Congress conducting deep-seamining legislation. After the improvement of negotiating procedures, the UnitedStates returned to compromise position, kept attending the law of the sea negotiation,seeking to revise the Informal Composite Negotiating Text, and continued to makeconcessions to the deep-sea mining, which helped to bring about the draft of theUnited Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea in1980.
The fifth chapter examines the U.S. policies on the law of the sea issues duringthe last two United Nations Conferences on the Law of the Sea from1981to1982,summarizes the U.S. policies on law of the sea issues from1982to1994, anddiscusses the reasons, gain and loss, and the influence of its refusal to sign the UnitedNations Convention on the Law of the Sea in1982, and Agreement relating to theImplementation of Part XI of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of10December1982.
The conclusion part attempts to summarize and analyze the U.S policies on thelaws of the sea issues. Also, some thoughts are made in terms of the U.S policies onthe laws of the sea.
引文
①陈德恭：《现代国际海洋法》，北京：海洋出版社，2009年，第20-22页。
②国内外关于海洋法的研究著作绝大多数都会追溯海洋法发展的历史。不过，学界对海洋法的发展阶段并没有形成统一的划分标准。本文的三个阶段是作者借鉴大量前人研究成果，并以中国史学界关于世界史的分期为依据形成的个人观点。
③Valentina Nikolaevna Maiewskij, The Sea and World Order: The Search for Consensus, University of Florida,1983, ProQuest Digital Dissertation (Hereafter cited as PQDD), p.5.
④George V. Galdorisi&Kevin R. Vienna, Beyond the Law of the Sea: New Directions for U.S. Oceans Policy,Greenwood Publishing Group,1997, p.8.
①1里格约等于4海里。
②〔荷〕格劳修斯著，宇川译：《海洋自由论》，上海：华东师范大学出版社，2005。
①George V. Galdorisi&Kevin R. Vienna, Beyond the Law of the Sea: New Directions for U.S. Oceans Policy, p.10.
②R. P. Anand, Origin and Development of the Law of the Sea: History of International Law Revisited, Boston:Martinus Nijhoff,1983, pp.105-106.
③〔加〕巴里·布赞著，时富鑫译：《海底政治》，北京：生活·读书·新知三联书店，1981年，第10页。
④陈德恭：《国际海底资源与海洋法》，北京：海洋出版社，2009年，第25页。
⑤David L. Larson, Security Issues and the Law of the Sea, Lanham: University Press of America,1994, p.9.
①国际法学会于1873年在比利时的根特城成立；国际法协会（原名国际法革新和编纂协会）1873年在比利时的布鲁塞尔成立，1895年改为现名。
②R. P. Anand, Origin and Development of the Law of the Sea: History of International Law Revisited, p.141.
①United Nations Documents on the Development and Codification of International Law, Supplement to AmericanJournal of International Law, Volume41, No.4, October,1947.
②“Executive Order9633--Reserving and Placing Certain Resources of the Continental Shelf under the Control andJurisdiction of the Secretary of the Interior”, Executive Orders of Harry S. Truman, September28,1945.http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=606762008-03-06.
③此前，大陆架是一个地质学、地理学和海洋学概念。
④第一次联合国海洋法会议的英文是The First United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea，简称UNCLOSⅠ。
①会议伊始是86个国家和地区参加，后来增加到88个，参见D.W. Bowett,“The Second United NationsConference on the law of the sea”, The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol.9, No.3(Jul.,1960),p.433.
②第二次联合国海洋法会议的英文是The Second United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea，简称UNCLOSⅡ。
③United Nations, Geneeral Assembly,22ndSession, September21,1967, Summary Records (A/BUR/SR.166), P.3.
④“U.N. Adopts Principles Governing Seabed Exploitation and Decides To Convene ComprehensiveLaw-of-the-Sea Conference in1973”, Department of State Bulletin, Vol.64, February1,1971, pp.155-159.
⑤第三次联合国海洋法会议的英文是The Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea，简称UNCLOSⅢ。
①严格来说，在UNCLOSⅠ召开之前的相当长历史时期里，一直有学者研究海洋法问题。然而，那时尚未产生成文的海洋法，他们的研究与后来的海洋法问题研究区别甚大，加上时空差异等因素，本文以UNCLOSⅠ作为现代海洋法问题研究的起点。
②Arthur H. Dean,“Achievements at the Law of the Sea Conference”, Proceedings of the American Society ofInternational Law at Its Annual Meeting (1921-1969), Vol.53, Diverse Systems of World Public Order Today(April30-May2,1959), pp.751-789.
①Arthur H. Dean,“Achievements at the Law of the Sea Conference”, p.187.
②Arthur H. Dean,“Achievements at the Law of the Sea Conference”, pp.188-189.
③Arthur H. Dean,“The Second Geneva Conference on the Law of the Sea: The Fight for Freedom of the Seas”,The American Journal of International Law, Vol.54, No.4,(Oct.,1960).
④Arthur H. Dean,“The Second Geneva Conference on the Law of the Sea: The Fight for Freedom of the Seas”, pp.751-752.
⑤Arthur H. Dean,“The Second Geneva Conference on the Law of the Sea: The Fight for Freedom of the Seas”,p.776.
⑥Arthur H. Dean,“The Second Geneva Conference on the Law of the Sea: The Fight for Freedom of the Seas”,p.789.
⑦Marjorie M. Whiteman,“Conference on the Law of the Sea: Convention on the Continental Shelf”, The AmericanJournal of International Law, Vol.52, No.4(Oct.,1958), pp.629-659.
⑧Marjorie M. Whiteman,“Conference on the Law of the Sea: Convention on the Continental Shelf”, p.659.
⑨D.W. Bowett,“The Second United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea”, The International andComparative Law Quarterly, Vol.9, No.3(Jul.,1960), pp.415-435.
⑩D.W. Bowett,“The Second United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea”, p.435.
①Benjamin A. Gilman,U.N. Third Conference on the Law of the Sea (Resumed10thSession), Report Submited tothe Committee on Foreign Affairs U.S. House of Representatives, Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office,1981.
②Congressional Research Service, Deep Seabed Minerals: Resources, Diplomacy, and Strategic Interest, Preparedfor the Subcommittee on International Organizations of the Committee on International Relations House ofRepresentatives, March1,1978.
③John R. Stevenson&Bernard H. Oxman,“The Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea: The1974Caracas Session”,The American Journal of International Law, Vol.69, No.1.(Jan.,1975), pp.1-30.
④John R. Stevenson&Bernard H. Oxman,“The Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea: The1975Geneva Session”, The American Journal of International Law, Vol.69, No.4.(Oct.,1975), pp.763-797.
①Ann L. Hollick, U.S. Foreign Policy and the Law of the Sea, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press,1981.
②Ann L. Hollick, U.S. Foreign Policy and the Law of the Sea, p.381.
③Ann L. Hollick,United States Ocean Policy:1948-1971, The Johns Hopkins University,1971.文献来源：中国国家图书馆缩微胶片。
①Finn Laursen, Superpower at Sea: U.S. Ocean Policy, New York: Praeger Publishers,1983.
②Finn Laursen, Superpower at Sea: U.S. Ocean Policy, p. x.
③Finn Laursen,“Security Versus Access to Resources: Explaining a Decade of U.S. Ocean Policy”,World Politics,Vol.34, No.2, Jan.,1982, pp.197-229.
④Barry Buzan, Seabed Politics, New York: Praeger Publishers,1976.
⑤Alexandra Merle Post, Deepsea Mining and the Law of the Sea, Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,1983.
⑥Jack N. Barkenbus, Deep Seabed Resources: Politics and Technology, Free Press,1979.
①Joseph Peter Marnane, The Breadth of the Territorial Sea and Its Implications for Unrestricted United StatesNaval Operations, The American University,1972, PQDD.
②Valentina Nikolaevna Maiewskij,The Sea and World Order: The Search for Consensus, University of Florida,1983, PQDD.
③Valentina Nikolaevna Maiewskij,The Sea and World Order: The Search for Consensus, p.300.
④Valentina Nikolaevna Maiewskij, The Sea and World Order: The Search for Consensus, p.Ⅺ.
⑤Ryan C. Amacher&Richard James Sweeney, The Law of the Sea: U.S. Interests and Alternatives, AmericanEnterprise Institute for Public Policy Research,1976.
①Bernard H. Oxman, David D. Caron&Charles L. O. Buderi,Law of the Sea: U.S. Policy Dilemma,Institute forContemporary Studies,1983.
②James B. Morell,The Law of the Sea: An Historical Analysis of the1982Treaty and Its Rejection by the UnitedStates, Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland,1992.
③James B. Morell,The Law of the Sea: An Historical Analysis of the1982Treaty and Its Rejection by the UnitedStates,1992, pp.205-206.
④Robert Joseph Griffiths, Against the Tide: the Reagan Administration and the Law of the Sea, The University ofConnecticut,1987, PQDD.
⑤Galdorisi George&Kevin R. Vienna, Beyond the Law of the Sea: New Directions for U.S. Oceans Policy,Greenwood,1997.
①Markus G. Schmidt, Common Heritage or Common Burden? The United States Position on the Development of aRegime for Deep Sea-Bed Mining in the Law of the Sea Convention, Oxford University Press,1989.
②Myron H. Nordquist, Tommy T.B. Koh&John Norton Moore,“Freedom of Seas, Passage Rights and the1982Law of the Sea Convention”, Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,2009.
③Stephen J. Guerra, Going Coastal: the U.S. Freedom of Navigation Program As A Test of International Law’sRelevance to Security Affairs, Georgetown University,2002, PQDD.
④William Douglas Echols, Domestic Interest Groups and Foreign Policy: A Case Study Analysis of the ThirdUnited Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, The Ohio State University,1987, PQDD.
①Fernando Moreno,Agreement Relating to the Implementation of PartⅥ of the United Nations Convention on theLaw of the Sea: A Solution to the North-South and United States Ocean Law Dilemma?, University of Miami,1998, PQDD.
②Myron H. Nordquist, Shabtai Rosenne&Satya N. Nandan, United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea,1982: A Commentary, Martinus Nijhoff,1985-93.
③赵理海：《海洋法的新发展》，北京：北京大学出版社，1984。
①陈德恭：《国际海底资源与海洋法》，北京：北京海洋出版社，1986年。
②刘楠来，《国际海洋法》，北京：北京海洋出版社，1986年。
③陈德恭：《现代国际海洋法》，北京：海洋出版社，2009年。
④张玉生：《美国海洋政策》，台湾：黎明文化事业有限公司，1992年。
⑤张晓丽：“美国加入《联合国海洋法公约》问题”，《海洋开发与管理》，2005年第3期。
⑥付玉：“美国与《联合国海洋法公约》”，《太平洋学报》，2010年08期。
⑦洪农：“浅析美国对《联合国海洋法公约》的立场演变”，《中国海洋法学评论》，2005年第1期。
⑧王金强和王蔚：“美国对海底权利的诉求与国内利益的平衡——以海底界限的争论为中心（1969-1972）”，《美国研究》，2008年第3期。
①王金强：“国际海底资源分配与美国的政策选择”，中国博士学位论文全文数据库，2011年。
②王金强：“国际海底资源分配制度演变与美国海底政策的转向”，《美国研究》，2012年第3期。
③林志霞：“联合国海洋法会议与美国对领海宽度问题的政策”，中国优秀硕士学位论文全文数据库，2006年。
④宇宁：“美国12海里领海和自由通过海峡政策探析”，中国优秀硕士学位论文全文数据库，2008年。
⑤刘中民：《世界海洋政治与中国海洋发展战略》，北京：时事出版社，2009年。
①Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the law of the sea, Honolulu: Law of the Sea InstituteUniversity of Hawaii,1983.
①1982年《联合国海洋法公约》第七十六条之1和3。
①“The Secretary of State to the Ambassador in Japan (Grew), Washington, June5,1937”, Foreign Relations ofthe United States Diplomatic Papers (Hereafter cited as FRUS),1937(in Five Volumes), Vol.IV,the Far East,Japan,U.S. Government Printing Office,1937, pp.743-744.
②“The Secretary of State to the Chairman of the Senate Committee on Commerce (Copeland), Washington,August4,1937”, FRUS1937, Vol.IV, pp.754-757.
③“The Ambassador in Japan (Grew) to the Secretary of State, Tokyo, November12,1937”;“The Secretary ofState to the Ambassador in Japan (Grew), Washington, November20,1937”;“Memorandum by PresidentRoosevelt to the Counselor of the Department of State (Moore), Washington, November21,1937”, FRUS1937,Vol.Ⅳ, pp.760-761;763-764;768-769.
①“The Under Secretary of State (Welles) to the Counselor of the Department of State (Moore), Washington,November22,1937”, FRUS1937, Vol.Ⅳ, p.770.
②“The Secretary of State to the Ambassador in Japan (Grew), Washington, November20,1937”;“Memorandumby President Roosevelt, Washington, November22,1937”;“The Counselor of the Department of State (Moore) toPresident Roosevelt, Washington, November24,1937”, FRUS1937, Vol.Ⅳ, pp.765;771;773.
③“The Ambassador in Japan (Grew) to the Secretary of State, Tokyo, March25,1938”, FRUS1939, Vol.II,General, the British Commonwealth and Europe,Representations to Japan in regard to Regulation of Fisheriesoff the Coast of Alaska, pp.186-187.
④“The Secretary of State to the Ambassador in Japan, Washington, October17,1938”;“Draft Outline of SalmonFishing Agreement”, FRUS1939, Vol. II, pp.191;195-196.
⑤“The Ambassador in Japan (Grew) to the Secretary of State, Tokyo, November15,1938”, FRUS1939,Vol.II, pp.198-199.
⑥“The Acting Secretary of State to the Ambassador in Japan (Grew), Washington, December16,1938”, FRUS1939, Vol. II, p.200.
⑦“The Ambassador in Japan (Grew) to the Secretary of State, Tokyo, January26,1939”, FRUS1939, Vol. II, p.211.
①Ann L. Hollick, U.S. Foreign Policy and the Law of the Sea, pp.28-31.
②“The Secretary of the Interior (Ickes) to President Roosevelt, Washington, June5,1943”, FRUS1945, Vol.Ⅱ,General: Political and Economic Matters,Formulation of United States Policy on the Resources of theContinental Shelf and on Coastal Fisheries, p.1481.
③“Memorandum by President Roosevelt to the Secretary of State, Washington, June9,1943”, FRUS1945，Vol.Ⅱ, p.1482.
①“Memorandum by President Roosevelt to the Secretary of State, Washington, June9,1943”, FRUS1945，Vol.Ⅱ, p.1482, Footnote1.
②“The Secretary of the Interior (Ickes) to the Secretary of State, Washington, May23,1944”, FRUS1945，Vol.Ⅱ, p.1483.
③“Memorandum by the Assistant Secretary of State (Long) to the Secretary of State, Washington, September23,1944”, FRUS1945，Vol.Ⅱ, pp.1483-1484.鉴于第1483页的Footnote7所指，两项拟议决定参见第1491和1492页。
④“Memorandum by the Office of Economic Affairs, Washington, September23,1944”, FRUS1945，Vol.Ⅱ, pp.1485-1487.
⑤“Memorandum by the Assistant Secretary of State (Long) to the Secretary of State, Washington, September23,1944”, FRUS1945，Vol.Ⅱ, pp.1483-1485.
①“Memorandum by the Acting Secretary of State to the Assistant Secretary of State (Long), Washington,November28,1944”, FRUS1945，Vol.Ⅱ, p.1487.
②“The Secretary of State to the Secretary of the Interior (Ickes), Washington, December5,1944”, FRUS1945，Vol.Ⅱ, p.1488.
③“The Secretary of State to the Secretary of the Interior (Ickes), Washington, December19,1944”, FRUS1945，Vol.Ⅱ, p.1488, Footnote24, p.1489.
④“Memorandum by the Acting Secretary of State and the Secretary of the Interior (Ickes) to President Roosevelt,Washington, January22,1945”, FRUS1945，Vol.Ⅱ, pp.1490-1491.
⑤“Memorandum by Mr. Eugene H. Dooman, Special Assistant to the Assistant Secretary of State (Dunn), to Mr.William Phillips, Special Assistant to the Secretary of State, Washington, June15,1945”, FRUS1945，Vol.Ⅱ, p.1510.
①“Memorandum of Conversation, by Mr. Eugene H. Dooman, Special Assistant to the Assistant Secretary of State(Dunn), Washington, May9,1945”, FRUS1945，Vol.Ⅱ, pp.1504-1505.
②“Memorandum by Mr. Eugene H. Dooman, Special Assistant to the Assistant Secretary of State (Dunn), to theAssistant Secretary of State (Acheson), Washington, May15,1945”, FRUS,1945，Vol.Ⅱ, p.1509.
③“Memorandum by the Deputy Assistant Secretary of State (Thorp) to the Secretary of State, Washington, August17,1945”, FRUS1945，Vol.Ⅱ, p.1525.
①“Explanatory Statement on the Protection and Conservation of Coastal Fisheries”, FRUS1945，Vol.Ⅱ, p.1496-1498.
②“Explanatory Statement on the Protection and Conservation of Coastal Fisheries”, FRUSv1945，Vol.Ⅱ, p.1499.
①“Explanatory Statement on the Proper Utilization and Development of Natural Resources of the Subsoil and SeaBed of the Continental Shelf”, FRUS1945，Vol.Ⅱ, pp.1499-1502.
②“Explanatory Statement on the Proper Utilization and Development of Natural Resources of the Subsoil and SeaBed of the Continental Shelf”, FRUS1945，Vol. Ⅱ, pp.1502-1503.
③“Memorandum by Mr. Eugene H. Dooman, Special Assistant to the Assistant Secretary of State (Dunn), to Mr.William Phillips, Special Assistant to the Secretary of State, Washington, June15,1945”, FRUS,1945，Vol.Ⅱ, p.1510.美国只向其中的尼德兰、挪威、法国、冰岛、丹麦、古巴和葡萄牙呈递渔业政策声明。
④“Northern European Affairs, to Mr. Eugene H. Dooman, Special Assisatant to the Assistant Secretary of State(Dunn), Washington, June15,1945”;“Memorandum by the Deputy Assistant Secretary of State (Thorp) to theSecretary of State, Washington, August17,1945”, FRUS1945，Vol. Ⅱ, pp.1511-1514；1525.
⑤“The Counselor of the British Embassy (Wright) to Mr. Eugene H. Dooman, Special Assistant to the AssistantSecretary of State (Dunn), Washington, June18,1945”;“Mr. Eugene H. Dooman, Special Assistant to theAssistant Secretary of State (Dunn), to the Counselor of the British Embassy (Wright), Washington, June20,1945”;“The Counselor of the British Embassy (Wright) to Mr. Eugene H. Dooman, Special Assistant to the AssistantSecretary of State (Dunn), Washington, July4,1945”;“Mr. Eugene H. Dooman, Special Assistant to the AssistantSecretary of State (Dunn), to the Counselor of the British Embassy (Wright), Washington, July6,1945”, FRUS,1945，Vol. Ⅱ, pp.1512-1517;1522.
⑥“The Second Secretary of the British Embassy (Cecil) to Mr. William Bishop, Assistant to the Legal Adviser(Hackworth), Washington, August31,1945”, FRUS1945，Vol. Ⅱ, pp.1527.
②罗伯特·基欧汉和约瑟夫·奈著，门洪华译：《权力与相互依赖》，北京：北京大学出版社2005年版，第163页。
①“Press Release Issued by the White House, September28,1945”, FRUS1945，Vol. Ⅱ, p.1529.
②“Executive Order9633-Reserving and Placing Certain Resources of the Continental Shelf under the Controland Jurisdiction of the Secretary of the Interior”, Executive Orders of Harry S. Truman, September28,1945.http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=606762011-09-10
③“Executive Order10426-Setting Aside Submerged Lands of the Continental Shelf as a Naval PetroleumReserve”, Executive Orders of Harry S. Truman, January16,1953.
①U.S. Senate, Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, Submerged Lands Act, Report No.128,83rdCongress,1stSession, March27,1953; U.S. Senate, Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, Outer Continental Shelf LandsAct, Report No.441,83rdCongress,1stSession, June15,1953.
②BarryBuzan, Seabed Politics, pp.15-16.
③〔加〕巴里·布赞著，时富鑫译：《海底政治》，第26页。
①“Territorial Waters and Related Matters: Action Taken by the Third Meeting of the Inter-American Council ofMexico City, January17-February4,1956”, Department of State Bulletin, February20,1956, pp.296-299.
②“Problems Relating to the Economic and Legal Regime of the High Seas--Inter-American SpecializedConference on Conservation of Natural Resources: Continental Shelf and Marine Waters, Ciudad Trujillo, March15-28”, Department of State Bulletin, May28,1956, pp.894-897.
①参见国际法委员会网页（中文），《国际法发展与编纂的起源和背景》和《国际法委员会的组成》。http://www.un.org/chinese/law/ilc/facts.htm；http://www.un.org/chinese/law/ilc/members.htm2011-10-10
②Document: A/CN.4/21, Provisional Agenda for the Second Session, Extract from the Yearbook of theInternational Law Commission,1950, Vol. Ⅰ.
③Document: A/CN.4/104, Report of International Law Commission on the Work of Its Eighth Session,234July1956, Official Records of the General Assembly, Eleventh Session, Supplement No.9(A/3159), p.255.
④参见国际法委员会官方网站（英文版）：http://www.un.org/law/ilc/2011-10-10
①Document: A/CN.4/49, Draft Articles on the Continental Shelf and Related Subjects Prepared by the InternationalLaw Commission,30July,1951, p.2.
②Document: A/CN.4/49, Draft Articles on the Continental Shelf and Related Subjects Prepared by the InternationalLaw Commission,30July,1951, p.1.
③Document: A/CN.4/76, Report of the International Law Commission Covering the Work of Its Fifth Session,1June-14August1953, Official Records of the General Assembly, Eighth Session, Supplement No.9(A/2456), p.212.
④Document: A/CN.4/104, p.264.
⑤Document: A/CN.4/49, p.2.
⑥Document: A/CN.4/76, p.212.
⑦Document: A/CN.4/49, p.4.
⑧Document: A/CN.4/76, p.214.
⑨Document: A/CN.4/104, pp.297-298.
①Document290,“Instruction from the Acting Secretory to All Diplomatic Mission, Washington, November8,1957”, FRUS1955-57, United Nations and General International Matters, Vol. XI, pp.588-589.
②Document: A/CN.4/104, p.255.
③Document: A/CN.4/SER.A/1955/Add.1, Yearbook of the International Law Commission,1955, Vol.Ⅱ, p.35.
④Document: A/CN.4/104, p.256.
①Document268,“Memorandum Prepared in the Department of State, Washington, Undated”, FRUS1955-1957,pp.516-517.
②UN General Assembly, Official Rrcords,8thSession,468thPlenary Meeting,7December,1953, Res.798VIII.
③Document: A/CN.4/104, p.256.
④UN, A/C.6/L.385.(UN Documents Cited through This Chaperter Will Hereafter Be Refered to by DocumentNumber Only.)
⑤UN General Assembly, Official Rrcords,11thSession,658thPlenary Meeting,21February,1957, Res.1105(VI).
①这里的“弃权”概念就是基于渔业养护利益的考虑，对公海捕鱼自由加以限制。这一概念规定一国或多国的国民开发的鱼类满足四种条件的情况下，那些其国民现在或最近没有捕捞此种鱼类的国家应该放弃捕捞这种鱼类，不过，那些邻近此种鱼类出没的海域的沿海国除外。参见Document290,“Instruction from theActing Sectory to All Diplomatic Mission, Washington, November8,1957”,FRUS1955-1957, Vol. XI, p.591.
②Document290,“Instruction from the Acting Sectory to All Diplomatic Mission, Washington, November8,1957”,FRUS1955-1957, Vol. XI, p.585.
③Document287,“Memorandum from the Under Secretary of State’s Special Assistant (Sanders) to the UnderSecretary of State (Herter), Washington, September27,1957”, FRUS1955-1957, Vol. XI, pp.572-574.
④Document330,“Memorandum from the Deputy under Secretary of State for Political Affairs’ Special Assistant(Sanders) to the Deputy under Secretary of State (Murphy), Washington, February5,1958”, FRUS,1958-1960,United Nations and General International Matters, Vol. II, p.643.
⑤Document331,“Memorandum from the Director of the Office of Inter-American Regional Political Affairs(Dreier) to the Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affirs (Snow), Washington, February11,1958”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, pp.644-645.
⑥Document330,“Memorandum from the Deputy under Secretary of State for Political Affairs’ Special Assistant(Sanders) to the Deputy under Secretary of State (Murphy), Washington, February5,1958”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol.II, p.643.
⑦“Instruction from the Department of State to Certain Diplomatic Mission, Washington, December2,1957”,FRUS, FRUS1955-1957, Vol. XI, p.601-603.
①Document333,“Paper Prepared in the Office of the Legal Adviser for Special Functional Problems, Washington,February20,1958”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, pp.647-649.
②“U.S. Delegation to International Conferences”, Department of State Bulletin, Vol.38, March10,1958, p.404.
③Document282,“Memorandum Prepared in the Department of the Navy, Washington, Undated”, FRUS1955-1957, Vol. XI, pp.559-566.
①Document333,“Paper Prepared in the Office of the Legal Adviser for Special Functional Problems, Washington,February20,1958”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, p.648.
②Document334,“Editorial Note”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, pp.9-10.
①Document335,“Telegram from the Delegation to the Conference on the Law of the Sea to the Department ofState, Geneva, March3,1958”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, pp.650-651.
②Document336,“Message from President Eisenhower to Prime Minister Macmillan, Washington, March4,1958”,FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, pp.651-652.
③United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, Official Records, Vol. Ⅲ, First Committee, A/CONF.13/39,pp.25-27；Arthur H. Dean,“The Law of the Sea”, Department of State Bulletin, Vol.38, April4,1958, pp.574-581.
④Document342,“Message from Prime Minister Macmillan to President Eisenhower, London, March12,1958”,FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, p.657.
①Document343,“Message from President Eisenhower to Prime Minister Macmillan, Washington, March14,1958”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, pp.658-659.
②Document344,“Telegram from the Delegation to the Conference on the Law of the Sea to the Department ofState, Geneva, March14,1958”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, pp.659-660.
③Document347,“Telegram from the Delegation to the Conference on the Law of the Sea to the Department ofState, Geneva, March19,1958”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, p.663.
④Document349,“Telegram from the Delegation to the Conference on the Law of the Sea to the Department ofState, Geneva, March20,1958”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, p.665-666.
⑤Document350,“Telegram from the Delegation to the Conference on the Law of the Sea to the Department ofState, Geneva, March25,1958”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, pp.667-668.
⑥Document353,“Telegram from the Delegation to the Conference on the Law of the Sea to the Department ofState, Geneva, March29,1958”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, pp.673-674.
⑦Document355,“Telegram from the Delegation to the Conference on the Law of the Sea to the Department ofState, Geneva, April1,1958”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, pp.676-678.
①United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, Official Records, Vol. Ⅲ, First Committee, A/CONF.13/39,pp.232-233；247-249.
②Document359,“Telegram from the Delegation to the Conference on the Law of the Sea to the Department ofState, Geneva, April9,1958”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, pp.683-685.
③Document359,“Telegram from the Delegation to the Conference on the Law of the Sea to the Department ofState, Geneva, April9,1958”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, pp.683-685.
④Document360,“Telegram from the Delegation to the Conference on the Law of the Sea to the Department ofState, Geneva, April13,1958”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, pp.685-686.
⑤Document361,“Telegram from the Department of State to the Delegation to the Conference on the Law of theSea, Washington, April13,1958”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, pp.686-687.
①Document362, Telegram from the Delegation to the Conference on the Law of the Sea to the Department of State,Geneva, April14,1958”; Document364,“Circular Telegram from department of State to All American DiplomaticPosts, Washington, April15,1958”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, pp.687-688;692-693.
②United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, Official Records, Vol. Ⅲ, First Committee, A/CONF.13/39, p.253.
③Document363,“Letter form Senator Warren G. Magnuson and Senator Henry M. Jackson to the under Secretaryof State (Herter), Washington, April15,1958”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, pp.688-691.
④Document366,“Letter from the Chief of Naval Operations (Burke) to the Secretary of State, Washington, April16,1958”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, pp.696-697.
⑤United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, Official Records, Vol. Ⅲ, First Committee, A/CONF.13/39, p.232.
⑥“Memorandum of a Telephone Conversation between the Legal Adviser (Becker) in Geneva and the DeputyLegal Adviser (Raymond) in Washington, April16,1958”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II,698-699.
①United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, Official Records, Vol. Ⅲ, First Committee, A/CONF.13/39, p.180.
②Document370,“Telegram from the Department of State to the Delegation to the Conference of the Law of theSea, Washington, April21,1958”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, pp.704-705.
③United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, Official Records, Vol.Ⅱ, Plenary Meetings, A/CONF.13/38,pp.35-40.
④1958年《领海及毗连区公约》第14条之1和16条之4。http://www.un.org/chinese/law/ilc/tsea.htm2011年9月下载。
①1949年国际法院在科孚海峡案中作出的判决承认：“在和平时期，各国有权派军舰通过两部分公海之间用于国际航行的海峡，如果这种通过是无害的”。参见《国际法院判决、咨询意见和命令摘要（1948-1991），ST/LEG/SER.F/1》（中文版），1993年，第8页。
②Document362,“Telegram from the Delegation to the Conference on the Law of the Sea to the Department ofState, Geneva, April14,1958”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, pp.687-688.
①Document371,“Telegram from the Delegation to the Conference on the Law of the Sea to the Department ofState, Geneva, April26,1958”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, pp.705-708.
①Document374,“Memorandum for the File, Washington, November21,1958”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, pp.714-715.
①这里指1958年12月美英伦敦会谈制定的修改方案：6海里领海加上6海里渔业毗连区，外国可以在毗连区开展限于过去捕捞水平的捕鱼活动。参见Document377,“Memorandum of a Conversation, Department ofState, Washington, July10,1959”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, p.723.
②Document376,“Memorandum of a Conversation, Department of State, Washington, March16,1959”, FRUS,1958-1960, Vol. II, pp.719-722.
③Document378,“Memorandum of a Conversation, Department of State, Washington, August25,1959”, FRUS,1958-1960, Vol. II, p.725.
④加拿大秘密提案内容为：6海里领海加6海里专属渔业毗连区，外国可以在该毗连区行使5年的历史捕鱼权利。参见Document377,“Memorandum of a Conversation, Department of State, Washington, July10,1959”,FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, p.723,注释2。
⑤Document377,“Memorandum of a Conversation, Department of State, Washington, July10,1959”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, pp.722-723.
⑥Document382,“Circular Airgram from the Department of State to Certain European Missions, Washington,October29,1959”, FRUS,1958-1960,Vol. II, p.733.
①Document382,“Circular Airgram from the Department of State to Certain European Missions, Washington,October29,1959”, FRUS,1958-1960,Vol. II, p.734,注释3。
②Document383,“Message from Secretary of State Herter to Foreign Secretary Lloyd, Washington, November11,1959”, FRUS1958-1960,Vol. II, pp.734-736.
③Document384,“Telegram from the Embassy in the United Kingdom to the Department of State, London,November17,1959”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, pp.736-737，注释2。
④Document387,“Memorandum by the Special Assistant for Law of the Sea Matters (Richards), Washington,December14,1959”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, pp.741-743.
①Document388,“Circular Instruction from the Department of State to All Diplomatic Posts, Washington,December31,1959”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, pp.743-746.
②Document389,“Memorandum from the Deputy Special Assistant for Law of the Sea Matters (Arneson) to theunder Secretary of State (Dillon)”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, p.747.
③Document391,“Letter from President Eisenhower to Prime Minister Nehru, Washington, February5,1960”,FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, pp.749-750.
①Document392,“Letter from Senator Warren G. Magnuson and Senator Herry M. Jackson to the Secretary ofState, Washingto, February11,1960”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, pp.750-752.
②Document394,“Letter from the Secretary of State to Senator Warren G. Magnuson, Washington, March10,1960”, FRUS1958-1960,Vol. II, pp.755-757.
①Second United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, Official Records, Summary Records of PlenaryMeetings and of Meetings of the Committee of the Whole, Vol.1, A/CONF.19/8, pp.164-165;167;168.
②Document402,“Telegram from the Delegation to the Conference on the Law of the Sea to the Department ofState, Geneva, March22,1960”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, pp.768-769.
③Document403,“Telegram from the Delegation to the Conference on the Law of the Sea to the Department ofState, Geneva, March23,1960”, FRUS1958-1960,Vol. II, pp.769-770.
④Document406,“Telegram from the Delegation to the Conference on the Law of the Sea to the Department ofState, Geneva, March31,1960”, FRUS1958-1960,Vol. II, pp.773-774.
⑤Document408,“Telegram from the Delegation to the Conference on the Law of the Sea to the Department ofState, Geneva, April5,1960”, FRUS1958-1960,Vol. II, pp.776-777.
①Document410,“Telegram from the Delegation to the Conference on the Law of the Sea to the Department ofState, Geneva, April8,1960”, FRUS1958-1960,Vol. II, pp.778-779.
②Document411,“Telegram from the Delegation to the Conference on the Law of the Sea to the Department ofState, Geneva, April9,1960”, FRUS1958-1960,Vol. II, pp.780-781.
③Document413,“Telegram from the Delegation to the Conference on the Law of the Sea to the Department ofState, Geneva, April12,1960”, FRUS1958-1960,Vol. II, pp.783-784.
④突尼斯和墨西哥后来加入了16国提案，从而16国提案发展为18国提案。
⑤Document414,“Memorandum from the Legal Adviser (Herter) to the Secretary of State, Washington, April13,1960”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, pp.784-786.
⑥Document415,“Telegram from the Delegation to the Conference on the Law of the Sea to the Department ofState, Geneva, April14,1960”, FRUS1958-1960,Vol. II, p.786.
⑦Document417,“Editorial Note”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, pp.792-793.
①Document416,“Letter from the Secretary of Defense (Gates) to the Secretary of State, Washington, April15,1960”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, pp.791-792.
②Document418,“Letter from Representative Thomas M. Pelly and Senator Warren G. Magnuson to the Secretaryof State, Washington, April19”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, pp.793-794.
③Document427,“Letter from the under Secretary of State (Dillon) to Representative Thomas M. Pelly,Washington, April25,1960”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, pp.805-807.
④Document420,“Telegram from the Delegation to the Conference on the Law of the Sea to the Department ofState, Geneva, April20,1960”; Document421,“Telegram from the Delegation to the Conference on the Law ofthe Sea to the Department of State, Geneva, April20,1960”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, pp.795-797.
⑤Document424,“Memorandum of Conversations, Department of State, Washington, April21,1960”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, pp.800-802.
⑥Document426,“Telegram from the Department of State to the Delegation to the Conference on the Law of theSea,Washington, April22,1960”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, p.804.
①Second United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, Official Records, Summary Records of PlenaryMeetings and of Meetings of the Committee of the Whole, Vol.1, A/CONF.19/8, pp.21-22;29;31-32;34-35;172-173;176.
②Document429,“Telegram from the Delegation to the Conference on the Law of the Sea to the Department ofState, Geneva, April28,1960”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, pp.808-809.
①“Canadian Territorial Sea and Fishing Zones Act”, International Legal Materials, Vol.3, No.5(September1964),pp.922-924.
①Ann L. Hollick, U.S. Foreign Policy and the Law of the Sea, p.162.
②Ann L. Hollick, U.S. Foreign Policy and the Law of the Sea, pp.166-170.
③Public Law90-482, August12,1968.http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-82/pdf/STATUTE-82-Pg729.pdf2012年5月18日下载。
④Ann L. Hollick, U.S. Foreign Policy and the Law of the Sea, p.166.
①Document430,“Memorandum of a Conversation between the Special Assistant for Law of the Sea Matters
(Richards) and the British Minister (Hood), Department of State, Washington, May10,1960”, FRUS1958-1960,Vol. Ⅱ, pp.814-815.
②Document431,“Memorandum of a Conversation, Department of State, Washington, June6,1960”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. Ⅱ, pp.815-817.
①Document432,“Memorandum of a Conversation, Department of State, Washington, June16,1960”,FRUS1958-1960, Vol. Ⅱ, pp.818-812.
②Document434,“Memorandum from the Deputy Special Assistant for Law of the Sea Matters (Arneson) to theActing Secretary of State, Washington, July8,1960”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. Ⅱ, pp.824-825.
③Document435,“Telegram from the Embassy in France to the Department of State, Paris, July23,1960”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. Ⅱ, p.826.
④Document436,“Memorandum of A Conversation, Walforf-Astoria Hotel, New York, September20,1960”,FRUS1958-1960, Vol. Ⅱ, p.827.
①Document484,“Memorandum of Conversation, Washington, January27,1961”, FRUS1961-1963, Vol. XXV,Law of the Sea.
②5月16日，英国驻美国大使馆也向美国法律顾问办公室发送了内容相似的备忘录。参见Document491,“Memorandum from the Deputy Legal Adviser (Meeker) to the under Secretary of State (Bowles), Washington,May25,1961”, FRUS1961-1963, Vol. XXV.
③各国对多边协定的态度：澳大利亚、纽西兰、葡萄牙、爱尔兰共和国、西班牙、瑞士、希腊和南非积极支持；意大利和荷兰最初积极支持，但尚未最后答复；丹麦有条件支持；德国、以色列和日本的支持态度将取决于其他国家的反应或多边协定获得支持的程度；巴基斯坦和土耳其有条件支持；瑞典和泰国还在犹豫或者不作出承诺，此外，挪威也有可能支持。参见Document486,“Aide-Memoire from the Canadian Embassy,Washington, May15,1961”, FRUS1961-1963, Vol. XXV.
④Document486,“Aide-Memoire from the Canadian Embassy, Washington, May15,1961”, FRUS1961-1963, Vol.XXV.
⑤Document486,“Aide-Memoire from the Canadian Embassy, Washington, May15,1961”, FRUS1961-1963, Vol.XXV.
①Document487,“Memoran from the Special Assistant for Fisheries and Wildlife (Herrington) to the AssistantLegal Adviser for Special Functional Problems (Yingling), Washington, May23,1961”, FRUS1961-1963, Vol.XXV.
②Document488,“Memorandum from the Director of the Office of International Relations, Fish and WildlifeService, Department of the Interior (Terry) to the Assistant Legal Adviser for Special Functional Problems(Yingling),Washington, May23,1961”, FRUS1961-1963, Vol. XXV.
③Document490,“Letter from the Deputy Secretary of Defense (Gilpatric) to the Under Secretary of State(Bowles), Washington, May25,1961”, FRUS1961-1963, Vol. XXV.
①Document489,“Memorandum by the Assistant Legal Adviser for Special Functional Problems (Yingling),Washington, May24,1961”, FRUS1961-1963, Vol. XXV.
②Document496,“Memorandum from the Legal Adviser (Chayes) to Secretary of State Rusk, Washington,September27,1961”, FRUS1961-1963, Vol. XXV.
③Document496,“Memorandum from the Legal Adviser (Chayes) to Secretary of State Rusk, Washington,September27,1961”, FRUS1961-1963, Vol. XXV.
④Document499,“Telegram from the Department of State to the Embassy in Canada, Washington, February8,1962”, FRUS1961-1963, Vol. XXV.
⑤Document500,“Telegram from the Embassy in Canada to the Department of State, Ottawa, February9,1962”,FRUS1961-1963, Vol. XXV.
①Document495,“Editorial Note”, FRUS1961-1963, Vol. XXV.
②Document496,“Memorandum from the Legal Adviser (Chayes) to Secretary of State Rusk, Washington,September27,1961”, FRUS1961-1963, Vol. XXV.
③Document497,“Editorial Note”, FRUS1961-1963, Vol. XXV.
④Document502,“Telegram from the Department of State to the Embassy in Canada, Washington, March8,1962”,FRUS1961-1963, Vol. XXV.
①U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Foreign Affairs, Interim Report on the United Nations and the Issue ofDeep Ocean Resources, together with Hearings by the Subcommittee on International Organizations andMovements, Report No.999,90thCongress,1stSession, December7,1967, pp.7R-8R.
②U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, Oceanography in the90thCongress,91stCongress,1stSession, January10,1969, p.38.
③U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Foreign Affairs, Interim Report on the United Nations and the Issue ofDeep Ocean Resources,together with Hearings by the Subcommittee on International Organizations andMovements, Report No.999,90thCongress,1stSession, December7,1967, pp.1R-2R.
①U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Foreign Affairs, Interim Report on the United Nations and the Issue ofDeep Ocean Resources, together with Hearings by the Subcommittee on International Organizations andMovements, Report No.999,90thCongress,1stSession, December7,1967, pp.52;56.
②Ann L. Hollick, U.S. Foreign Policy and the Law of the Sea, p.200.
③U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Foreign Affairs, Interim Report on the United Nations and the Issue ofDeep Ocean Resources, together with Hearings by the Subcommittee on International Organizations andMovements, Report No.999,90thCongress,1stSession, December7,1967,p.288.
④United Nations, General Assembly,22ndSession (A/RES/2340(XXII)), December18,1967.
①U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Foreign Affairs, The Oceans: A Challenging New Frontier, Report by theSubcommittee on International Organizations and Movements, Report No.1957,90thCongress,2ndSession,October9,1969, pp.10R;124.
②U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Foreign Affairs, The Oceans: A Challenging New Frontier, Report by theSubcommittee on International Organizations and Movements, Report No.1957,90thCongress,2ndSession,October9,1969, pp.10R;12R.
③U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Foreign Affairs, The Oceans: A Challenging New Frontier, Report by theSubcommittee on International Organizations and Movements, Report No.1957,90thCongress,2ndSession,October9,1969, pp.109-110.
④U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Foreign Affairs, The Oceans: A Challenging New Frontier, Report by theSubcommittee on International Organizations and Movements, Report No.1957,90thCongress,2ndSession,October9,1969, pp.15;28.
①U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Foreign Affairs, The Oceans: A Challenging New Frontier, Report by theSubcommittee on International Organizations and Movements, Report No.1957,90thCongress,2ndSession,October9,1969, pp.122-123.
②U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Foreign Affairs, The Oceans: A Challenging New Frontier, Report by theSubcommittee on International Organizations and Movements, Report No.1957,90thCongress,2ndSession,October9,1969, p.11R.
③United Nations, General Assembly,23rdSession (A/RES/2467(XXIII)), December21,1968.
④U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, Activities of Nations in Ocean Space, Hearings beforethe Subcommittee on Ocean Space,91stCongress,1stSession,1969, p.215.
①Document334,“Memorandum from the Deputy Legal Adviser (Belman) to the Under Secretary of State forPolitical Affairs (Johnson), Washington, March18,1969”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1, Documents on GlobalIssues, Chapter6: Ocean Policy, Washington D.C.: Bureau of Public Affairs U.S. Department of State,2005,Available at: http://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve01/ch6,2007-10.
②Document333&334,“Letter from the Deputy Secretary of Defense (Nitze) to Secretary of State Rusk,Washington, January6,1969”;“Memorandum from the Deputy Legal Adviser (Belman) to the Under Secretary ofState for Political Affairs (Johnson), Washington, March18,1969”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
③Document336,“Letter from Secretary of the Interior Hickel to Secretary of State Rogers, Washington, April15,1969”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
④Document333&336,“Letter from the Deputy Secretary of Defense (Nitze) to Secretary of State Rusk,Washington, January6,1969”;“Letter from Secretary of the Interior Hickel to Secretary of State Rogers,Washington, April15,1969”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
⑤Document333,“Letter from the Deputy Secretary of Defense (Nitze) to Secretary of State Rusk, Washington,January6,1969”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
①Document333,“Letter from the Deputy Secretary of Defense (Nitze) to Secretary of State Rusk, Washington,January6,1969”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
①Document340,“Memorandum from the Assistant Legal Adviser for East Asian and Pacific Affairs (Aldrich) tothe Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs (Johnson), Washington, May29,1969”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol.E-1.
②Document340,“Memorandum from the Assistant Legal Adviser for East Asian and Pacific Affairs (Aldrich) tothe Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs (Johnson), Washington, May29,1969”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol.E-1.
③Document363,“Memorandum from Robert Osgood of the National Security Council Staff to the President’sAssistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, January20,1970”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
①Document363,“Memorandum from Robert Osgood of the National Security Council Staff to the President’sAssistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, January20,1970”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
②Document363,“Memorandum from Robert Osgood of the National Security Council Staff to the President’sAssistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, January20,1970”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
③Document332,“Letter from the Deputy Secretary of Defense (Nitze) to Secretary of State Rusk, Washington,January6,1969”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
①Document363,“Memorandum from Robert Osgood of the National Security Council Staff to the President’sAssistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, January20,1970”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
②Document332,“Letter from the Deputy Secretary of Defense (Nitze) to Secretary of State Rusk, Washington,January6,1969”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
③Document340,“Memorandum from the Assistant Legal Adviser for East Asian and Pacific Affairs (Aldrich) tothe Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs (Johnson), Washington, May29,1969”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol.E-1.
④Document363,“Memorandum from Robert Osgood of the National Security Council Staff to the President’sAssistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, January20,1970”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
⑤Document363,“Memorandum from Robert Osgood of the National Security Council Staff to the President’sAssistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, January20,1970”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
①Document363,“Memorandum from Robert Osgood of the National Security Council Staff to the President’sAssistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, January20,1970”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
②Document363,“Memorandum from Robert Osgood of the National Security Council Staff to the President’sAssistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, January20,1970”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
③Document340,“Memorandum from the Assistant Legal Adviser for East Asian and Pacific Affairs (Aldrich) tothe Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs (Johnson), Washington, May29,1969”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol.E-1.
④Document340,“Memorandum from the Assistant Legal Adviser for East Asian and Pacific Affairs (Aldrich) tothe Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs (Johnson), Washington, May29,1969”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol.E-1.
⑤Document341,“Memorandum from Robert Osgood of the National Security Council Staff to the President'sAssistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, June12,1969”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
⑥Document340,“Memorandum from the Assistant Legal Adviser for East Asian and Pacific Affairs (Aldrich) tothe Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs (Johnson), Washington, May29,1969”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol.E-1.
①U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Commerce, Special Study on United Nations Suboceanic Lands Policy,Hearings before the Committee on Commerce,91stCongress,1stSession,1969, p.6.
②Document340,“Memorandum from the Assistant Legal Adviser for East Asian and Pacific Affairs (Aldrich) tothe Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs (Johnson), Washington, May29,1969”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol.E-1.
③Document353,“Letter from the Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs (Johnson) to Members of theCommittee on International Policy in the Marine Environment, Washington, August11,1969”, FRUS1969-1972,Vol. E-1.
④Document353,“Letter from the Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs (Johnson) to Members of theCommittee on International Policy in the Marine Environment, Washington, August11,1969”, FRUS1969-1972,Vol. E-1.
①Document353,“Letter from the Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs (Johnson) to Members of theCommittee on International Policy in the Marine Environment, Washington, August11,1969”, FRUS1969-1972,Vol. E-1.
②U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Commerce, Special Study on United Nations Suboceanic Lands Policy,Hearings before the Committee on Commerce,91stCongress,1stSession,1969, p.5.
③U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Commerce, Special Study on United Nations Suboceanic Lands Policy,Hearings before the Committee on Commerce,91stCongress,1stSession,1969, p.5.
④U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Commerce, Special Study on United Nations Suboceanic Lands Policy,Hearings before the Committee on Commerce,91stCongress,1stSession,1969, p.8.
①Document359,“Memorandum from F. Allen Harris, Special Assistant to the Legal Adviser to Selected Bureausof the Department of State, Washington, December2,1969”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
②Document359,“Memorandum from F. Allen Harris, Special Assistant to the Legal Adviser to Selected Bureausof the Department of State, Washington, December2,1969”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
③Document363,“Memorandum from Robert Osgood of the National Security Council Staff to the President'sAssistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, January20,1970”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
④Document363,“Memorandum from Robert Osgood of the National Security Council Staff to the President'sAssistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, January20,1970”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
⑤Ann L. Hollick, U.S. Foreign Policy and the Law of the Sea, p.224.
①Document343,“Memorandum from Secretary of Defense Laird to the President's Assistant for National SecurityAffairs (Kissinger), Washington, July1,1969”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
①Document344,“Memorandum from Robert Osgood of the National Security Council Staff to the President'sAssistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, July7,1969”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
②Document346,“Memorandum from Secretary of State Rogers to the President's Assistant for National SecurityAffairs (Kissinger), Washington, July9,1969”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
③Document347,“Memorandum from the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) toSecretary of Defense Laird, Washington, July12,1969”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
④Document349,“Memorandum from the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to theUnder Secretary of State (Richardson), Washington, July12,1969”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
⑤Document359,“Memorandum from F. Allen Harris, Special Assistant to the Legal Adviser to Selected Bureausof the Department of State, Washington, December2,1969”; Document363,“Memorandum from Robert Osgoodof the National Security Council Staff to the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger),Washington, January20,1970”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
①Document365,“Memorandum from Robert Osgood of the National Security Council Staff to the President'sAssistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, January30,1970”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
②Document365,“Memorandum from Robert Osgood of the National Security Council Staff to the President'sAssistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, January30,1970”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
③Document373,“Memorandum from the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) toPresident Nixon, Washington, May8,1970”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
①Document371,“Memorandum from Robert Osgood of the National Security Council Staff to the President'sAssistant for Domestic Affairs (Ehrlichman), Washington, April7,1970”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
②Document372,“Memorandum from Robert Osgood of the National Security Council Staff to the President'sAssistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, April8,1970”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
①Document373,“Memorandum from the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) toPresident Nixon, Washington, May8,1970”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
②Document373,“Memorandum from the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) toPresident Nixon, Washington, May8,1970”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
①Document375,“National Security Decision Memorandum62, Washington, May22,1970”, FRUS1969-1972,Vol. E-1.
②Document380,“Memorandum from the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to HarryDent of the National Security Council Staff, Washington, August8,1970”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
①Document379,“Memorandum from the Legal Adviser of the Department of State (Stevenson) to Secretary ofState Rogers, Washington, July29,1970”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
②Document379,“Memorandum from the Legal Adviser of the Department of State (Stevenson) to Secretary ofState Rogers, Washington, July29,1970”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
③“Draft U.N. Convention on the International Seabed Area: U.S. Working Paper Submitted to U.N. SeabedsCommittee”, Department of State Bulletin, Vol.63, August24,1970, p.215.
④“Draft U.N. Convention on the International Seabed Area: U.S. Working Paper Submitted to U.N. SeabedsCommittee”, Department of State Bulletin, Vol.63, August24,1970, p.210.
①“U.N. Adopts Principles Governing Seabed Exploitation and Decides to Convene Comprehensive Law-of-the-SeaConference in1973”, Department of State Bulletin, Vol.64, February1,1971, pp.155-159.
②Document336,“Letter from Secretary of Interior Hickel to Secretary of State Rogers, Washington, April15,1969”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
③Document336,“Letter from Secretary of State Rogers to Secretary of Interior Hickel, Washington, April28,1969”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
④Document357,“Memorandum from the Legal Adviser of the Department of State (Stevenson) to Secretary ofState Rogers, Washington, October13,1969”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
①Document364,“Memorandum from Robert Osgood of the National Security Council Staff to the President’sAssistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, January26,1970”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
②Document357,“Memorandum from the Legal Adviser of the Department of State (Stevenson) to Secretary ofState Rogers, Washington, October13,1969”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
③Document362,“Memorandum from the Legal Adviser of the Department of State (Stevenson) to the UnderSecretary of State for Political Affairs (Johnson), Washington, December15,1969”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
④U.S., President, Report to the Congress, U.S. Foreign Policy for the1970s, February18,1970.
⑤John R. Stevenson,“International Law and the Oceans”，Department of State Bulletin, Vol.62, March16,1970,p.341.
⑥“United States Outlines Position on Limit of Territorial Sea”, Department of State Bulletin, Vol.62, March16,1970, p.343.
①Document383,“Memorandum from the Assistant Legal Adviser for Politico-Military and Ocean Affairs
(Neuman) to the Legal Adviser of the Department of State (Stevenson), Washington, October20,1970”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
②Document357,“Memorandum from the Legal Adviser of the Department of State (Stevenson) to Secretary ofState Rogers, Washington, October13,1969”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
③“U.S. Draft Articles on Territorial Sea, Straits, and Fisheries Submitted to U.N. Seabeds Committee”, Departmentof State Bulletin, Vol.65, September6,1971, pp.292-293.
①“U.S. Draft Articles on Territorial Sea, Straits, and Fisheries Submitted to U.N. Seabeds Committee”, Departmentof State Bulletin, Vol.65, September6,1971, p.262; Document383,“Memorandum from the Assistant LegalAdviser for Politico-Military and Ocean Affairs (Neuman) to the Legal Adviser of the Department of State(Stevenson), Washington, October20,1970”; Document414,“Telegram194015from the Department of State tothe Embassy in Spain, October22,1971”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
②Document400,“Analytical Summary Prepared by John Negroponte of the National Security Council Staff,Washington, Undated”; Document414,“Telegram194015from the Department of State to the Embassy in Spain,October22,1971”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
③Document383,“Memorandum from the Assistant Legal Adviser for Politico-Military and Ocean Affairs(Neuman) to the Legal Adviser of the Department of State (Stevenson), Washington, October20,1970”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
④Document414,“Telegram194015from the Department of State to the Embassy in Spain, October22,1971”,FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
⑤Ann L. Hollick&Robert E. Osgood, New Era of Ocean Politics,The Johns Hopkins University Press,1974, p.91.
⑥Document341,“Memorandum from Robert Osgood of the Nation Security Council Staff to the President’sAssistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, June12,1969”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
⑦“U.S. Draft Articles on Territorial Sea, Straits, and Fisheries Submitted to U.N. Seabeds Committee”, Departmentof State Bulletin, Vol.65, September6,1971, p.262; John Norton Moore,“Position on Law of the Sea Reviewed”,Department of State Bulletin, Vol.70, April15,1974, p.398.
①《领海及毗连区公约》第16条之1。
②《领海及毗连区公约》第14条之6。
③Ann L. Hollick&Robert E. Osgood, New Era of Ocean Politics, p.102.
④Document414,“Telegram194015from the Department of State to the Embassy in Spain, October22,1971”,FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
⑤Document414,“Telegram194015from the Department of State to the Embassy in Spain, October22,1971”,FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
①Document377,“Circular Airgram CA-3320from the Department of State to All Diplomatic Posts, June18,1970”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
②Document362,“Memorandum from the Legal Adviser of the Department of State (Stevenson) to the UnderSecretary of State for Political Affairs (Johnson), Washington, December15,1969”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
①Document364,“Memorandum from Robert Osgood of the National Security Council Staff to the President’sAssistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, January26,1970”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
②Document333,“Circular Airgram CA-406from the Department of State to Multiple Posts, January23,1969”,FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
③United Nations, General Assembly,24thSession (A/Res/2574(XXIV))[includes resolution2574A, B, C and D],December15,1969.
④Document362,“Memorandum from the Legal Adviser of the Department of State (Stevenson) to the UnderSecretary of State for Political Affairs (Johnson), Washington, December15,1969”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
⑤Document364,“Memorandum from Robert Osgood of the National Security Council Staff to the President’sAssistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, January26,1970”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
⑥Document382,“Airgram CA-5062from the Department of State to the Mission to the United Nations,Septemner30,1970,1102Z”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
①Document385,“Telegram211200from the Department of State to the Mission to the North Atlantic TrearyOrganization, December30,1970,2355Z”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
②Document377,“Circular Airgram CA-3320from the Department of State to All Diplomatic Posts, June18,1970”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
①Report of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of the Sea-Bed and the Ocean Floor beyond the Limits of theNational Jurisdiction, UN General Assembly Official Records, Supplement No.21, A/8721(XXVII). Available atU.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, The Law of the Sea Crisis,92ndCongress,1stSession, December1971.
①Document362,“Memorandum from the Legal Adviser of the Department of State (Stevenson) to the UnderSecretary of State for Political Affairs (Johnson), Washington, December15,1969”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.Markus G. Schmidt, Common Heritage or Common Burden? The United States Position on the Development of ARegime for Deep Sea-Bed Mining in the Law of the Sea Convention, pp.69-76.
②从1971年筹备会议开始，史蒂文森就担任参加海洋法筹备会议的美国代表团的主席。1972年底，他辞去法律顾问一职，美国代表团主席一职由约翰·诺顿·穆尔接任。1973年夏，史蒂文森复职，继续担任美国代表团主席。
①Document5,“National Security Decision Memorandum225, Washington, July16,1973”, FRUS1973-1976,Volume E-3, Documents on Global Issues, Law of the Sea, Washington: United States Government Printing Office,2009, available at http://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve03/ch1, download at January15,2010.
②这个小组由国务卿代表担任主席，组员包括国防部长、商务部长、内政部长、中央情报局主任和总统国家安全事务助理的代表。参见Document390,“National Security Study Memorandum125, Washington, April21,1971”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
①Document400,“Analytical Summary Prepared by John Negroponte of the National Security Council Staff,Washington, Undated”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
②Document403“Minutes of Senior Review Group Meeting, Washington, July12,1971,4:30-6:45p.m.”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
③Document404,“Memorandum from the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) toPresident Nixon, Washington, July22,1971”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
④Document405,“National Security Decision Memorandum122, Washington, July22,1971”, FRUS1969-1972,Vol. E-1.
①Document400,“Analytical Summary Prepared by John Negroponte of the National Security Council Staff,Washington, Undated”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
②Document400,“Analytical Summary Prepared by John Negroponte of the National Security Council Staff,Washington, Undated”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
③Document412,“Memorandum Prepared by the Chairman of the Inter-Agency Task Force on the Law of the Sea
(Stevenson), Washington, Undated”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
④Document412,“Memorandum Prepared by the Chairman of the Inter-Agency Task Force on the Law of the Sea
(Stevenson), Washington, Undated”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
①Document423,“Memorandum From the Chairman of the Inter-Agency Task Force on the Law of the Sea(Stevenson) to the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, February22,1972”；Document424,“National Security Decision Memorandum157, Washington, March13,1972”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
②Document431,“Memorandum from the Executive Secretary of the Department of State (Eliot) to the President'sAssistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, June1,1972”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
③Document433,“Memorandum from the Chairman of the Inter-Agency Task Force on the Law of the Sea(Stevenson) to the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, June20,1972”,FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
④“U.S. Calls for Prompt International Action To Settle Problems of Law of the Sea”, Department of State Bulletin,Vol.67, October2,1972, pp.383-384.
⑤这里的专属经济区实际上就是沿海国专属资源区。在专属经济区概念产生之前，各国有不同的称谓，后文将进一步介绍专属经济区概念。
①Document6,“Airgram A–7576from the Department of State to All Diplomatic Posts, Washington, September4,1973”, FRUS1973-1976, Volume E-3, Documents on Global Issues, Law of the Sea, Washington: United StatesGovernment Printing Office,2009, Available at http://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve03/ch12010-01-15
②Document6,“Airgram A–7576from the Department of State to All Diplomatic Posts, Washington, September4,1973”, FRUS1973-1976, Volume E-3.
③Document400,“Analytical Summary Prepared by John Negroponte of the National Security Council Staff,Washington, Undated”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
①Document412,“Memorandum Prepared by the Chairman of the Inter-Agency Task Force on the Law of the Sea(Stevenson), Washington, Undated”；Document431,“Memorandum from the Executive Secretary of theDepartment of State (Eliot) to the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, June1,1972”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.Document6,“Airgram A–7576from the Department of State to AllDiplomatic Posts, Washington, September4,1973”, FRUS1973-1976, Volume E-3.
①Document431,“Memorandum from the Executive Secretary of the Department of State (Eliot) to the President'sAssistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, June1,1972”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1;Document6,“Airgram A–7576from the Department of State to All Diplomatic Posts, Washington, September4,1973”, FRUS1973-1976, Volume E-3.
②Document412,“Memorandum Prepared by the Chairman of the Inter-Agency Task Force on the Law of the Sea(Stevenson), Washington, Undated”；Document431,“Memorandum from the Executive Secretary of theDepartment of State (Eliot) to the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, June1,1972”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.Document6,“Airgram A–7576from the Department of State to AllDiplomatic Posts, Washington, September4,1973”, FRUS1973-1976, Volume E-3.
③Document6,“Airgram A–7576from the Department of State to All Diplomatic Posts, Washington, September4,1973”, FRUS1973-1976, Volume E-3.
④5国集团包括美国本身。
①Document430,“Circular Telegram96469from the Department of State to Multiple Posts, June1,1972,1716Z”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
②Document427,“Circular Airgram A-4339From the Department of State to All Diplomatic Posts, Washington,May1,1972,1028Z”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
③Document427,“Circular Airgram A-4339From the Department of State to All Diplomatic Posts, Washington,May1,1972,1028Z”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
④Document430,“Circular Telegram96469from the Department of State to Multiple Posts, June1,1972,1716Z”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
①“U.S. Draft Articles on Territorial Sea, Straits, and Fisheries Submitted to U.N. Seabed Committee”, Departmentof State Bulletin, Vol.65, September6,1971, pp.262-264.
②Document412,“Memorandum Prepared by the Chairman of the Inter-Agency Task Force on the Law of the Sea(Stevenson), Washington, Undated”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
③Document417,“Telegram224617from the Department of State to the Embassy in Spain, December14,1971,2022Z”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
④Document427,“Circular Airgram A-4339From the Department of State to All Diplomatic Posts, Washington,May1,1972,1028Z”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
①Document431,“Memorandum from the Executive Secretary of the Department of State (Eliot) to the President'sAssistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, June1,1972”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
②Document434,“National Security Decision Memorandum177, Washington, July18,1972”, FRUS1969-1972,Vol. E-1.
③Ann L. Hollick, U.S. Foreign Policy and the Law of the Sea, p.272; Document434,“National Security DecisionMemorandum177, Washington, July18,1972”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
④Document435,“Memorandum from the Deputy Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs (Haig) toPresident Nixon, Washington, August15,1972”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
①Document2,“Memorandum from the Acting Chairman of the Law of the Sea Task Force (Brower) to thePresident’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, June1,1973”; Document6,“AirgramA–7576from the Department of State to All Diplomatic Posts, Washington, September4,1973”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
②Document6,“Airgram A–7576from the Department of State to All Diplomatic Posts, Washington, September4,1973”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
③Document400,“Analytical Summary Prepared by John Negroponte of the National Security Council Staff,Washington, Undated”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
④Document400,“Analytical Summary Prepared by John Negroponte of the National Security Council Staff,Washington, Undated”, FRUS,1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
①Document405,“National Security Decision Memorandum122, Washington, July22,1971”, FRUS,1969-1972,Vol. E-1.
②Document423,“Memorandum from the Chairman of the Inter-Agency Task Force on the Law of the Sea(Stevenson) to the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, February22,1972”,FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
③美国渔业条款参见“U.S. DraftArticles on Territorial Sea, Straits, and Fisheries Submitted to U.N. SeabedCommittee”, Department of State Bulletin, Vol.65, September6,1971, pp.264-268.
①Document423,“Memorandum from the Chairman of the Inter-Agency Task Force on the Law of the Sea(Stevenson) to the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, February22,1972”,FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
②Document423,“Memorandum from the Chairman of the Inter-Agency Task Force on the Law of the Sea(Stevenson) to the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, February22,1972”,FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
③Document423,“Memorandum from the Chairman of the Inter-Agency Task Force on the Law of the Sea(Stevenson) to the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, February22,1972”,FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
④Document424,“National Security Decision Memorandum157, Washington, March13,1972”, FRUS1969-1972,Vol. E-1.
⑤Document431,“Memorandum from the Executive Secretary of the Department of State (Eliot) to the President’sAssistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, June1,1972”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
⑥Document431,“Memorandum from the Executive Secretary of the Department of State (Eliot) to the President’sAssistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, June1,1972”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
①Document431,“Memorandum from the Executive Secretary of the Department of State (Eliot) to the President’sAssistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, June1,1972”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
②Document433,“Memorandum from the Chairman of the Inter-Agency Task Force on the Law of the Sea(Stevenson) to the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, June20,1972”,FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
③Document434,“National Security Decision Memorandum177, Washington, July18,1972”, FRUS1969-1972,Vol. E-1.
④United Nations, General Assembly, UN Doc. A/AC.138/SC.II/L.9(1972).转引自Ann L. Hollick&Robert E.Osgood, New Era of Ocean Politics, p.48.
⑤Document1,“Report Prepared by the Interagency Law of the Sea Task Force, Undated”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol.E-3.
⑥Document2,“Memorandum from the Acting Chairman of the Law of the Sea Task Force (Brower) to thePresident’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, June1,1973”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol.E-3.
⑦Document6,“Airgram A–7576from the Department of State to All Diplomatic Posts, Washington, September4,1973”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
①Document367,“Memorandum from the Executive Secretary of the Department of State (Eliot) to the President’sAssistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, March12,1970”, FRUS,1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
②Document400,“Analytical Summary Prepared by John Negroponte of the National Security Council Staff,Washington, Undated”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
①Ann L. Hollick&Robert E. Osgood, New Era of Ocean Politics, p.66.
②Document400,“Analytical Summary Prepared by John Negroponte of the National Security Council Staff,Washington, Undated”, FRUS,1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
③这里的斯德哥尔摩会议应该是指即将于1972年6月在瑞典斯德哥尔摩举行的联合国人类环境会议。1972年斯德哥尔摩会议是世界各国政府共同探讨当代环境问题，探讨保护全球环境战略的第一次国际会议。
④Document412,“Memorandum Prepared by the Chairman of the Inter-Agency Task Force on the Law of the Sea
(Stevenson), Washington, Undated”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
⑤Document412,“Memorandum Prepared by the Chairman of the Inter-Agency Task Force on the Law of the Sea(Stevenson), Washington, Undated”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
①Document424,“National Security Decision Memorandum157, Washington, March13,1972”, FRUS1969-1972,Vol. E-1.
②Document431,“Memorandum from the Executive Secretary of the Department of State (Eliot) to the President’sAssistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, June1,1972”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
③Document433,“Memorandum from the Chairman of the Inter-Agency Task Force on the Law of the Sea(Stevenson) to the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, June20,1972”,FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
④Document434,“National Security Decision Memorandum177, Washington, July18,1972”, FRUS1969-1972,Vol. E-1.
①Document2,“Memorandum from the Acting Chairman of the Law of the Sea Task Force (Brower) to thePresident’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, June1,1973”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol.E-3.
②Document2,“Memorandum from the Acting Chairman of the Law of the Sea Task Force (Brower) to thePresident’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, June1,1973”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol.E-3.
③Document6,“Airgram A–7576from the Department of State to All Diplomatic Posts, Washington, September4,1973”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
①Document6,“Airgram A–7576from the Department of State to All Diplomatic Posts, Washington, September4,1973”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
②1958年《大陆架公约》第5条之8。
①Document383,“Memorandum From the Assistant Legal Adviser for Politico-Military and Ocean Affairs(Neuman) to the Legal Adviser of the Department of State (Stevenson), Washington, October20,1970”, FRUS1969-1972，Vol. E-1.
②Ann L. Hollick&Robert E. Osgood, New Era of Ocean Politics, pp.68-69.
①Document393,“Circular Airgram CA-2554from the Department of State to All Diplomatic Posts, Washington,May28,1971,1104Z”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
②Document400,“Analytical Summary Prepared by John Negroponte of the National Security Council Staff,Washington, Undated”, FRUS,1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
③Document412,“Memorandum Prepared by the Chairman of the Inter-Agency Task Force on the Law of the Sea(Stevenson), Washington, Undated”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
④Document2,“Memorandum from the Acting Chairman of the Law of the Sea Task Force (Brower) to thePresident’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, June1,1973”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol.E-3.
⑤Document2,“Memorandum from the Acting Chairman of the Law of the Sea Task Force (Brower) to thePresident’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, June1,1973”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol.E-3.
①同意制度即是在领海以外的沿海国享有海底资源和沿海渔业资源管辖权的区域进行海洋科学研究需要获得沿海国的同意。同意制度问题是海洋科学研究的一个主要问题，亦是美国最为重视的海洋科学研究问题。美国和英国等海洋大国普遍支持海洋科学研究自由，因而反对同意制度，而发展中沿海国等国家则赞成同意制度。
②Document6,“Airgram A–7576from the Department of State to All Diplomatic Posts, Washington, September4,1973”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
③Document6,“Airgram A–7576from the Department of State to All Diplomatic Posts, Washington, September4,1973”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
①Document7,“Memorandum NSC–U/DM–109Afrom the Chairman of the National Security Council underSecretaries Committee (Rush) to President Nixon, Washington, November1,1973”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
①Document7,“Memorandum NSC–U/DM–109Afrom the Chairman of the National Security Council underSecretaries Committee (Rush) to President Nixon, Washington, November1,1973”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
①Document10,“Report of the U.S. Delegation to the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the SeaOrganizational Session, New York, December3–15,1973”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
②Document10,“Report of the U.S. Delegation to the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the SeaOrganizational Session, New York, December3–15,1973”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
①Document12,“Memorandum NSC–U/DM–109B from the Chairman of the National Security Council underSecretaries Committee (Rush) to President Nixon, Washington, May14,1974”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
②Document12,“Memorandum NSC–U/DM–109B from the Chairman of the National Security Council underSecretaries Committee (Rush) to President Nixon, Washington, May14,1974”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
①Document12,“Memorandum NSC–U/DM–109B from the Chairman of the National Security Council underSecretaries Committee (Rush) to President Nixon, Washington, May14,1974”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
②Document12,“Memorandum NSC–U/DM–109B from the Chairman of the National Security Council underSecretaries Committee (Rush) to President Nixon, Washington, May14,1974”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
①Document12,“Memorandum NSC–U/DM–109D from the Chairman of the National Security Council underSecretaries Committee (Ingersoll) to President Ford, Washington, February6,1975”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3;U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Foreign Affairs, Status of the U.N. Law of the Sea Conference, Hearing,93rdCongress,2rd Session, November19,1974, p.2.
①Document12,“Memorandum NSC–U/DM–109D from the Chairman of the National Security Council underSecretaries Committee (Ingersoll) to President Ford, Washington, February6,1975”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
②U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Foreign Affairs, Status of the U.N. Law of the Sea Conference, Hearing,93rdCongress,2rd Session, Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office,1976, p.2.
③U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, The Third U.N. Law of the SeaConference,95thCongress,2ndSession, June1978, p.35.
①Document12,“Memorandum NSC–U/DM–109D from the Chairman of the National Security Council underSecretaries Committee (Ingersoll) to President Ford, Washington, February6,1975”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
①Document12,“Memorandum NSC–U/DM–109D from the Chairman of the National Security Council underSecretaries Committee (Ingersoll) to President Ford, Washington, February6,1975”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
②Document14,“National Security Decision Memorandum260, Washington, June24,1974”, FRUS1973-1976,Vol. E-3.
③Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, Honolulu: Law of the Sea Institute University of Hawaii,1983, p.59.
④John R. Stevenson&Bernard H. Oxman,“The Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea: The1974Caracas Session”, The American Journal of International Law, Vol.69, No.1.(Jan.,1975), pp.7-8.
①U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, The Third U.N. Law of the SeaConference,95thCongress,2ndSession, p.22.
②U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, The Third U.N. Law of the SeaConference,95thCongress,2ndSession, p.23.
③Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, p.61.
④John R. Stevenson&Bernard H. Oxman,“The Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea: The1974Caracas Session”, p.10.
⑤U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, The Third U.N. Law of the SeaConference,95thCongress,2ndSession, p.24.
①Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, pp.61-62.
②Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, p.61.
③John R. Stevenson&Bernard H. Oxman,“The Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea: The1974Caracas Session”, p.11.
④U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, The Third U.N. Law of the SeaConference,95thCongress,2ndSession, pp.23-24.
①Document12,“Memorandum NSC–U/DM–109D from the Chairman of the National Security Council underSecretaries Committee (Ingersoll) to President Ford, Washington, February6,1975”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
②Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea,1973-82, Volume Ⅱ, Summary Records of the SecondCommittee, Second Session:11thMeeting, A/CONF.62/C.2/SR.11，pp.4-5.2011年5月下载于http://untreaty.un.org/cod/diplomaticconferences/lawofthesea-1982/lawofthesea-1982.html20
③Document16,“Memorandum NSC–U/DM–109D from the Chairman of the National Security Council UnderSecretaries Committee (Ingersoll) to President Ford, Washington, February6,1975”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
④“Department Reports to Congress on Law of the Sea Conference and Discusses Legislation on200-Mile FisheriesJurisdiction”, Department of State Bulletin, Vol.71, September23,1974, p.391.
⑤U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, The Third U.N. Law of the SeaConference,95thCongress,2ndSession, p.30.
①陈德恭：《现代国际海洋法》，第146页。
②Document12,“Memorandum NSC–U/DM–109D from the Chairman of the National Security Council underSecretaries Committee (Ingersoll) to President Ford, Washington, February6,1975”; Document14,“NationalSecurity Decision Memorandum260, Washington, June24,1974”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
③“U.S. Defines Position on200-Mile Economic Zone at Conference on the Law of the Sea”, Department of StateBulletin, Vol.71,1974, p.233.
④The United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea,1973-1982, Vol. Ⅲ, Limited Documents of the SecondCommittee, A/CONF.62/C.2/L.47, August8,1974.
⑤Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, pp.68-70.
①U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, The Third U.N. Law of the SeaConference,95thCongress,2ndSession, p.27.
②在美国留学期间，笔者曾经与穆尔教授讨论过美国关于海洋法问题的政策，他亲口承认了这一事实。
①Document12,“Memorandum NSC–U/DM–109D from the Chairman of the National Security Council underSecretaries Committee (Ingersoll) to President Ford, Washington, February6,1975”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
②Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, p.71.
③The United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea,1973-1982, Vol. Ⅲ, Limited Documents of the SecondCommittee, A/CONF.62/C.2/L.38, August5,1974; A/CONF.62/C.2/L.39, August5,1974; A/CONF.62/C.2/L.36,August5,1974.
④The United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea,1973-1982, Vol. Ⅲ, Limited Documents of the SecondCommittee, A/CONF.62/C.2/L.47, August8,1974.
①Document12,“Memorandum NSC–U/DM–109D from the Chairman of the National Security Council underSecretaries Committee (Ingersoll) to President Ford, Washington, February6,1975”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
②Document14,“National Security Decision Memorandum260, Washington, June24,1974”, FRUS1973-1976,Vol. E-3.
③U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Foreign Affairs, Status of the U.N. Law of the Sea Conference, Hearing,93rdCongress,2rd Session, November19,1974, PP.3-4.
④Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, pp.72-73.
①Document12,“Memorandum NSC–U/DM–109D from the Chairman of the National Security Council underSecretaries Committee (Ingersoll) to President Ford, Washington, February6,1975”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
②Document14,“National Security Decision Memorandum260, Washington, June24,1974”, FRUS1973-1976,Vol. E-3.
③U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, The Third U.N. Law of the SeaConference,95thCongress,2ndSession, pp.30-32.
④Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park,Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, pp.73-74.
①Document12,“Memorandum NSC–U/DM–109D from the Chairman of the National Security Council underSecretaries Committee (Ingersoll) to President Ford, Washington, February6,1975”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
②Document14,“National Security Decision Memorandum260, Washington, June24,1974”, FRUS1973-1976,Vol. E-3.
①The United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea,1973-1982, Vol. Ⅲ, Limited Documents of the ThirdCommittee, A/CONF.62/C.3/L.19, August23,1974.
②Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, pp.74-76.
①John R. Stevenson&Bernard H. Oxman,“The Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea: The1975Geneva Session”, The American Journal of International Law, Vol.69, No.4.(Oct.,1975), p.763.
②Document19,“Memorandum from the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) toPresident Ford, Washington, July8,1975”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
①Document17,“Memorandum from the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) toPresident Ford, Washington, March14,1975”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
①Document17,“Memorandum from the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) toPresident Ford, Washington, March14,1975”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
②Document17,“Memorandum from the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) toPresident Ford, Washington, March14,1975”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
①Document17,“Memorandum from the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) toPresident Ford, Washington, March14,1975”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
②Document17,“Memorandum from the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) toPresident Ford, Washington, March14,1975”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
③Document17,“Memorandum from the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) toPresident Ford, Washington, March14,1975”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
④Document17,“Memorandum from the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) toPresident Ford, Washington, March14,1975”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
⑤Document18,“National Security Decision Memorandum288, Washington, March24,1975, FRUS1973-1976,Vol. E-3.
①Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, p.91.
②Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, p.85.
③Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, pp.85-86.
①Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, p.86.
②Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea,1973-82, Vol. IV, Summary Records of the FirstCommittee, Third Session:21stMeeting, A/CONF.62/C.1/SR.21, p.61.
③Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, p.93.
④Document19,“Memorandum from the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) toPresident Ford, Washington, July8,1975”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
①Document19,“Memorandum from the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) toPresident Ford, Washington, July8,1975”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
②Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea,1973-1982, Vol. XV, Tenth and Resumed Tenth Sessions:Draft Convention on the Law of the Sea, A/CONF.62/L.78, p.181.
①Document395,“Conversation Between President Nixon and His Assistant for National Security Affairs(Kissinger), Washington, May29,1971”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
②Document5,“National Security Decision Memorandum225, Washington, July16,1973”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol.E-3.
③Document24,“Memorandum from the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Scowcroft) toPresident Ford, Washington, March1,1976”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
①John Norton Moore,“Position on Law of the Sea Reviewed”, Department of State Bulletin, Vol.70, April15,1974, p.399.
②Document17,“Memorandum from the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) toPresident Ford, Washington, March14,1975”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
①Document17,“Memorandum from the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) toPresident Ford, Washington, March14,1975”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
②Document18,“National Security Decision Memorandum288, Washington, March24,1975, FRUS1973-1976,Vol. E-3.
③Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, pp.98-99.
④Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, p.99.
⑤Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, p.100.
⑥Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea,1973-1982, Vol. IV, Working Papers of the Plenary,A/CONF.62/WP.8/PartII, pp.162-163.
①Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea,pp.87-88;100-102.
②Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, pp.102-104.
①Document17,“Memorandum from the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) toPresident Ford, Washington, March14,1975”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
②Document18,“National Security Decision Memorandum288, Washington, March24,1975, FRUS1973-1976,Vol. E-3.
①Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, pp.108-109; U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Commerce, Science, andTransportation, The Third U.N. Law of the Sea Conference,95thCongress,2ndSession, p.38.
②Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, p.89.
③Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea,1973-1982, Vol. IV, Working Papers of the Plenary,A/CONF.62/WP.8/PartIII, p.174.
④Document17,“Memorandum from the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) toPresident Ford, Washington, March14,1975”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
⑤Document18,“National Security Decision Memorandum288, Washington, March24,1975, FRUS1973-1976,Vol. E-3.
①Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, pp.109-110.
②Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea,1973-1982, Vol. IV, Working Papers of the Plenary,A/CONF.62/WP.8/PartIII, pp.177-178.
①Document31,“Memorandum from the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Scowcroft) toPresident Ford, Washington, June14,1976”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
②Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, pp.140-144.
③Document24,“Memorandum from the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Scowcroft) toPresident Ford, Washington, March1,1976”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
①Document27,“Telegram85109from the Department of State to All Diplomatic Posts, April8,1976,2040Z”,FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3; Henry A. Kissinger,“The Law of the Sea: A Test of International Cooperation”,Department of State Bulletin, Vol.74, April26,1976, pp.539-541.
①Document27,“Telegram85109from the Department of State to All Diplomatic Posts, April8,1976,2040Z”,FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
②Document29,“Telegram1508from the Mission to the United Nations to the Department of State, April12,1976,1936Z”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
①Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, pp.118-124.
②Document32,“Memorandum from the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Scowcroft) toPresident Ford, Washington, August9,1976”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
③Document31,“Memorandum from the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Scowcroft) toPresident Ford, Washington, June14,1976”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
④Document32,“Memorandum from the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Scowcroft) toPresident Ford, Washington, August9,1976”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
①Document49,“Telegram3788from the Mission to the United Nations to the Department of State, September17,1976,2107z”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
②Document49,“Telegram3788from the Mission to the United Nations to the Department of State, September17,1976,2107z”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
③Document49,“Telegram3788from the Mission to the United Nations to the Department of State, September17,1976,2107z”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
①Document49,“Telegram3788from the Mission to the United Nations to the Department of State, September17,1976,2107z”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
②Document49,“Telegram3788from the Mission to the United Nations to the Department of State, September17,1976,2107z”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
③Document49,“Telegram3788from the Mission to the United Nations to the Department of State, September17,1976,2107z”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
④Document49,“Telegram3788from the Mission to the United Nations to the Department of State, September17,1976,2107z”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
①Henry A. Kissinger,“The Law of the Sea: A Test of International Cooperation”, Department of State Bulletin,Vol.74, April26,1976, P.536.
②Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, pp.125-129.
①Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, p.131-133.
②Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, p.133.
③Document27,“Telegram85109from the Department of State to All Diplomatic Posts, April8,1976,2040Z”,FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
④Document32,“Memorandum from the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Scowcroft) toPresident Ford, Washington, August9,1976”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
⑤Document32,“Memorandum from the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Scowcroft) toPresident Ford, Washington, August9,1976”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
①Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, pp.134-135.
②Document49,“Telegram3788from the Mission to the United Nations to the Department of State, September17,1976,2107z”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
③Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, p.150.
①Herry A. Kissinger,“U.S. Calls for Equitable Resolution of Law of the Sea Issues”, Department of State Bulletin,Vol.75, October11,1976, pp.451-452.
②Document49,“Telegram3788from the Mission to the United Nations to the Department of State, September17,1976,2107z”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
③Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, p.155.
①Document32,“Memorandum from the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Scowcroft) toPresident Ford, Washington, August9,1976”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
②Document49,“Telegram3788from the Mission to the United Nations to the Department of State, September17,1976,2107z”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
①Finn Laursen,, Security Versus Access to Resources: Explaining a Decade of U.S. Ocean Policy, World Politics,Vol.34, No.2, Jan.,1982.
①“Memorandum from Zbigniew Brzezinski regarding a Review of International Negotiations Concerning theLaw of the Sea Policy, February2,1977”, CK3100469844-5, Database: Declassified Document Reference System(Hereafter cited as DDRS), Gale Group, Inc.2008年1月下载。
①Memorandum from Zbigniew Brzezinski regarding an Amendment to the U.S. Law of the Sea (LOS) Policyreview, February16,1977”, CK3100473531-2, DDRS.1973年9月6日的NSC-U/N-75号文件曾宣布成立海洋法办公室。
②“NSC Interagency Group for Law of the Sea2/14/77Draft Reply to PRM/NSC-18, U.S. Interests andOptions,February14,1977”, CK3100047630, DDRS.
③“Jessica Tuchman Summarizes Proceedings at a Meeting Called to Discuss U.S. Policy and Representation atthe Law of the Sea (LOS) Negotiations, February18,1977”, CK3100506957-8, DDRS.
④“Memorandum to President Carter from Elliot L. Richardson, Special Representative of the President for theLaw of the Sea Negotiations, regarding Presidential Review Memorandum/NSC-18, Part1, Law of the Sea Study,February22,1977”, CK3100090789-91, DDRS.
⑤“Memorandum from President Jimmy Carter regarding a Review of the Law of the Sea (LOS) Policy, March8,1977”, CK3100466145-6, DDRS.
①“Draft Reply to PRM/NSC-18, Part3, on the Substance of U.S. Legislation on Deep Seabed Mining, March25,1977”, CK3100047666-703, DDRS.
②“National Security Council Staff Secretary Michael Hornblow Provides Vice President Walter Mondale,Secretary of State Cyrus Vance, and Secretary of Defense Harold Brown with a Law of the Sea (LOS) Study, April
12,1977”, CK3100479869-84, DDRS.
③“Memorandum for President Jimmy Carter from Zbigniew Brzezinski regarding the U.S. Position at the Law ofthe Seas (LOS) Negotiations concerning Deep Seabed Mining Regulations, April25,1977”,CK3100159913-9,DDRS.
④“Memorandum from Zbigniew Brzezinski informs Vice President Walter Mondale, Secretary of State CyrusVance and Secretary of Defense Harold Brown of President Jimmy Carter's Decision on the U.S. NegotiatingPosition at the Law of the Sea (LOS) Conference concerning Deep Seabed Legislation, June16,1977”, DDRS.
⑤Elliot L. Richardson, Statement to Press, March16,1978, p.6.转引自Ann L. Hollick, U.S. Foreign Policy andthe Law of the Sea, p.362.
①“Agenda for the Policy Review Committee (PRC) Meeting regarding Law of the Sea Treaty Negotiations, May16,1977”, CK3100479885-99, DDRS.
②“Memorandum from Zbigniew Brzezinski Informs Vice President Walter Mondale, Secretary of State CyrusVance and Secretary of Defense Harold Brown of President Jimmy Carter's Decision on the U.S. NegotiatingPosition at the Law of the Sea (LOS) Conference concerning Deep Seabed Legislation，June16,1977”,CK3100491106-7, DDRS.
③Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, p.169.
①Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, pp.170-171.
②Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, p.171.
③Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, p.171.
④Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, p.171.
⑤Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, p.172.
①Elliot L. Richardson, Law of the Sea Conference: Problem and Progress, Department of State Bulletin, Vol.77,September19,1977, p.390.
②Elliot L. Richardson, Law of the Sea Conference: Problem and Progress, Department of State Bulletin, Vol.77,September19,1977, p.391.
③Elliot L. Richardson, Law of the Sea Conference: Problem and Progress, Department of State Bulletin, Vol.77,September19,1977, p.391.
④Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, pp.174-175.
①Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, p.176.
②Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, p.176.
③Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, pp.178-180.
①Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, pp.180-182.
②Elliot L. Richardson, Law of the Sea Conference: Problem and Progress, Department of State Bulletin, Vol.77,September19,1977, p.390.
③“U.S. Ambassasdor Elliott Richardson Provides President Jimmy Carter with AReview of the Sixth Session ofthe Law of the Sea (LOS) Negotiations, September7,1977”, CK3100479069-74, DDRS.
①“U.S. Ambassasdor Elliott Richardson Provides President Jimmy Carter with AReview of the Sixth Session of theLaw of the Sea (LOS) Negotiations, September7,1977”, CK3100479069-74, DDRS.
②“Memorandum to David Aaron from Jessica Tuchman and Les Denend regarding Negotiation Points for the Lawof the Sea (LOS) Conference concerning a Treaty Agreement on Deep Seabed Mining, September26,1977”,CK3100479900-1, DDRS.
③“Memorandum to Vice President Walter Mondale, Secretary of State Cyrus Vance, and Secretary of DefenseHarold Brown from David Aaron suggesting that International Discussions on Deep Seabed Mining Be Reviewedbefore A Law of the Sea (LOS) Treaty Is Agreed upon, September27,1977”, CK3100525641, DDRS.
④U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, The Third U.N. Law of the SeaConference,95thCongress,2ndSession, pp.118-121.
①“Memorandum to Zbigniew Brzezinski from U.S. Ambassador Elliot Richardson regarding a Major Move toSeek Support for Congressional Deep Seabed Mining Legislation to Coincide with the Approval of AnInternational Law of the Sea (LOS) Treaty, September19,1979”, CK3100479075-8,DDRS.
②”Review of the Law of the Sea Conference and Deep Seabed Mining Legislation”, Department of State Bulletin,Vol.77, November21,1977, pp.754-755.
③U.S. Congress, House, Committee on International Relations, Deep Seabed Minerals Resources, Diplomacy, andStrategic Interest,95thCongress,2rd Session, March1,1978, p.44.
①U.S. Congress, House, Committee on International Relations, Deep Seabed Minerals Resources, Diplomacy, andStrategic Interest,95thCongress,2rd Session, March1,1978, pp.49;84-85综合。
①Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, pp.195-202.
①Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, pp.202-205.
②Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, pp.205-206.
③Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, pp.209-211.
④“Memorandum for President Jimmy Carter from Law of the Sea (LOS) Conference Representative Elliot L.Richardson regarding Revisions to the Deep Seabed Mining Articles of the Treaty, June30,1978”,CK3100157842-4, DDRS.
①Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, pp.218-221.
②“Memorandum for President Jimmy Carter from Law of the Sea (LOS) Conference Representative Elliot L.Richardson regarding Revisions to the Deep Seabed Mining Articles of the Treaty, June30,1978”,CK3100157842-4, DDRS.
③Elliot L. Richardson,“Ocean: Law of the Sea Conference”, Department of State Bulletin, Vol.78, December,1978, p.42.
④“Memorandum for President Jimmy Carter from Law of the Sea (LOS) Conference Representative Elliot L.Richardson regarding Revisions to the Deep Seabed Mining Articles of the Treaty, June30,1978”,CK3100157842-4, DDRS.
①Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, pp.224-241.
②Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, pp.242-243.
③Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, pp. pp.246-250.
④Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, pp.228-229;“Memorandum for Zbigniew Brzezinski from Henry J. Richardsonregarding Resentment toward the U.S. at the Law of the Sea (LOS) Negotiating Session Due to U.S. HousePassage of the Deep Seabed Mining Bill, September13,1977”, CK3100158774-6, DDRS.
⑤“Memorandum for Zbigniew Brzezinski from Henry J. Richardson regarding Resentment toward the U.S. at theLaw of the Sea (LOS) Negotiating Session Due to U.S. House Passage of the Deep Seabed Mining Bill, September13,1977”, CK3100158774-6, DDRS.
①“Memorandum for Zbigniew Brzezinski from Henry J. Richardson regarding a Review of U.S. Law of the Seas(LOS) Policy regarding Deep Seabed Mining Issues, including Production Controls, Functions of the Authorityand the Enterprise, and Transfer of Technology, December8,1978”, CK3100158777-81, DDRS.
②“Memorandum for Zbigniew Brzezinski from Henry J. Richardson regarding Resentment toward the U.S. at theLaw of the Sea (LOS) Negotiating Session Due to U.S. House Passage of the Deep Seabed Mining Bill, September13,1977”, CK3100158774-6, DDRS.
③“Memorandum for Zbigniew Brzezinski from Henry J. Richardson regarding a Review of U.S. Law of the Seas
(LOS) Policy regarding Deep Seabed Mining Issues, including Production Controls, Functions of the Authorityand the Enterprise, and Transfer of Technology, December8,1978”, CK3100158777-81, DDRS.
④“Memorandum from Zbigniew Brzezinski regarding Navigational Freedom and U.S. Security Interests in regardto Law of the Sea (LOS) Negotiating Policies, March20,1979”,CK3100491108-9, DDRS.
①“Memorandum from Zbigniew Brzezinski regarding Navigational Freedom and U.S. Security Interests in regardto Law of the Sea (LOS) Negotiating Policies, March20,1979”,CK3100491108-9, DDRS.
②“Memorandum from Zbigniew Brzezinski regarding Navigational Freedom and U.S. Security Interests in regardto Law of the Sea (LOS) Negotiating Policies, March20,1979”,CK3100491108-9, DDRS.
③Ann L. Hollick, U.S. Foreign Policy and the Law of the Sea, p.371.
①“Briefing Paper for the2/22/79Policy Review Committee (PRC) Meeting regarding U.S. Position for Future Lawof the Sea (LOS) Treaty Negotiations concerning Deep Seabed Mining Issues, February21,1979,CK3100480396-404, DDRS.
①“Briefing Paper for the2/22/79Policy Review Committee (PRC) Meeting regarding U.S. Position for Future Lawof the Sea (LOS) Treaty Negotiations concerning Deep Seabed Mining Issues, February21,1979,CK3100480396-404, DDRS.
②“Department of State Staff Secretary Christine Dodson Provides ASummary of the2/22/79Law of the Sea (LOS)Presidential Review Committee Meeting regarding: U.S. Acceptance of APlan to Transfer Technology for DeepSeabed Mining Operations; Issues Pertaining to International Underwater Nickel Mining, March7,1979”,CK3100479902-5, DDRS.
③“Memorandum for Zbigniew Brzezinski from Henry J. Richardson regarding a Review of U.S. Law of the Seas(LOS) Policy regarding Deep Seabed Mining Issues, including Production Controls, Functions of the Authorityand the Enterprise, and Transfer of Technology, December8,1978”, CK3100158777-81, DDRS.
④“Briefing paper for the2/22/79Policy Review Committee (PRC) Meeting regarding U.S. Position for FutureLaw of the Sea (LOS) Treaty Negotiations concerning Deep Seabed Mining Issues, February21,1979,CK3100480396-404, DDRS.
①Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, p.254.
②Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, pp.252-279.
③Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, pp.302-306.
④Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, p.257.
①“Memorandum to Zbigniew Brzezinski from U.S. Ambassador Elliot Richardson regarding a Major Move toSeek Support for Congressional Deep Seabed Mining Legislation to Coincide with the Approval of AnInternational Law of the Sea (LOS) Treaty，September19,1979”, CK3100479075-8, DDRS.
①“Memorandum to Zbigniew Brzezinski and Henry Owen from Lincoln Bloomfield Describes PoliticalManeuvers concerning U.S. Seabed Mining Legislation in Connection with Law of the Sea (LOS) Negotiations,October26,1979”, CK3100487148-9, DDRS.
②“Memorandum to President Jimmy Carter from Secretary of State Cyrus Vance regarding a Delay of DeepSeabed Mining Legislation until after the Conclusion of the4/80Negotiating Session of the Law of the SeaConference, November16,1979, CK3100469602-3, DDRS.
③“Letter to President Jimmy Carter from Ambassador Elliott Richardson regarding Progress at the InternationalLaw of the Sea (LOS) Conference in Allowing Private Firms Access to Deep Seabed Mineral Resources,November16,1979”, CK3100479079-80, DDRS.
④“Deep Seabed Hard Mineral Resources Act”, Department of State Bulletin, Vol.80, October,1980, p.73.
⑤“Deep Seabed Hard Mineral Resources Act”, Department of State Bulletin, Vol.80, October,1980, p.74.
①Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, pp.353-355.
②Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, p.357.
①Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, pp.410-414.
②“Seabed Mining and Law of the Sea”, Department of State Bulletin, Vol.80, December,1980, p.61.
①Bernard H. Oxman,“The Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea: The Tenth Session (1981), TheAmerican Journal of International Law, Vol.76, No.1.(Jan.,1982), p.2.
①U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Foreign Affairs, U.S. Policy and the Third United Nations Conference onthe Law of the Sea, Hearings,97thCongress,1stSession, April29and May,1981, p.3.
②U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Foreign Affairs, U.S. Policy and the Third United Nations Conference onthe Law of the Sea, pp.3-5.
③U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Foreign Affairs, U.S. Policy and the Third United Nations Conference onthe Law of the Sea, p.5.
①Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, pp.457-458.
②Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, pp.456-459.
③Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, pp.513-514.
①Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, pp.512-518.
②U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Foreign Affairs, U.S. Policy and the Third United Nations Conference onthe Law of the Sea, pp.8-9.
③“United States Law of the Sea Policy”, January29,1982, PD01608, Database: Digital National Security Archive
(Hereafter cited as DNSA), Proquest Information and Learning Company.2008年10月下载。
④“United States Law of the Sea Policy”, January29,1982, PD01608, DNSA.
①Ronald Reagan,“Statement on United States Participation in the Third United Nations Conference on the Law ofthe Sea”, January29,1982,Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, U.S. Government Printing Office,available at http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/,2007年11月下载。
②Markus G. Schmidt, Common Heritage or Common Burden?The United States Position on the Development of aRegime for Deep Sea-Bed Mining in the Law of the Sea Convention, pp.238;241-242.
③Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, pp.532-533.
①Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, p.533.
②Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, p.534.
③Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, p.534.
④Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, pp.534-535.
⑤Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea,535.
⑥Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea,535.
①Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea,536.
②Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, pp.536-537.
③“United States Law of the Sea Policy”, July9,1982, PD01646, DNSA.
①Ronald Reagan,“Statement on United States Actions Concerning the Conference on the Law of the Sea”, July9,1982, Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States.
②“United States Law of the Sea Policy”, July9,1982, PD01646, DNSA.
③“United States Oceans Policy and Law of the Sea”, PD01671, September30,1982, DNSA.
④“United States Oceans Policy and Law of the Sea”, September30,1982, PD01671, DNSA.
⑤“United States Oceans Policy and Law of the Sea”, September30,1982, PD01671, DNSA.
①“United States Program for the Exercise of Navigation and Overflight Rights at Sea”, December13,1982,PD01688, DNSA.
②“United States Program for the Exercise of Navigation and Overflight Rights at Sea”, December13,1982,PD01688, DNSA.
①“United States Program for the Exercise of Navigation and Overflight Rights at Sea”, December13,1982,PD01688, DNSA.
②Ronald Reagan,“Statement on United States Oceans Policy”, March10th,1983, Public Papers of the Presidentsof the United States.
①Ronald Reagan,“Proclamation5928—Territorial Sea of the United States”, December27th,1988, Public Papersof the Presidents of the United States.
②1982年《联合国海洋法公约》，第三0八条。http://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/unclos_c.pdf2007年11月下载。
③CRS Report for Congress, Law of the Sea Convention: Status of the Convention and Agreement, August14,1995, Congressional Research Service, The Library of Congress, available at Database of Proquest Congressionalof University of Virginia.2012年5月下载。
①William J. Clinton, Letter of Transmittal, October7,1994.本资料来源于笔者在美国弗吉尼亚大学法学院的课程资料。
②1982年《联合国海洋法公约》第一六0和一六二条。
①1994年《关于执行1982年12月10日<联合国海洋法公约>第11部分的协定》第三节第1-4条。http://daccess-ods.un.org/TMP/9519860.74447632.html2012年12月下载。
②1982年《联合国海洋法公约》第一五九条5-9。
③1994年《关于执行1982年12月10日<联合国海洋法公约>第11部分的协定》第三节。
④1994年《关于执行1982年12月10日<联合国海洋法公约>第11部分的协定》第三节第15（a）。
①1994年《关于执行1982年12月10日<联合国海洋法公约>第11部分的协定》第五节。
②1994年《关于执行1982年12月10日<联合国海洋法公约>第11部分的协定》第八节。
①Markus G. Schmidt, Common Heritage or Common Burden? The United States Position on the Development ofa Regime for Deep Sea-Bed Mining in the Law of the Sea Convention, pp.223-224.
②Markus G. Schmidt, Common Heritage or Common Burden? The United States Position on the Development ofa Regime for Deep Sea-Bed Mining in the Law of the Sea Convention, p.217.
③Markus G. Schmidt, Common Heritage or Common Burden? The United States Position on the Development ofa Regime for Deep Sea-Bed Mining in the Law of the Sea Convention, p.216；219.
①CRS Issue Brief for Congress, The Law of the Sea Convention and U.S. Policy, May12,2006, CongressionalResearch Service, The Library of Congress, available at Database of Proquest Congressional of University ofVirginia.2012年5月下载。
②CRS Issue Brief for Congress, The Law of the Sea Convention and U.S. Policy, May12,2006.
①CRS Issue Brief for Congress, The Law of the Sea Convention and U.S. Policy, May12,2006.
②Senate Advice and Consent to the Law of the Sea Convention, Urgent Unfinished Business, Testimony of JohnNorton Moore, Before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, October14,2003.这是笔者整合穆尔教授的证词的结果。本资料来源于笔者在美国弗吉尼亚大学法学院的课程资料。
①Senate Advice and Consent to the Law of the Sea Convention, Urgent Unfinished Business, Testimony of JohnNorton Moore, Before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, October14,2003.这是笔者整合穆尔教授的证词的结果。
①参见汉斯·摩根索著，肯尼思·汤普森、戴维·克林顿修订，徐昕、郝望、李保平译:《国家间的政治——寻求权力与和平的斗争》，北京：北京大学出版社，2009年。
①参见Robert D. Putnam,“Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: The Logic of Two-Level Games”, InternationalOrganization, Vol.42, No.3(Summer,1988), pp.427-460.
②罗伯特·基欧汉，约瑟夫·奈：《权力与相互依赖》，门洪华译，第9-20页。
①A·T·马汉著，常安容、成忠勤译，张志云、卜允德校：《海权对历史的影响》，北京：解放军出版社，
1.《美国对外关系文件》（Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS),Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office）.(1) Foreign Relations of the United States Diplomatic Papers,1937(in Five Volumes),Vol. IV, the Far East, Japan, United States Government Printing Office,1937.http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/FRUS/FRUS-idx?type=article&did=FRUS.FRUS1937v04.i0006&id=FRUS.FRUS1937v04&isize=M(2) Foreign Relations of the United States Diplomatic Papers1939, Vol. II, General,the British Commonwealth and Europe, Representations to Japan in regard toRegulation of Fisheries off the Coast of Alaska, United States Government PrintingOffice,1939.http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/FRUS/FRUS-idx?type=article&did=FRUS.FRUS1939v02.i0012&id=FRUS.FRUS1939v02&isize=M(3) Foreign Relations of the United States Diplomatic Papers1945, Vol. II, General:Political and Economic Matters, Formulation of United States Policy on theResources of the Continental Shelf and on Coastal Fisheries, United StatesGovernment Printing Office,1945.http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/FRUS/FRUS-idx?type=article&did=FRUS.FRUS1945v02.i0025&id=FRUS.FRUS1945v02&isize=M(4) Foreign Relations of the United States1955-1957, Vol. XI, United Nations andGeneral International Matters, United States Policy regarding the Law of the Sea,United States Government Printing Office,1955-1957.http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/FRUS/FRUS-idx?type=article&did=FRUS.FRUS195557v11.i0009&id=FRUS.FRUS195557v11&isize=M(5) Foreign Relations of the United States1958-1960, Vol. II, United Nations andGeneral International Matters, Law of the Sea, United States Government PrintingOffice,1958-1960.http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/FRUS/FRUS-idx?type=article&did=FRUS.FRUS195860v02.i0010&id=FRUS.FRUS195860v02&isize=M(6)Foreign Relations of the United States1961-1963,Vol.XXV, Law of the Sea, UnitedStates Government Printing Office,2001.http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/kennedyjf/xxv/6029.htm,2008-04.(7) Foreign Relations of the United States1969-1972, Vol. E-1, Documents on GlobalIssues, Chapter6. Ocean Policy, United States Government Printing Office,2005.(8) Foreign Relations of the United States1973-1976, Vol. E-3, Documents on GlobalIssues, Law of the Sea, United States Government Printing Office,2009.
2.数据库Declassified Documents Reference System (DDRS), Farmington Hill,Mich.: Gale Group.收录了近200份与美国关于海洋法问题的政策相关的文件。http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/DDRS
3.数据库Digital National Security Archive (DNSA), Proquest Information andLearning Company, Available at the Library of University of Virginia.收录了近100多份与美国关于海洋法问题的政策相关的文件。
4.数据库Access to Archival Databases（AAD），这是美国国家档案馆的一个数据库，收录了大约两三千份与1973-1974年海洋法谈判有关的电报。http://aad.archives.gov/aad/
5.文件汇编Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea。这是参加第三次联合国海洋法会议的美国代表团的历期会议报告，一共689页，既可以了解海洋法谈判情况，又可以了解美国代表团对谈判的见解，非常具有参加价值。
1.美国国务院公报（Department of State Bulletin）所有卷，来源于美国弗吉尼亚大学图书馆。其中与美国关于海洋法问题的政策相关的文件大概有两三百份。
2.美国总统公开文件（Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States,Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office），大概有近百份与美国关于海洋法政策相关的文件。http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/
3. Policy Archive网站上可以下载一些与海洋法问题的文件。http://www.policyarchive.org数据库Proquest Congressional收录了与海洋法相关的国会研究报告（CongressReport Service）、国会听证会记录等文件几百份，这些文件里又收录了一些与海洋会议有关的原始文献附件，这些附件往往具有很高的利用价值。文件来源于美国弗吉尼亚大学图书馆。
（一）第一次联合国海洋法会议的文件和会议记录。United Nations Conference onthe Law of the Sea,Geneva,24February—27April1958，一共七卷。
（二）第二次联合国海洋法会议的文件和会议记录。Second United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea,1960，一共两卷。
（三）第三次联合国海洋法会议的文件和会议记录。Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea,1973-1982，一共十七卷。上述文件均来源于：http://untreaty.un.org/cod/diplomaticconferences/lawofthesea-1982/lawofthesea-1982.html
（四）《大陆架公约》、《领海及毗连区公约》、《联合国海洋法公约》和《关于执行1982年12月10日<联合国海洋法公约>第11部分的协定》等与海洋法有关的公约，均可从联合国官方网站下载。
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[1]Bowett, D.W., The Second United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, TheInternational and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol.9, No.3, Jul.,1960.
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[1]马婧：“论外国军舰在领海的无害通过权”，《中国优秀硕士学位论文全文数据库》，2009年。
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[10]王金强：“国际海底资源分配与美国的政策选择”，《中国博士学位论文全文数据库》，2011年。
[11]王金强：“国际海底资源分配制度演变与美国海底政策的转向”，《美国研究》2012年3期。
[12]刘中民：“国际海底制度之争”，《海洋世界》，2007年1期。
[13]郭培清、滕文芝：“对美国海权之路‘天时’的思考”，《长春大学学报》，2007年1期。
[14]林志霞：“联合国海洋法会议与美国对领海宽度问题的政策”，《中国优秀硕士学位论文全文数据库》，2006年。
[15]李昌新：“海权与国家安全：东南亚海上冲突与合作研究”，《中国博士学位论文全文数据库》，2006年。
[16]李兵：“国际战略通道研究”，《中国博士学位论文全文数据库》，2005年。
[17]李文凯：“美国的国家海洋政策”，《全球科技经济瞭望》，2005年1期。
[18]刘中民：“复合相互依赖论和海洋政治研究”，《太平洋学报》，2004年7年期。
[19]王立新：“美国的世界秩序观与东亚国际体系的演变（1900-1945）（Ⅱ）”，《东南亚研究》，2003年5期。
[20]徐晓明：“国际法是一种弱法——汉斯·摩根索国际法思想述评”，《上饶师范学院学报》，2002年1年。
[21]甄延：“美国为何顽固坚持‘飞越自由’”，《世界知识》，2001年13期。
[22]郁志荣：“国际海洋法发展史的追溯”，《海洋开发与管理》，2000年1期。
[23]章佳：“评马汉的海权说”，《国际关系学院学报》，2000年4期。
[24]李杰：“专属经济区的形成及法律制度”，《现代军事》，1996年9期。
[25]王可菊：“联合国海洋法公约对现代海洋法和国际法的贡献”，《外国法译评》，1996年4期。
[26]刘永涛：“马汉及其‘海权’理论”，《复旦学报（社会科学版），1996年4期。
[27]孙书贤：“国际海洋法的历史演进和海洋法公约存在的问题及其争议”，《中国法学》，1989年2期。
[28]罗祥文：“国际法上的海峡通行制度”，《北京大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》，1986年4期。
[29]周子亚：“论联合国第三次海洋法会议与〈海洋法公约〉”，《上海师范大学学报》，1983年4期。
[30]张继先：“近二十年来美国海洋科学政策的演变”，《海洋科技资料》，1981年1期。
[31]René—Jean Dupuy著，邓小群、劳生译：“海洋法会议和新国际经济秩序”，《科学对社会的影响》，1983年Z1。
[32]付玉：“美国与《联合国海洋法公约》”，《太平洋学报》，2010年8期。
②国内外关于海洋法的研究著作绝大多数都会追溯海洋法发展的历史。不过，学界对海洋法的发展阶段并没有形成统一的划分标准。本文的三个阶段是作者借鉴大量前人研究成果，并以中国史学界关于世界史的分期为依据形成的个人观点。
③Valentina Nikolaevna Maiewskij, The Sea and World Order: The Search for Consensus, University of Florida,1983, ProQuest Digital Dissertation (Hereafter cited as PQDD), p.5.
④George V. Galdorisi&Kevin R. Vienna, Beyond the Law of the Sea: New Directions for U.S. Oceans Policy,Greenwood Publishing Group,1997, p.8.
①1里格约等于4海里。
②〔荷〕格劳修斯著，宇川译：《海洋自由论》，上海：华东师范大学出版社，2005。
①George V. Galdorisi&Kevin R. Vienna, Beyond the Law of the Sea: New Directions for U.S. Oceans Policy, p.10.
②R. P. Anand, Origin and Development of the Law of the Sea: History of International Law Revisited, Boston:Martinus Nijhoff,1983, pp.105-106.
③〔加〕巴里·布赞著，时富鑫译：《海底政治》，北京：生活·读书·新知三联书店，1981年，第10页。
④陈德恭：《国际海底资源与海洋法》，北京：海洋出版社，2009年，第25页。
⑤David L. Larson, Security Issues and the Law of the Sea, Lanham: University Press of America,1994, p.9.
①国际法学会于1873年在比利时的根特城成立；国际法协会（原名国际法革新和编纂协会）1873年在比利时的布鲁塞尔成立，1895年改为现名。
②R. P. Anand, Origin and Development of the Law of the Sea: History of International Law Revisited, p.141.
①United Nations Documents on the Development and Codification of International Law, Supplement to AmericanJournal of International Law, Volume41, No.4, October,1947.
②“Executive Order9633--Reserving and Placing Certain Resources of the Continental Shelf under the Control andJurisdiction of the Secretary of the Interior”, Executive Orders of Harry S. Truman, September28,1945.http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=606762008-03-06.
③此前，大陆架是一个地质学、地理学和海洋学概念。
④第一次联合国海洋法会议的英文是The First United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea，简称UNCLOSⅠ。
①会议伊始是86个国家和地区参加，后来增加到88个，参见D.W. Bowett,“The Second United NationsConference on the law of the sea”, The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol.9, No.3(Jul.,1960),p.433.
②第二次联合国海洋法会议的英文是The Second United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea，简称UNCLOSⅡ。
③United Nations, Geneeral Assembly,22ndSession, September21,1967, Summary Records (A/BUR/SR.166), P.3.
④“U.N. Adopts Principles Governing Seabed Exploitation and Decides To Convene ComprehensiveLaw-of-the-Sea Conference in1973”, Department of State Bulletin, Vol.64, February1,1971, pp.155-159.
⑤第三次联合国海洋法会议的英文是The Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea，简称UNCLOSⅢ。
①严格来说，在UNCLOSⅠ召开之前的相当长历史时期里，一直有学者研究海洋法问题。然而，那时尚未产生成文的海洋法，他们的研究与后来的海洋法问题研究区别甚大，加上时空差异等因素，本文以UNCLOSⅠ作为现代海洋法问题研究的起点。
②Arthur H. Dean,“Achievements at the Law of the Sea Conference”, Proceedings of the American Society ofInternational Law at Its Annual Meeting (1921-1969), Vol.53, Diverse Systems of World Public Order Today(April30-May2,1959), pp.751-789.
①Arthur H. Dean,“Achievements at the Law of the Sea Conference”, p.187.
②Arthur H. Dean,“Achievements at the Law of the Sea Conference”, pp.188-189.
③Arthur H. Dean,“The Second Geneva Conference on the Law of the Sea: The Fight for Freedom of the Seas”,The American Journal of International Law, Vol.54, No.4,(Oct.,1960).
④Arthur H. Dean,“The Second Geneva Conference on the Law of the Sea: The Fight for Freedom of the Seas”, pp.751-752.
⑤Arthur H. Dean,“The Second Geneva Conference on the Law of the Sea: The Fight for Freedom of the Seas”,p.776.
⑥Arthur H. Dean,“The Second Geneva Conference on the Law of the Sea: The Fight for Freedom of the Seas”,p.789.
⑦Marjorie M. Whiteman,“Conference on the Law of the Sea: Convention on the Continental Shelf”, The AmericanJournal of International Law, Vol.52, No.4(Oct.,1958), pp.629-659.
⑧Marjorie M. Whiteman,“Conference on the Law of the Sea: Convention on the Continental Shelf”, p.659.
⑨D.W. Bowett,“The Second United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea”, The International andComparative Law Quarterly, Vol.9, No.3(Jul.,1960), pp.415-435.
⑩D.W. Bowett,“The Second United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea”, p.435.
①Benjamin A. Gilman,U.N. Third Conference on the Law of the Sea (Resumed10thSession), Report Submited tothe Committee on Foreign Affairs U.S. House of Representatives, Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office,1981.
②Congressional Research Service, Deep Seabed Minerals: Resources, Diplomacy, and Strategic Interest, Preparedfor the Subcommittee on International Organizations of the Committee on International Relations House ofRepresentatives, March1,1978.
③John R. Stevenson&Bernard H. Oxman,“The Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea: The1974Caracas Session”,The American Journal of International Law, Vol.69, No.1.(Jan.,1975), pp.1-30.
④John R. Stevenson&Bernard H. Oxman,“The Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea: The1975Geneva Session”, The American Journal of International Law, Vol.69, No.4.(Oct.,1975), pp.763-797.
①Ann L. Hollick, U.S. Foreign Policy and the Law of the Sea, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press,1981.
②Ann L. Hollick, U.S. Foreign Policy and the Law of the Sea, p.381.
③Ann L. Hollick,United States Ocean Policy:1948-1971, The Johns Hopkins University,1971.文献来源：中国国家图书馆缩微胶片。
①Finn Laursen, Superpower at Sea: U.S. Ocean Policy, New York: Praeger Publishers,1983.
②Finn Laursen, Superpower at Sea: U.S. Ocean Policy, p. x.
③Finn Laursen,“Security Versus Access to Resources: Explaining a Decade of U.S. Ocean Policy”,World Politics,Vol.34, No.2, Jan.,1982, pp.197-229.
④Barry Buzan, Seabed Politics, New York: Praeger Publishers,1976.
⑤Alexandra Merle Post, Deepsea Mining and the Law of the Sea, Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,1983.
⑥Jack N. Barkenbus, Deep Seabed Resources: Politics and Technology, Free Press,1979.
①Joseph Peter Marnane, The Breadth of the Territorial Sea and Its Implications for Unrestricted United StatesNaval Operations, The American University,1972, PQDD.
②Valentina Nikolaevna Maiewskij,The Sea and World Order: The Search for Consensus, University of Florida,1983, PQDD.
③Valentina Nikolaevna Maiewskij,The Sea and World Order: The Search for Consensus, p.300.
④Valentina Nikolaevna Maiewskij, The Sea and World Order: The Search for Consensus, p.Ⅺ.
⑤Ryan C. Amacher&Richard James Sweeney, The Law of the Sea: U.S. Interests and Alternatives, AmericanEnterprise Institute for Public Policy Research,1976.
①Bernard H. Oxman, David D. Caron&Charles L. O. Buderi,Law of the Sea: U.S. Policy Dilemma,Institute forContemporary Studies,1983.
②James B. Morell,The Law of the Sea: An Historical Analysis of the1982Treaty and Its Rejection by the UnitedStates, Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland,1992.
③James B. Morell,The Law of the Sea: An Historical Analysis of the1982Treaty and Its Rejection by the UnitedStates,1992, pp.205-206.
④Robert Joseph Griffiths, Against the Tide: the Reagan Administration and the Law of the Sea, The University ofConnecticut,1987, PQDD.
⑤Galdorisi George&Kevin R. Vienna, Beyond the Law of the Sea: New Directions for U.S. Oceans Policy,Greenwood,1997.
①Markus G. Schmidt, Common Heritage or Common Burden? The United States Position on the Development of aRegime for Deep Sea-Bed Mining in the Law of the Sea Convention, Oxford University Press,1989.
②Myron H. Nordquist, Tommy T.B. Koh&John Norton Moore,“Freedom of Seas, Passage Rights and the1982Law of the Sea Convention”, Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,2009.
③Stephen J. Guerra, Going Coastal: the U.S. Freedom of Navigation Program As A Test of International Law’sRelevance to Security Affairs, Georgetown University,2002, PQDD.
④William Douglas Echols, Domestic Interest Groups and Foreign Policy: A Case Study Analysis of the ThirdUnited Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, The Ohio State University,1987, PQDD.
①Fernando Moreno,Agreement Relating to the Implementation of PartⅥ of the United Nations Convention on theLaw of the Sea: A Solution to the North-South and United States Ocean Law Dilemma?, University of Miami,1998, PQDD.
②Myron H. Nordquist, Shabtai Rosenne&Satya N. Nandan, United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea,1982: A Commentary, Martinus Nijhoff,1985-93.
③赵理海：《海洋法的新发展》，北京：北京大学出版社，1984。
①陈德恭：《国际海底资源与海洋法》，北京：北京海洋出版社，1986年。
②刘楠来，《国际海洋法》，北京：北京海洋出版社，1986年。
③陈德恭：《现代国际海洋法》，北京：海洋出版社，2009年。
④张玉生：《美国海洋政策》，台湾：黎明文化事业有限公司，1992年。
⑤张晓丽：“美国加入《联合国海洋法公约》问题”，《海洋开发与管理》，2005年第3期。
⑥付玉：“美国与《联合国海洋法公约》”，《太平洋学报》，2010年08期。
⑦洪农：“浅析美国对《联合国海洋法公约》的立场演变”，《中国海洋法学评论》，2005年第1期。
⑧王金强和王蔚：“美国对海底权利的诉求与国内利益的平衡——以海底界限的争论为中心（1969-1972）”，《美国研究》，2008年第3期。
①王金强：“国际海底资源分配与美国的政策选择”，中国博士学位论文全文数据库，2011年。
②王金强：“国际海底资源分配制度演变与美国海底政策的转向”，《美国研究》，2012年第3期。
③林志霞：“联合国海洋法会议与美国对领海宽度问题的政策”，中国优秀硕士学位论文全文数据库，2006年。
④宇宁：“美国12海里领海和自由通过海峡政策探析”，中国优秀硕士学位论文全文数据库，2008年。
⑤刘中民：《世界海洋政治与中国海洋发展战略》，北京：时事出版社，2009年。
①Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the law of the sea, Honolulu: Law of the Sea InstituteUniversity of Hawaii,1983.
①1982年《联合国海洋法公约》第七十六条之1和3。
①“The Secretary of State to the Ambassador in Japan (Grew), Washington, June5,1937”, Foreign Relations ofthe United States Diplomatic Papers (Hereafter cited as FRUS),1937(in Five Volumes), Vol.IV,the Far East,Japan,U.S. Government Printing Office,1937, pp.743-744.
②“The Secretary of State to the Chairman of the Senate Committee on Commerce (Copeland), Washington,August4,1937”, FRUS1937, Vol.IV, pp.754-757.
③“The Ambassador in Japan (Grew) to the Secretary of State, Tokyo, November12,1937”;“The Secretary ofState to the Ambassador in Japan (Grew), Washington, November20,1937”;“Memorandum by PresidentRoosevelt to the Counselor of the Department of State (Moore), Washington, November21,1937”, FRUS1937,Vol.Ⅳ, pp.760-761;763-764;768-769.
①“The Under Secretary of State (Welles) to the Counselor of the Department of State (Moore), Washington,November22,1937”, FRUS1937, Vol.Ⅳ, p.770.
②“The Secretary of State to the Ambassador in Japan (Grew), Washington, November20,1937”;“Memorandumby President Roosevelt, Washington, November22,1937”;“The Counselor of the Department of State (Moore) toPresident Roosevelt, Washington, November24,1937”, FRUS1937, Vol.Ⅳ, pp.765;771;773.
③“The Ambassador in Japan (Grew) to the Secretary of State, Tokyo, March25,1938”, FRUS1939, Vol.II,General, the British Commonwealth and Europe,Representations to Japan in regard to Regulation of Fisheriesoff the Coast of Alaska, pp.186-187.
④“The Secretary of State to the Ambassador in Japan, Washington, October17,1938”;“Draft Outline of SalmonFishing Agreement”, FRUS1939, Vol. II, pp.191;195-196.
⑤“The Ambassador in Japan (Grew) to the Secretary of State, Tokyo, November15,1938”, FRUS1939,Vol.II, pp.198-199.
⑥“The Acting Secretary of State to the Ambassador in Japan (Grew), Washington, December16,1938”, FRUS1939, Vol. II, p.200.
⑦“The Ambassador in Japan (Grew) to the Secretary of State, Tokyo, January26,1939”, FRUS1939, Vol. II, p.211.
①Ann L. Hollick, U.S. Foreign Policy and the Law of the Sea, pp.28-31.
②“The Secretary of the Interior (Ickes) to President Roosevelt, Washington, June5,1943”, FRUS1945, Vol.Ⅱ,General: Political and Economic Matters,Formulation of United States Policy on the Resources of theContinental Shelf and on Coastal Fisheries, p.1481.
③“Memorandum by President Roosevelt to the Secretary of State, Washington, June9,1943”, FRUS1945，Vol.Ⅱ, p.1482.
①“Memorandum by President Roosevelt to the Secretary of State, Washington, June9,1943”, FRUS1945，Vol.Ⅱ, p.1482, Footnote1.
②“The Secretary of the Interior (Ickes) to the Secretary of State, Washington, May23,1944”, FRUS1945，Vol.Ⅱ, p.1483.
③“Memorandum by the Assistant Secretary of State (Long) to the Secretary of State, Washington, September23,1944”, FRUS1945，Vol.Ⅱ, pp.1483-1484.鉴于第1483页的Footnote7所指，两项拟议决定参见第1491和1492页。
④“Memorandum by the Office of Economic Affairs, Washington, September23,1944”, FRUS1945，Vol.Ⅱ, pp.1485-1487.
⑤“Memorandum by the Assistant Secretary of State (Long) to the Secretary of State, Washington, September23,1944”, FRUS1945，Vol.Ⅱ, pp.1483-1485.
①“Memorandum by the Acting Secretary of State to the Assistant Secretary of State (Long), Washington,November28,1944”, FRUS1945，Vol.Ⅱ, p.1487.
②“The Secretary of State to the Secretary of the Interior (Ickes), Washington, December5,1944”, FRUS1945，Vol.Ⅱ, p.1488.
③“The Secretary of State to the Secretary of the Interior (Ickes), Washington, December19,1944”, FRUS1945，Vol.Ⅱ, p.1488, Footnote24, p.1489.
④“Memorandum by the Acting Secretary of State and the Secretary of the Interior (Ickes) to President Roosevelt,Washington, January22,1945”, FRUS1945，Vol.Ⅱ, pp.1490-1491.
⑤“Memorandum by Mr. Eugene H. Dooman, Special Assistant to the Assistant Secretary of State (Dunn), to Mr.William Phillips, Special Assistant to the Secretary of State, Washington, June15,1945”, FRUS1945，Vol.Ⅱ, p.1510.
①“Memorandum of Conversation, by Mr. Eugene H. Dooman, Special Assistant to the Assistant Secretary of State(Dunn), Washington, May9,1945”, FRUS1945，Vol.Ⅱ, pp.1504-1505.
②“Memorandum by Mr. Eugene H. Dooman, Special Assistant to the Assistant Secretary of State (Dunn), to theAssistant Secretary of State (Acheson), Washington, May15,1945”, FRUS,1945，Vol.Ⅱ, p.1509.
③“Memorandum by the Deputy Assistant Secretary of State (Thorp) to the Secretary of State, Washington, August17,1945”, FRUS1945，Vol.Ⅱ, p.1525.
①“Explanatory Statement on the Protection and Conservation of Coastal Fisheries”, FRUS1945，Vol.Ⅱ, p.1496-1498.
②“Explanatory Statement on the Protection and Conservation of Coastal Fisheries”, FRUSv1945，Vol.Ⅱ, p.1499.
①“Explanatory Statement on the Proper Utilization and Development of Natural Resources of the Subsoil and SeaBed of the Continental Shelf”, FRUS1945，Vol.Ⅱ, pp.1499-1502.
②“Explanatory Statement on the Proper Utilization and Development of Natural Resources of the Subsoil and SeaBed of the Continental Shelf”, FRUS1945，Vol. Ⅱ, pp.1502-1503.
③“Memorandum by Mr. Eugene H. Dooman, Special Assistant to the Assistant Secretary of State (Dunn), to Mr.William Phillips, Special Assistant to the Secretary of State, Washington, June15,1945”, FRUS,1945，Vol.Ⅱ, p.1510.美国只向其中的尼德兰、挪威、法国、冰岛、丹麦、古巴和葡萄牙呈递渔业政策声明。
④“Northern European Affairs, to Mr. Eugene H. Dooman, Special Assisatant to the Assistant Secretary of State(Dunn), Washington, June15,1945”;“Memorandum by the Deputy Assistant Secretary of State (Thorp) to theSecretary of State, Washington, August17,1945”, FRUS1945，Vol. Ⅱ, pp.1511-1514；1525.
⑤“The Counselor of the British Embassy (Wright) to Mr. Eugene H. Dooman, Special Assistant to the AssistantSecretary of State (Dunn), Washington, June18,1945”;“Mr. Eugene H. Dooman, Special Assistant to theAssistant Secretary of State (Dunn), to the Counselor of the British Embassy (Wright), Washington, June20,1945”;“The Counselor of the British Embassy (Wright) to Mr. Eugene H. Dooman, Special Assistant to the AssistantSecretary of State (Dunn), Washington, July4,1945”;“Mr. Eugene H. Dooman, Special Assistant to the AssistantSecretary of State (Dunn), to the Counselor of the British Embassy (Wright), Washington, July6,1945”, FRUS,1945，Vol. Ⅱ, pp.1512-1517;1522.
⑥“The Second Secretary of the British Embassy (Cecil) to Mr. William Bishop, Assistant to the Legal Adviser(Hackworth), Washington, August31,1945”, FRUS1945，Vol. Ⅱ, pp.1527.
②罗伯特·基欧汉和约瑟夫·奈著，门洪华译：《权力与相互依赖》，北京：北京大学出版社2005年版，第163页。
①“Press Release Issued by the White House, September28,1945”, FRUS1945，Vol. Ⅱ, p.1529.
②“Executive Order9633-Reserving and Placing Certain Resources of the Continental Shelf under the Controland Jurisdiction of the Secretary of the Interior”, Executive Orders of Harry S. Truman, September28,1945.http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=606762011-09-10
③“Executive Order10426-Setting Aside Submerged Lands of the Continental Shelf as a Naval PetroleumReserve”, Executive Orders of Harry S. Truman, January16,1953.
①U.S. Senate, Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, Submerged Lands Act, Report No.128,83rdCongress,1stSession, March27,1953; U.S. Senate, Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, Outer Continental Shelf LandsAct, Report No.441,83rdCongress,1stSession, June15,1953.
②BarryBuzan, Seabed Politics, pp.15-16.
③〔加〕巴里·布赞著，时富鑫译：《海底政治》，第26页。
①“Territorial Waters and Related Matters: Action Taken by the Third Meeting of the Inter-American Council ofMexico City, January17-February4,1956”, Department of State Bulletin, February20,1956, pp.296-299.
②“Problems Relating to the Economic and Legal Regime of the High Seas--Inter-American SpecializedConference on Conservation of Natural Resources: Continental Shelf and Marine Waters, Ciudad Trujillo, March15-28”, Department of State Bulletin, May28,1956, pp.894-897.
①参见国际法委员会网页（中文），《国际法发展与编纂的起源和背景》和《国际法委员会的组成》。http://www.un.org/chinese/law/ilc/facts.htm；http://www.un.org/chinese/law/ilc/members.htm2011-10-10
②Document: A/CN.4/21, Provisional Agenda for the Second Session, Extract from the Yearbook of theInternational Law Commission,1950, Vol. Ⅰ.
③Document: A/CN.4/104, Report of International Law Commission on the Work of Its Eighth Session,234July1956, Official Records of the General Assembly, Eleventh Session, Supplement No.9(A/3159), p.255.
④参见国际法委员会官方网站（英文版）：http://www.un.org/law/ilc/2011-10-10
①Document: A/CN.4/49, Draft Articles on the Continental Shelf and Related Subjects Prepared by the InternationalLaw Commission,30July,1951, p.2.
②Document: A/CN.4/49, Draft Articles on the Continental Shelf and Related Subjects Prepared by the InternationalLaw Commission,30July,1951, p.1.
③Document: A/CN.4/76, Report of the International Law Commission Covering the Work of Its Fifth Session,1June-14August1953, Official Records of the General Assembly, Eighth Session, Supplement No.9(A/2456), p.212.
④Document: A/CN.4/104, p.264.
⑤Document: A/CN.4/49, p.2.
⑥Document: A/CN.4/76, p.212.
⑦Document: A/CN.4/49, p.4.
⑧Document: A/CN.4/76, p.214.
⑨Document: A/CN.4/104, pp.297-298.
①Document290,“Instruction from the Acting Secretory to All Diplomatic Mission, Washington, November8,1957”, FRUS1955-57, United Nations and General International Matters, Vol. XI, pp.588-589.
②Document: A/CN.4/104, p.255.
③Document: A/CN.4/SER.A/1955/Add.1, Yearbook of the International Law Commission,1955, Vol.Ⅱ, p.35.
④Document: A/CN.4/104, p.256.
①Document268,“Memorandum Prepared in the Department of State, Washington, Undated”, FRUS1955-1957,pp.516-517.
②UN General Assembly, Official Rrcords,8thSession,468thPlenary Meeting,7December,1953, Res.798VIII.
③Document: A/CN.4/104, p.256.
④UN, A/C.6/L.385.(UN Documents Cited through This Chaperter Will Hereafter Be Refered to by DocumentNumber Only.)
⑤UN General Assembly, Official Rrcords,11thSession,658thPlenary Meeting,21February,1957, Res.1105(VI).
①这里的“弃权”概念就是基于渔业养护利益的考虑，对公海捕鱼自由加以限制。这一概念规定一国或多国的国民开发的鱼类满足四种条件的情况下，那些其国民现在或最近没有捕捞此种鱼类的国家应该放弃捕捞这种鱼类，不过，那些邻近此种鱼类出没的海域的沿海国除外。参见Document290,“Instruction from theActing Sectory to All Diplomatic Mission, Washington, November8,1957”,FRUS1955-1957, Vol. XI, p.591.
②Document290,“Instruction from the Acting Sectory to All Diplomatic Mission, Washington, November8,1957”,FRUS1955-1957, Vol. XI, p.585.
③Document287,“Memorandum from the Under Secretary of State’s Special Assistant (Sanders) to the UnderSecretary of State (Herter), Washington, September27,1957”, FRUS1955-1957, Vol. XI, pp.572-574.
④Document330,“Memorandum from the Deputy under Secretary of State for Political Affairs’ Special Assistant(Sanders) to the Deputy under Secretary of State (Murphy), Washington, February5,1958”, FRUS,1958-1960,United Nations and General International Matters, Vol. II, p.643.
⑤Document331,“Memorandum from the Director of the Office of Inter-American Regional Political Affairs(Dreier) to the Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affirs (Snow), Washington, February11,1958”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, pp.644-645.
⑥Document330,“Memorandum from the Deputy under Secretary of State for Political Affairs’ Special Assistant(Sanders) to the Deputy under Secretary of State (Murphy), Washington, February5,1958”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol.II, p.643.
⑦“Instruction from the Department of State to Certain Diplomatic Mission, Washington, December2,1957”,FRUS, FRUS1955-1957, Vol. XI, p.601-603.
①Document333,“Paper Prepared in the Office of the Legal Adviser for Special Functional Problems, Washington,February20,1958”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, pp.647-649.
②“U.S. Delegation to International Conferences”, Department of State Bulletin, Vol.38, March10,1958, p.404.
③Document282,“Memorandum Prepared in the Department of the Navy, Washington, Undated”, FRUS1955-1957, Vol. XI, pp.559-566.
①Document333,“Paper Prepared in the Office of the Legal Adviser for Special Functional Problems, Washington,February20,1958”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, p.648.
②Document334,“Editorial Note”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, pp.9-10.
①Document335,“Telegram from the Delegation to the Conference on the Law of the Sea to the Department ofState, Geneva, March3,1958”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, pp.650-651.
②Document336,“Message from President Eisenhower to Prime Minister Macmillan, Washington, March4,1958”,FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, pp.651-652.
③United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, Official Records, Vol. Ⅲ, First Committee, A/CONF.13/39,pp.25-27；Arthur H. Dean,“The Law of the Sea”, Department of State Bulletin, Vol.38, April4,1958, pp.574-581.
④Document342,“Message from Prime Minister Macmillan to President Eisenhower, London, March12,1958”,FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, p.657.
①Document343,“Message from President Eisenhower to Prime Minister Macmillan, Washington, March14,1958”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, pp.658-659.
②Document344,“Telegram from the Delegation to the Conference on the Law of the Sea to the Department ofState, Geneva, March14,1958”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, pp.659-660.
③Document347,“Telegram from the Delegation to the Conference on the Law of the Sea to the Department ofState, Geneva, March19,1958”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, p.663.
④Document349,“Telegram from the Delegation to the Conference on the Law of the Sea to the Department ofState, Geneva, March20,1958”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, p.665-666.
⑤Document350,“Telegram from the Delegation to the Conference on the Law of the Sea to the Department ofState, Geneva, March25,1958”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, pp.667-668.
⑥Document353,“Telegram from the Delegation to the Conference on the Law of the Sea to the Department ofState, Geneva, March29,1958”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, pp.673-674.
⑦Document355,“Telegram from the Delegation to the Conference on the Law of the Sea to the Department ofState, Geneva, April1,1958”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, pp.676-678.
①United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, Official Records, Vol. Ⅲ, First Committee, A/CONF.13/39,pp.232-233；247-249.
②Document359,“Telegram from the Delegation to the Conference on the Law of the Sea to the Department ofState, Geneva, April9,1958”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, pp.683-685.
③Document359,“Telegram from the Delegation to the Conference on the Law of the Sea to the Department ofState, Geneva, April9,1958”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, pp.683-685.
④Document360,“Telegram from the Delegation to the Conference on the Law of the Sea to the Department ofState, Geneva, April13,1958”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, pp.685-686.
⑤Document361,“Telegram from the Department of State to the Delegation to the Conference on the Law of theSea, Washington, April13,1958”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, pp.686-687.
①Document362, Telegram from the Delegation to the Conference on the Law of the Sea to the Department of State,Geneva, April14,1958”; Document364,“Circular Telegram from department of State to All American DiplomaticPosts, Washington, April15,1958”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, pp.687-688;692-693.
②United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, Official Records, Vol. Ⅲ, First Committee, A/CONF.13/39, p.253.
③Document363,“Letter form Senator Warren G. Magnuson and Senator Henry M. Jackson to the under Secretaryof State (Herter), Washington, April15,1958”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, pp.688-691.
④Document366,“Letter from the Chief of Naval Operations (Burke) to the Secretary of State, Washington, April16,1958”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, pp.696-697.
⑤United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, Official Records, Vol. Ⅲ, First Committee, A/CONF.13/39, p.232.
⑥“Memorandum of a Telephone Conversation between the Legal Adviser (Becker) in Geneva and the DeputyLegal Adviser (Raymond) in Washington, April16,1958”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II,698-699.
①United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, Official Records, Vol. Ⅲ, First Committee, A/CONF.13/39, p.180.
②Document370,“Telegram from the Department of State to the Delegation to the Conference of the Law of theSea, Washington, April21,1958”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, pp.704-705.
③United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, Official Records, Vol.Ⅱ, Plenary Meetings, A/CONF.13/38,pp.35-40.
④1958年《领海及毗连区公约》第14条之1和16条之4。http://www.un.org/chinese/law/ilc/tsea.htm2011年9月下载。
①1949年国际法院在科孚海峡案中作出的判决承认：“在和平时期，各国有权派军舰通过两部分公海之间用于国际航行的海峡，如果这种通过是无害的”。参见《国际法院判决、咨询意见和命令摘要（1948-1991），ST/LEG/SER.F/1》（中文版），1993年，第8页。
②Document362,“Telegram from the Delegation to the Conference on the Law of the Sea to the Department ofState, Geneva, April14,1958”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, pp.687-688.
①Document371,“Telegram from the Delegation to the Conference on the Law of the Sea to the Department ofState, Geneva, April26,1958”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, pp.705-708.
①Document374,“Memorandum for the File, Washington, November21,1958”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, pp.714-715.
①这里指1958年12月美英伦敦会谈制定的修改方案：6海里领海加上6海里渔业毗连区，外国可以在毗连区开展限于过去捕捞水平的捕鱼活动。参见Document377,“Memorandum of a Conversation, Department ofState, Washington, July10,1959”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, p.723.
②Document376,“Memorandum of a Conversation, Department of State, Washington, March16,1959”, FRUS,1958-1960, Vol. II, pp.719-722.
③Document378,“Memorandum of a Conversation, Department of State, Washington, August25,1959”, FRUS,1958-1960, Vol. II, p.725.
④加拿大秘密提案内容为：6海里领海加6海里专属渔业毗连区，外国可以在该毗连区行使5年的历史捕鱼权利。参见Document377,“Memorandum of a Conversation, Department of State, Washington, July10,1959”,FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, p.723,注释2。
⑤Document377,“Memorandum of a Conversation, Department of State, Washington, July10,1959”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, pp.722-723.
⑥Document382,“Circular Airgram from the Department of State to Certain European Missions, Washington,October29,1959”, FRUS,1958-1960,Vol. II, p.733.
①Document382,“Circular Airgram from the Department of State to Certain European Missions, Washington,October29,1959”, FRUS,1958-1960,Vol. II, p.734,注释3。
②Document383,“Message from Secretary of State Herter to Foreign Secretary Lloyd, Washington, November11,1959”, FRUS1958-1960,Vol. II, pp.734-736.
③Document384,“Telegram from the Embassy in the United Kingdom to the Department of State, London,November17,1959”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, pp.736-737，注释2。
④Document387,“Memorandum by the Special Assistant for Law of the Sea Matters (Richards), Washington,December14,1959”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, pp.741-743.
①Document388,“Circular Instruction from the Department of State to All Diplomatic Posts, Washington,December31,1959”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, pp.743-746.
②Document389,“Memorandum from the Deputy Special Assistant for Law of the Sea Matters (Arneson) to theunder Secretary of State (Dillon)”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, p.747.
③Document391,“Letter from President Eisenhower to Prime Minister Nehru, Washington, February5,1960”,FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, pp.749-750.
①Document392,“Letter from Senator Warren G. Magnuson and Senator Herry M. Jackson to the Secretary ofState, Washingto, February11,1960”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, pp.750-752.
②Document394,“Letter from the Secretary of State to Senator Warren G. Magnuson, Washington, March10,1960”, FRUS1958-1960,Vol. II, pp.755-757.
①Second United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, Official Records, Summary Records of PlenaryMeetings and of Meetings of the Committee of the Whole, Vol.1, A/CONF.19/8, pp.164-165;167;168.
②Document402,“Telegram from the Delegation to the Conference on the Law of the Sea to the Department ofState, Geneva, March22,1960”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, pp.768-769.
③Document403,“Telegram from the Delegation to the Conference on the Law of the Sea to the Department ofState, Geneva, March23,1960”, FRUS1958-1960,Vol. II, pp.769-770.
④Document406,“Telegram from the Delegation to the Conference on the Law of the Sea to the Department ofState, Geneva, March31,1960”, FRUS1958-1960,Vol. II, pp.773-774.
⑤Document408,“Telegram from the Delegation to the Conference on the Law of the Sea to the Department ofState, Geneva, April5,1960”, FRUS1958-1960,Vol. II, pp.776-777.
①Document410,“Telegram from the Delegation to the Conference on the Law of the Sea to the Department ofState, Geneva, April8,1960”, FRUS1958-1960,Vol. II, pp.778-779.
②Document411,“Telegram from the Delegation to the Conference on the Law of the Sea to the Department ofState, Geneva, April9,1960”, FRUS1958-1960,Vol. II, pp.780-781.
③Document413,“Telegram from the Delegation to the Conference on the Law of the Sea to the Department ofState, Geneva, April12,1960”, FRUS1958-1960,Vol. II, pp.783-784.
④突尼斯和墨西哥后来加入了16国提案，从而16国提案发展为18国提案。
⑤Document414,“Memorandum from the Legal Adviser (Herter) to the Secretary of State, Washington, April13,1960”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, pp.784-786.
⑥Document415,“Telegram from the Delegation to the Conference on the Law of the Sea to the Department ofState, Geneva, April14,1960”, FRUS1958-1960,Vol. II, p.786.
⑦Document417,“Editorial Note”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, pp.792-793.
①Document416,“Letter from the Secretary of Defense (Gates) to the Secretary of State, Washington, April15,1960”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, pp.791-792.
②Document418,“Letter from Representative Thomas M. Pelly and Senator Warren G. Magnuson to the Secretaryof State, Washington, April19”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, pp.793-794.
③Document427,“Letter from the under Secretary of State (Dillon) to Representative Thomas M. Pelly,Washington, April25,1960”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, pp.805-807.
④Document420,“Telegram from the Delegation to the Conference on the Law of the Sea to the Department ofState, Geneva, April20,1960”; Document421,“Telegram from the Delegation to the Conference on the Law ofthe Sea to the Department of State, Geneva, April20,1960”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, pp.795-797.
⑤Document424,“Memorandum of Conversations, Department of State, Washington, April21,1960”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, pp.800-802.
⑥Document426,“Telegram from the Department of State to the Delegation to the Conference on the Law of theSea,Washington, April22,1960”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, p.804.
①Second United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, Official Records, Summary Records of PlenaryMeetings and of Meetings of the Committee of the Whole, Vol.1, A/CONF.19/8, pp.21-22;29;31-32;34-35;172-173;176.
②Document429,“Telegram from the Delegation to the Conference on the Law of the Sea to the Department ofState, Geneva, April28,1960”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. II, pp.808-809.
①“Canadian Territorial Sea and Fishing Zones Act”, International Legal Materials, Vol.3, No.5(September1964),pp.922-924.
①Ann L. Hollick, U.S. Foreign Policy and the Law of the Sea, p.162.
②Ann L. Hollick, U.S. Foreign Policy and the Law of the Sea, pp.166-170.
③Public Law90-482, August12,1968.http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-82/pdf/STATUTE-82-Pg729.pdf2012年5月18日下载。
④Ann L. Hollick, U.S. Foreign Policy and the Law of the Sea, p.166.
①Document430,“Memorandum of a Conversation between the Special Assistant for Law of the Sea Matters
(Richards) and the British Minister (Hood), Department of State, Washington, May10,1960”, FRUS1958-1960,Vol. Ⅱ, pp.814-815.
②Document431,“Memorandum of a Conversation, Department of State, Washington, June6,1960”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. Ⅱ, pp.815-817.
①Document432,“Memorandum of a Conversation, Department of State, Washington, June16,1960”,FRUS1958-1960, Vol. Ⅱ, pp.818-812.
②Document434,“Memorandum from the Deputy Special Assistant for Law of the Sea Matters (Arneson) to theActing Secretary of State, Washington, July8,1960”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. Ⅱ, pp.824-825.
③Document435,“Telegram from the Embassy in France to the Department of State, Paris, July23,1960”, FRUS1958-1960, Vol. Ⅱ, p.826.
④Document436,“Memorandum of A Conversation, Walforf-Astoria Hotel, New York, September20,1960”,FRUS1958-1960, Vol. Ⅱ, p.827.
①Document484,“Memorandum of Conversation, Washington, January27,1961”, FRUS1961-1963, Vol. XXV,Law of the Sea.
②5月16日，英国驻美国大使馆也向美国法律顾问办公室发送了内容相似的备忘录。参见Document491,“Memorandum from the Deputy Legal Adviser (Meeker) to the under Secretary of State (Bowles), Washington,May25,1961”, FRUS1961-1963, Vol. XXV.
③各国对多边协定的态度：澳大利亚、纽西兰、葡萄牙、爱尔兰共和国、西班牙、瑞士、希腊和南非积极支持；意大利和荷兰最初积极支持，但尚未最后答复；丹麦有条件支持；德国、以色列和日本的支持态度将取决于其他国家的反应或多边协定获得支持的程度；巴基斯坦和土耳其有条件支持；瑞典和泰国还在犹豫或者不作出承诺，此外，挪威也有可能支持。参见Document486,“Aide-Memoire from the Canadian Embassy,Washington, May15,1961”, FRUS1961-1963, Vol. XXV.
④Document486,“Aide-Memoire from the Canadian Embassy, Washington, May15,1961”, FRUS1961-1963, Vol.XXV.
⑤Document486,“Aide-Memoire from the Canadian Embassy, Washington, May15,1961”, FRUS1961-1963, Vol.XXV.
①Document487,“Memoran from the Special Assistant for Fisheries and Wildlife (Herrington) to the AssistantLegal Adviser for Special Functional Problems (Yingling), Washington, May23,1961”, FRUS1961-1963, Vol.XXV.
②Document488,“Memorandum from the Director of the Office of International Relations, Fish and WildlifeService, Department of the Interior (Terry) to the Assistant Legal Adviser for Special Functional Problems(Yingling),Washington, May23,1961”, FRUS1961-1963, Vol. XXV.
③Document490,“Letter from the Deputy Secretary of Defense (Gilpatric) to the Under Secretary of State(Bowles), Washington, May25,1961”, FRUS1961-1963, Vol. XXV.
①Document489,“Memorandum by the Assistant Legal Adviser for Special Functional Problems (Yingling),Washington, May24,1961”, FRUS1961-1963, Vol. XXV.
②Document496,“Memorandum from the Legal Adviser (Chayes) to Secretary of State Rusk, Washington,September27,1961”, FRUS1961-1963, Vol. XXV.
③Document496,“Memorandum from the Legal Adviser (Chayes) to Secretary of State Rusk, Washington,September27,1961”, FRUS1961-1963, Vol. XXV.
④Document499,“Telegram from the Department of State to the Embassy in Canada, Washington, February8,1962”, FRUS1961-1963, Vol. XXV.
⑤Document500,“Telegram from the Embassy in Canada to the Department of State, Ottawa, February9,1962”,FRUS1961-1963, Vol. XXV.
①Document495,“Editorial Note”, FRUS1961-1963, Vol. XXV.
②Document496,“Memorandum from the Legal Adviser (Chayes) to Secretary of State Rusk, Washington,September27,1961”, FRUS1961-1963, Vol. XXV.
③Document497,“Editorial Note”, FRUS1961-1963, Vol. XXV.
④Document502,“Telegram from the Department of State to the Embassy in Canada, Washington, March8,1962”,FRUS1961-1963, Vol. XXV.
①U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Foreign Affairs, Interim Report on the United Nations and the Issue ofDeep Ocean Resources, together with Hearings by the Subcommittee on International Organizations andMovements, Report No.999,90thCongress,1stSession, December7,1967, pp.7R-8R.
②U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, Oceanography in the90thCongress,91stCongress,1stSession, January10,1969, p.38.
③U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Foreign Affairs, Interim Report on the United Nations and the Issue ofDeep Ocean Resources,together with Hearings by the Subcommittee on International Organizations andMovements, Report No.999,90thCongress,1stSession, December7,1967, pp.1R-2R.
①U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Foreign Affairs, Interim Report on the United Nations and the Issue ofDeep Ocean Resources, together with Hearings by the Subcommittee on International Organizations andMovements, Report No.999,90thCongress,1stSession, December7,1967, pp.52;56.
②Ann L. Hollick, U.S. Foreign Policy and the Law of the Sea, p.200.
③U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Foreign Affairs, Interim Report on the United Nations and the Issue ofDeep Ocean Resources, together with Hearings by the Subcommittee on International Organizations andMovements, Report No.999,90thCongress,1stSession, December7,1967,p.288.
④United Nations, General Assembly,22ndSession (A/RES/2340(XXII)), December18,1967.
①U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Foreign Affairs, The Oceans: A Challenging New Frontier, Report by theSubcommittee on International Organizations and Movements, Report No.1957,90thCongress,2ndSession,October9,1969, pp.10R;124.
②U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Foreign Affairs, The Oceans: A Challenging New Frontier, Report by theSubcommittee on International Organizations and Movements, Report No.1957,90thCongress,2ndSession,October9,1969, pp.10R;12R.
③U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Foreign Affairs, The Oceans: A Challenging New Frontier, Report by theSubcommittee on International Organizations and Movements, Report No.1957,90thCongress,2ndSession,October9,1969, pp.109-110.
④U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Foreign Affairs, The Oceans: A Challenging New Frontier, Report by theSubcommittee on International Organizations and Movements, Report No.1957,90thCongress,2ndSession,October9,1969, pp.15;28.
①U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Foreign Affairs, The Oceans: A Challenging New Frontier, Report by theSubcommittee on International Organizations and Movements, Report No.1957,90thCongress,2ndSession,October9,1969, pp.122-123.
②U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Foreign Affairs, The Oceans: A Challenging New Frontier, Report by theSubcommittee on International Organizations and Movements, Report No.1957,90thCongress,2ndSession,October9,1969, p.11R.
③United Nations, General Assembly,23rdSession (A/RES/2467(XXIII)), December21,1968.
④U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, Activities of Nations in Ocean Space, Hearings beforethe Subcommittee on Ocean Space,91stCongress,1stSession,1969, p.215.
①Document334,“Memorandum from the Deputy Legal Adviser (Belman) to the Under Secretary of State forPolitical Affairs (Johnson), Washington, March18,1969”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1, Documents on GlobalIssues, Chapter6: Ocean Policy, Washington D.C.: Bureau of Public Affairs U.S. Department of State,2005,Available at: http://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve01/ch6,2007-10.
②Document333&334,“Letter from the Deputy Secretary of Defense (Nitze) to Secretary of State Rusk,Washington, January6,1969”;“Memorandum from the Deputy Legal Adviser (Belman) to the Under Secretary ofState for Political Affairs (Johnson), Washington, March18,1969”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
③Document336,“Letter from Secretary of the Interior Hickel to Secretary of State Rogers, Washington, April15,1969”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
④Document333&336,“Letter from the Deputy Secretary of Defense (Nitze) to Secretary of State Rusk,Washington, January6,1969”;“Letter from Secretary of the Interior Hickel to Secretary of State Rogers,Washington, April15,1969”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
⑤Document333,“Letter from the Deputy Secretary of Defense (Nitze) to Secretary of State Rusk, Washington,January6,1969”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
①Document333,“Letter from the Deputy Secretary of Defense (Nitze) to Secretary of State Rusk, Washington,January6,1969”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
①Document340,“Memorandum from the Assistant Legal Adviser for East Asian and Pacific Affairs (Aldrich) tothe Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs (Johnson), Washington, May29,1969”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol.E-1.
②Document340,“Memorandum from the Assistant Legal Adviser for East Asian and Pacific Affairs (Aldrich) tothe Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs (Johnson), Washington, May29,1969”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol.E-1.
③Document363,“Memorandum from Robert Osgood of the National Security Council Staff to the President’sAssistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, January20,1970”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
①Document363,“Memorandum from Robert Osgood of the National Security Council Staff to the President’sAssistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, January20,1970”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
②Document363,“Memorandum from Robert Osgood of the National Security Council Staff to the President’sAssistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, January20,1970”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
③Document332,“Letter from the Deputy Secretary of Defense (Nitze) to Secretary of State Rusk, Washington,January6,1969”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
①Document363,“Memorandum from Robert Osgood of the National Security Council Staff to the President’sAssistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, January20,1970”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
②Document332,“Letter from the Deputy Secretary of Defense (Nitze) to Secretary of State Rusk, Washington,January6,1969”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
③Document340,“Memorandum from the Assistant Legal Adviser for East Asian and Pacific Affairs (Aldrich) tothe Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs (Johnson), Washington, May29,1969”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol.E-1.
④Document363,“Memorandum from Robert Osgood of the National Security Council Staff to the President’sAssistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, January20,1970”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
⑤Document363,“Memorandum from Robert Osgood of the National Security Council Staff to the President’sAssistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, January20,1970”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
①Document363,“Memorandum from Robert Osgood of the National Security Council Staff to the President’sAssistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, January20,1970”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
②Document363,“Memorandum from Robert Osgood of the National Security Council Staff to the President’sAssistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, January20,1970”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
③Document340,“Memorandum from the Assistant Legal Adviser for East Asian and Pacific Affairs (Aldrich) tothe Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs (Johnson), Washington, May29,1969”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol.E-1.
④Document340,“Memorandum from the Assistant Legal Adviser for East Asian and Pacific Affairs (Aldrich) tothe Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs (Johnson), Washington, May29,1969”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol.E-1.
⑤Document341,“Memorandum from Robert Osgood of the National Security Council Staff to the President'sAssistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, June12,1969”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
⑥Document340,“Memorandum from the Assistant Legal Adviser for East Asian and Pacific Affairs (Aldrich) tothe Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs (Johnson), Washington, May29,1969”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol.E-1.
①U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Commerce, Special Study on United Nations Suboceanic Lands Policy,Hearings before the Committee on Commerce,91stCongress,1stSession,1969, p.6.
②Document340,“Memorandum from the Assistant Legal Adviser for East Asian and Pacific Affairs (Aldrich) tothe Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs (Johnson), Washington, May29,1969”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol.E-1.
③Document353,“Letter from the Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs (Johnson) to Members of theCommittee on International Policy in the Marine Environment, Washington, August11,1969”, FRUS1969-1972,Vol. E-1.
④Document353,“Letter from the Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs (Johnson) to Members of theCommittee on International Policy in the Marine Environment, Washington, August11,1969”, FRUS1969-1972,Vol. E-1.
①Document353,“Letter from the Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs (Johnson) to Members of theCommittee on International Policy in the Marine Environment, Washington, August11,1969”, FRUS1969-1972,Vol. E-1.
②U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Commerce, Special Study on United Nations Suboceanic Lands Policy,Hearings before the Committee on Commerce,91stCongress,1stSession,1969, p.5.
③U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Commerce, Special Study on United Nations Suboceanic Lands Policy,Hearings before the Committee on Commerce,91stCongress,1stSession,1969, p.5.
④U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Commerce, Special Study on United Nations Suboceanic Lands Policy,Hearings before the Committee on Commerce,91stCongress,1stSession,1969, p.8.
①Document359,“Memorandum from F. Allen Harris, Special Assistant to the Legal Adviser to Selected Bureausof the Department of State, Washington, December2,1969”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
②Document359,“Memorandum from F. Allen Harris, Special Assistant to the Legal Adviser to Selected Bureausof the Department of State, Washington, December2,1969”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
③Document363,“Memorandum from Robert Osgood of the National Security Council Staff to the President'sAssistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, January20,1970”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
④Document363,“Memorandum from Robert Osgood of the National Security Council Staff to the President'sAssistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, January20,1970”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
⑤Ann L. Hollick, U.S. Foreign Policy and the Law of the Sea, p.224.
①Document343,“Memorandum from Secretary of Defense Laird to the President's Assistant for National SecurityAffairs (Kissinger), Washington, July1,1969”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
①Document344,“Memorandum from Robert Osgood of the National Security Council Staff to the President'sAssistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, July7,1969”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
②Document346,“Memorandum from Secretary of State Rogers to the President's Assistant for National SecurityAffairs (Kissinger), Washington, July9,1969”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
③Document347,“Memorandum from the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) toSecretary of Defense Laird, Washington, July12,1969”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
④Document349,“Memorandum from the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to theUnder Secretary of State (Richardson), Washington, July12,1969”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
⑤Document359,“Memorandum from F. Allen Harris, Special Assistant to the Legal Adviser to Selected Bureausof the Department of State, Washington, December2,1969”; Document363,“Memorandum from Robert Osgoodof the National Security Council Staff to the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger),Washington, January20,1970”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
①Document365,“Memorandum from Robert Osgood of the National Security Council Staff to the President'sAssistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, January30,1970”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
②Document365,“Memorandum from Robert Osgood of the National Security Council Staff to the President'sAssistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, January30,1970”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
③Document373,“Memorandum from the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) toPresident Nixon, Washington, May8,1970”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
①Document371,“Memorandum from Robert Osgood of the National Security Council Staff to the President'sAssistant for Domestic Affairs (Ehrlichman), Washington, April7,1970”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
②Document372,“Memorandum from Robert Osgood of the National Security Council Staff to the President'sAssistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, April8,1970”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
①Document373,“Memorandum from the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) toPresident Nixon, Washington, May8,1970”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
②Document373,“Memorandum from the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) toPresident Nixon, Washington, May8,1970”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
①Document375,“National Security Decision Memorandum62, Washington, May22,1970”, FRUS1969-1972,Vol. E-1.
②Document380,“Memorandum from the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to HarryDent of the National Security Council Staff, Washington, August8,1970”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
①Document379,“Memorandum from the Legal Adviser of the Department of State (Stevenson) to Secretary ofState Rogers, Washington, July29,1970”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
②Document379,“Memorandum from the Legal Adviser of the Department of State (Stevenson) to Secretary ofState Rogers, Washington, July29,1970”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
③“Draft U.N. Convention on the International Seabed Area: U.S. Working Paper Submitted to U.N. SeabedsCommittee”, Department of State Bulletin, Vol.63, August24,1970, p.215.
④“Draft U.N. Convention on the International Seabed Area: U.S. Working Paper Submitted to U.N. SeabedsCommittee”, Department of State Bulletin, Vol.63, August24,1970, p.210.
①“U.N. Adopts Principles Governing Seabed Exploitation and Decides to Convene Comprehensive Law-of-the-SeaConference in1973”, Department of State Bulletin, Vol.64, February1,1971, pp.155-159.
②Document336,“Letter from Secretary of Interior Hickel to Secretary of State Rogers, Washington, April15,1969”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
③Document336,“Letter from Secretary of State Rogers to Secretary of Interior Hickel, Washington, April28,1969”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
④Document357,“Memorandum from the Legal Adviser of the Department of State (Stevenson) to Secretary ofState Rogers, Washington, October13,1969”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
①Document364,“Memorandum from Robert Osgood of the National Security Council Staff to the President’sAssistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, January26,1970”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
②Document357,“Memorandum from the Legal Adviser of the Department of State (Stevenson) to Secretary ofState Rogers, Washington, October13,1969”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
③Document362,“Memorandum from the Legal Adviser of the Department of State (Stevenson) to the UnderSecretary of State for Political Affairs (Johnson), Washington, December15,1969”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
④U.S., President, Report to the Congress, U.S. Foreign Policy for the1970s, February18,1970.
⑤John R. Stevenson,“International Law and the Oceans”，Department of State Bulletin, Vol.62, March16,1970,p.341.
⑥“United States Outlines Position on Limit of Territorial Sea”, Department of State Bulletin, Vol.62, March16,1970, p.343.
①Document383,“Memorandum from the Assistant Legal Adviser for Politico-Military and Ocean Affairs
(Neuman) to the Legal Adviser of the Department of State (Stevenson), Washington, October20,1970”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
②Document357,“Memorandum from the Legal Adviser of the Department of State (Stevenson) to Secretary ofState Rogers, Washington, October13,1969”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
③“U.S. Draft Articles on Territorial Sea, Straits, and Fisheries Submitted to U.N. Seabeds Committee”, Departmentof State Bulletin, Vol.65, September6,1971, pp.292-293.
①“U.S. Draft Articles on Territorial Sea, Straits, and Fisheries Submitted to U.N. Seabeds Committee”, Departmentof State Bulletin, Vol.65, September6,1971, p.262; Document383,“Memorandum from the Assistant LegalAdviser for Politico-Military and Ocean Affairs (Neuman) to the Legal Adviser of the Department of State(Stevenson), Washington, October20,1970”; Document414,“Telegram194015from the Department of State tothe Embassy in Spain, October22,1971”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
②Document400,“Analytical Summary Prepared by John Negroponte of the National Security Council Staff,Washington, Undated”; Document414,“Telegram194015from the Department of State to the Embassy in Spain,October22,1971”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
③Document383,“Memorandum from the Assistant Legal Adviser for Politico-Military and Ocean Affairs(Neuman) to the Legal Adviser of the Department of State (Stevenson), Washington, October20,1970”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
④Document414,“Telegram194015from the Department of State to the Embassy in Spain, October22,1971”,FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
⑤Ann L. Hollick&Robert E. Osgood, New Era of Ocean Politics,The Johns Hopkins University Press,1974, p.91.
⑥Document341,“Memorandum from Robert Osgood of the Nation Security Council Staff to the President’sAssistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, June12,1969”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
⑦“U.S. Draft Articles on Territorial Sea, Straits, and Fisheries Submitted to U.N. Seabeds Committee”, Departmentof State Bulletin, Vol.65, September6,1971, p.262; John Norton Moore,“Position on Law of the Sea Reviewed”,Department of State Bulletin, Vol.70, April15,1974, p.398.
①《领海及毗连区公约》第16条之1。
②《领海及毗连区公约》第14条之6。
③Ann L. Hollick&Robert E. Osgood, New Era of Ocean Politics, p.102.
④Document414,“Telegram194015from the Department of State to the Embassy in Spain, October22,1971”,FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
⑤Document414,“Telegram194015from the Department of State to the Embassy in Spain, October22,1971”,FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
①Document377,“Circular Airgram CA-3320from the Department of State to All Diplomatic Posts, June18,1970”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
②Document362,“Memorandum from the Legal Adviser of the Department of State (Stevenson) to the UnderSecretary of State for Political Affairs (Johnson), Washington, December15,1969”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
①Document364,“Memorandum from Robert Osgood of the National Security Council Staff to the President’sAssistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, January26,1970”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
②Document333,“Circular Airgram CA-406from the Department of State to Multiple Posts, January23,1969”,FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
③United Nations, General Assembly,24thSession (A/Res/2574(XXIV))[includes resolution2574A, B, C and D],December15,1969.
④Document362,“Memorandum from the Legal Adviser of the Department of State (Stevenson) to the UnderSecretary of State for Political Affairs (Johnson), Washington, December15,1969”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
⑤Document364,“Memorandum from Robert Osgood of the National Security Council Staff to the President’sAssistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, January26,1970”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
⑥Document382,“Airgram CA-5062from the Department of State to the Mission to the United Nations,Septemner30,1970,1102Z”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
①Document385,“Telegram211200from the Department of State to the Mission to the North Atlantic TrearyOrganization, December30,1970,2355Z”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
②Document377,“Circular Airgram CA-3320from the Department of State to All Diplomatic Posts, June18,1970”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
①Report of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of the Sea-Bed and the Ocean Floor beyond the Limits of theNational Jurisdiction, UN General Assembly Official Records, Supplement No.21, A/8721(XXVII). Available atU.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, The Law of the Sea Crisis,92ndCongress,1stSession, December1971.
①Document362,“Memorandum from the Legal Adviser of the Department of State (Stevenson) to the UnderSecretary of State for Political Affairs (Johnson), Washington, December15,1969”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.Markus G. Schmidt, Common Heritage or Common Burden? The United States Position on the Development of ARegime for Deep Sea-Bed Mining in the Law of the Sea Convention, pp.69-76.
②从1971年筹备会议开始，史蒂文森就担任参加海洋法筹备会议的美国代表团的主席。1972年底，他辞去法律顾问一职，美国代表团主席一职由约翰·诺顿·穆尔接任。1973年夏，史蒂文森复职，继续担任美国代表团主席。
①Document5,“National Security Decision Memorandum225, Washington, July16,1973”, FRUS1973-1976,Volume E-3, Documents on Global Issues, Law of the Sea, Washington: United States Government Printing Office,2009, available at http://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve03/ch1, download at January15,2010.
②这个小组由国务卿代表担任主席，组员包括国防部长、商务部长、内政部长、中央情报局主任和总统国家安全事务助理的代表。参见Document390,“National Security Study Memorandum125, Washington, April21,1971”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
①Document400,“Analytical Summary Prepared by John Negroponte of the National Security Council Staff,Washington, Undated”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
②Document403“Minutes of Senior Review Group Meeting, Washington, July12,1971,4:30-6:45p.m.”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
③Document404,“Memorandum from the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) toPresident Nixon, Washington, July22,1971”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
④Document405,“National Security Decision Memorandum122, Washington, July22,1971”, FRUS1969-1972,Vol. E-1.
①Document400,“Analytical Summary Prepared by John Negroponte of the National Security Council Staff,Washington, Undated”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
②Document400,“Analytical Summary Prepared by John Negroponte of the National Security Council Staff,Washington, Undated”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
③Document412,“Memorandum Prepared by the Chairman of the Inter-Agency Task Force on the Law of the Sea
(Stevenson), Washington, Undated”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
④Document412,“Memorandum Prepared by the Chairman of the Inter-Agency Task Force on the Law of the Sea
(Stevenson), Washington, Undated”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
①Document423,“Memorandum From the Chairman of the Inter-Agency Task Force on the Law of the Sea(Stevenson) to the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, February22,1972”；Document424,“National Security Decision Memorandum157, Washington, March13,1972”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
②Document431,“Memorandum from the Executive Secretary of the Department of State (Eliot) to the President'sAssistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, June1,1972”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
③Document433,“Memorandum from the Chairman of the Inter-Agency Task Force on the Law of the Sea(Stevenson) to the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, June20,1972”,FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
④“U.S. Calls for Prompt International Action To Settle Problems of Law of the Sea”, Department of State Bulletin,Vol.67, October2,1972, pp.383-384.
⑤这里的专属经济区实际上就是沿海国专属资源区。在专属经济区概念产生之前，各国有不同的称谓，后文将进一步介绍专属经济区概念。
①Document6,“Airgram A–7576from the Department of State to All Diplomatic Posts, Washington, September4,1973”, FRUS1973-1976, Volume E-3, Documents on Global Issues, Law of the Sea, Washington: United StatesGovernment Printing Office,2009, Available at http://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve03/ch12010-01-15
②Document6,“Airgram A–7576from the Department of State to All Diplomatic Posts, Washington, September4,1973”, FRUS1973-1976, Volume E-3.
③Document400,“Analytical Summary Prepared by John Negroponte of the National Security Council Staff,Washington, Undated”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
①Document412,“Memorandum Prepared by the Chairman of the Inter-Agency Task Force on the Law of the Sea(Stevenson), Washington, Undated”；Document431,“Memorandum from the Executive Secretary of theDepartment of State (Eliot) to the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, June1,1972”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.Document6,“Airgram A–7576from the Department of State to AllDiplomatic Posts, Washington, September4,1973”, FRUS1973-1976, Volume E-3.
①Document431,“Memorandum from the Executive Secretary of the Department of State (Eliot) to the President'sAssistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, June1,1972”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1;Document6,“Airgram A–7576from the Department of State to All Diplomatic Posts, Washington, September4,1973”, FRUS1973-1976, Volume E-3.
②Document412,“Memorandum Prepared by the Chairman of the Inter-Agency Task Force on the Law of the Sea(Stevenson), Washington, Undated”；Document431,“Memorandum from the Executive Secretary of theDepartment of State (Eliot) to the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, June1,1972”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.Document6,“Airgram A–7576from the Department of State to AllDiplomatic Posts, Washington, September4,1973”, FRUS1973-1976, Volume E-3.
③Document6,“Airgram A–7576from the Department of State to All Diplomatic Posts, Washington, September4,1973”, FRUS1973-1976, Volume E-3.
④5国集团包括美国本身。
①Document430,“Circular Telegram96469from the Department of State to Multiple Posts, June1,1972,1716Z”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
②Document427,“Circular Airgram A-4339From the Department of State to All Diplomatic Posts, Washington,May1,1972,1028Z”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
③Document427,“Circular Airgram A-4339From the Department of State to All Diplomatic Posts, Washington,May1,1972,1028Z”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
④Document430,“Circular Telegram96469from the Department of State to Multiple Posts, June1,1972,1716Z”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
①“U.S. Draft Articles on Territorial Sea, Straits, and Fisheries Submitted to U.N. Seabed Committee”, Departmentof State Bulletin, Vol.65, September6,1971, pp.262-264.
②Document412,“Memorandum Prepared by the Chairman of the Inter-Agency Task Force on the Law of the Sea(Stevenson), Washington, Undated”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
③Document417,“Telegram224617from the Department of State to the Embassy in Spain, December14,1971,2022Z”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
④Document427,“Circular Airgram A-4339From the Department of State to All Diplomatic Posts, Washington,May1,1972,1028Z”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
①Document431,“Memorandum from the Executive Secretary of the Department of State (Eliot) to the President'sAssistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, June1,1972”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
②Document434,“National Security Decision Memorandum177, Washington, July18,1972”, FRUS1969-1972,Vol. E-1.
③Ann L. Hollick, U.S. Foreign Policy and the Law of the Sea, p.272; Document434,“National Security DecisionMemorandum177, Washington, July18,1972”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
④Document435,“Memorandum from the Deputy Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs (Haig) toPresident Nixon, Washington, August15,1972”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
①Document2,“Memorandum from the Acting Chairman of the Law of the Sea Task Force (Brower) to thePresident’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, June1,1973”; Document6,“AirgramA–7576from the Department of State to All Diplomatic Posts, Washington, September4,1973”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
②Document6,“Airgram A–7576from the Department of State to All Diplomatic Posts, Washington, September4,1973”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
③Document400,“Analytical Summary Prepared by John Negroponte of the National Security Council Staff,Washington, Undated”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
④Document400,“Analytical Summary Prepared by John Negroponte of the National Security Council Staff,Washington, Undated”, FRUS,1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
①Document405,“National Security Decision Memorandum122, Washington, July22,1971”, FRUS,1969-1972,Vol. E-1.
②Document423,“Memorandum from the Chairman of the Inter-Agency Task Force on the Law of the Sea(Stevenson) to the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, February22,1972”,FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
③美国渔业条款参见“U.S. DraftArticles on Territorial Sea, Straits, and Fisheries Submitted to U.N. SeabedCommittee”, Department of State Bulletin, Vol.65, September6,1971, pp.264-268.
①Document423,“Memorandum from the Chairman of the Inter-Agency Task Force on the Law of the Sea(Stevenson) to the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, February22,1972”,FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
②Document423,“Memorandum from the Chairman of the Inter-Agency Task Force on the Law of the Sea(Stevenson) to the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, February22,1972”,FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
③Document423,“Memorandum from the Chairman of the Inter-Agency Task Force on the Law of the Sea(Stevenson) to the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, February22,1972”,FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
④Document424,“National Security Decision Memorandum157, Washington, March13,1972”, FRUS1969-1972,Vol. E-1.
⑤Document431,“Memorandum from the Executive Secretary of the Department of State (Eliot) to the President’sAssistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, June1,1972”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
⑥Document431,“Memorandum from the Executive Secretary of the Department of State (Eliot) to the President’sAssistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, June1,1972”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
①Document431,“Memorandum from the Executive Secretary of the Department of State (Eliot) to the President’sAssistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, June1,1972”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
②Document433,“Memorandum from the Chairman of the Inter-Agency Task Force on the Law of the Sea(Stevenson) to the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, June20,1972”,FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
③Document434,“National Security Decision Memorandum177, Washington, July18,1972”, FRUS1969-1972,Vol. E-1.
④United Nations, General Assembly, UN Doc. A/AC.138/SC.II/L.9(1972).转引自Ann L. Hollick&Robert E.Osgood, New Era of Ocean Politics, p.48.
⑤Document1,“Report Prepared by the Interagency Law of the Sea Task Force, Undated”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol.E-3.
⑥Document2,“Memorandum from the Acting Chairman of the Law of the Sea Task Force (Brower) to thePresident’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, June1,1973”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol.E-3.
⑦Document6,“Airgram A–7576from the Department of State to All Diplomatic Posts, Washington, September4,1973”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
①Document367,“Memorandum from the Executive Secretary of the Department of State (Eliot) to the President’sAssistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, March12,1970”, FRUS,1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
②Document400,“Analytical Summary Prepared by John Negroponte of the National Security Council Staff,Washington, Undated”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
①Ann L. Hollick&Robert E. Osgood, New Era of Ocean Politics, p.66.
②Document400,“Analytical Summary Prepared by John Negroponte of the National Security Council Staff,Washington, Undated”, FRUS,1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
③这里的斯德哥尔摩会议应该是指即将于1972年6月在瑞典斯德哥尔摩举行的联合国人类环境会议。1972年斯德哥尔摩会议是世界各国政府共同探讨当代环境问题，探讨保护全球环境战略的第一次国际会议。
④Document412,“Memorandum Prepared by the Chairman of the Inter-Agency Task Force on the Law of the Sea
(Stevenson), Washington, Undated”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
⑤Document412,“Memorandum Prepared by the Chairman of the Inter-Agency Task Force on the Law of the Sea(Stevenson), Washington, Undated”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
①Document424,“National Security Decision Memorandum157, Washington, March13,1972”, FRUS1969-1972,Vol. E-1.
②Document431,“Memorandum from the Executive Secretary of the Department of State (Eliot) to the President’sAssistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, June1,1972”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
③Document433,“Memorandum from the Chairman of the Inter-Agency Task Force on the Law of the Sea(Stevenson) to the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, June20,1972”,FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
④Document434,“National Security Decision Memorandum177, Washington, July18,1972”, FRUS1969-1972,Vol. E-1.
①Document2,“Memorandum from the Acting Chairman of the Law of the Sea Task Force (Brower) to thePresident’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, June1,1973”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol.E-3.
②Document2,“Memorandum from the Acting Chairman of the Law of the Sea Task Force (Brower) to thePresident’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, June1,1973”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol.E-3.
③Document6,“Airgram A–7576from the Department of State to All Diplomatic Posts, Washington, September4,1973”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
①Document6,“Airgram A–7576from the Department of State to All Diplomatic Posts, Washington, September4,1973”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
②1958年《大陆架公约》第5条之8。
①Document383,“Memorandum From the Assistant Legal Adviser for Politico-Military and Ocean Affairs(Neuman) to the Legal Adviser of the Department of State (Stevenson), Washington, October20,1970”, FRUS1969-1972，Vol. E-1.
②Ann L. Hollick&Robert E. Osgood, New Era of Ocean Politics, pp.68-69.
①Document393,“Circular Airgram CA-2554from the Department of State to All Diplomatic Posts, Washington,May28,1971,1104Z”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
②Document400,“Analytical Summary Prepared by John Negroponte of the National Security Council Staff,Washington, Undated”, FRUS,1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
③Document412,“Memorandum Prepared by the Chairman of the Inter-Agency Task Force on the Law of the Sea(Stevenson), Washington, Undated”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
④Document2,“Memorandum from the Acting Chairman of the Law of the Sea Task Force (Brower) to thePresident’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, June1,1973”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol.E-3.
⑤Document2,“Memorandum from the Acting Chairman of the Law of the Sea Task Force (Brower) to thePresident’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, June1,1973”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol.E-3.
①同意制度即是在领海以外的沿海国享有海底资源和沿海渔业资源管辖权的区域进行海洋科学研究需要获得沿海国的同意。同意制度问题是海洋科学研究的一个主要问题，亦是美国最为重视的海洋科学研究问题。美国和英国等海洋大国普遍支持海洋科学研究自由，因而反对同意制度，而发展中沿海国等国家则赞成同意制度。
②Document6,“Airgram A–7576from the Department of State to All Diplomatic Posts, Washington, September4,1973”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
③Document6,“Airgram A–7576from the Department of State to All Diplomatic Posts, Washington, September4,1973”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
①Document7,“Memorandum NSC–U/DM–109Afrom the Chairman of the National Security Council underSecretaries Committee (Rush) to President Nixon, Washington, November1,1973”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
①Document7,“Memorandum NSC–U/DM–109Afrom the Chairman of the National Security Council underSecretaries Committee (Rush) to President Nixon, Washington, November1,1973”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
①Document10,“Report of the U.S. Delegation to the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the SeaOrganizational Session, New York, December3–15,1973”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
②Document10,“Report of the U.S. Delegation to the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the SeaOrganizational Session, New York, December3–15,1973”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
①Document12,“Memorandum NSC–U/DM–109B from the Chairman of the National Security Council underSecretaries Committee (Rush) to President Nixon, Washington, May14,1974”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
②Document12,“Memorandum NSC–U/DM–109B from the Chairman of the National Security Council underSecretaries Committee (Rush) to President Nixon, Washington, May14,1974”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
①Document12,“Memorandum NSC–U/DM–109B from the Chairman of the National Security Council underSecretaries Committee (Rush) to President Nixon, Washington, May14,1974”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
②Document12,“Memorandum NSC–U/DM–109B from the Chairman of the National Security Council underSecretaries Committee (Rush) to President Nixon, Washington, May14,1974”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
①Document12,“Memorandum NSC–U/DM–109D from the Chairman of the National Security Council underSecretaries Committee (Ingersoll) to President Ford, Washington, February6,1975”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3;U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Foreign Affairs, Status of the U.N. Law of the Sea Conference, Hearing,93rdCongress,2rd Session, November19,1974, p.2.
①Document12,“Memorandum NSC–U/DM–109D from the Chairman of the National Security Council underSecretaries Committee (Ingersoll) to President Ford, Washington, February6,1975”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
②U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Foreign Affairs, Status of the U.N. Law of the Sea Conference, Hearing,93rdCongress,2rd Session, Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office,1976, p.2.
③U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, The Third U.N. Law of the SeaConference,95thCongress,2ndSession, June1978, p.35.
①Document12,“Memorandum NSC–U/DM–109D from the Chairman of the National Security Council underSecretaries Committee (Ingersoll) to President Ford, Washington, February6,1975”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
①Document12,“Memorandum NSC–U/DM–109D from the Chairman of the National Security Council underSecretaries Committee (Ingersoll) to President Ford, Washington, February6,1975”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
②Document14,“National Security Decision Memorandum260, Washington, June24,1974”, FRUS1973-1976,Vol. E-3.
③Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, Honolulu: Law of the Sea Institute University of Hawaii,1983, p.59.
④John R. Stevenson&Bernard H. Oxman,“The Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea: The1974Caracas Session”, The American Journal of International Law, Vol.69, No.1.(Jan.,1975), pp.7-8.
①U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, The Third U.N. Law of the SeaConference,95thCongress,2ndSession, p.22.
②U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, The Third U.N. Law of the SeaConference,95thCongress,2ndSession, p.23.
③Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, p.61.
④John R. Stevenson&Bernard H. Oxman,“The Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea: The1974Caracas Session”, p.10.
⑤U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, The Third U.N. Law of the SeaConference,95thCongress,2ndSession, p.24.
①Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, pp.61-62.
②Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, p.61.
③John R. Stevenson&Bernard H. Oxman,“The Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea: The1974Caracas Session”, p.11.
④U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, The Third U.N. Law of the SeaConference,95thCongress,2ndSession, pp.23-24.
①Document12,“Memorandum NSC–U/DM–109D from the Chairman of the National Security Council underSecretaries Committee (Ingersoll) to President Ford, Washington, February6,1975”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
②Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea,1973-82, Volume Ⅱ, Summary Records of the SecondCommittee, Second Session:11thMeeting, A/CONF.62/C.2/SR.11，pp.4-5.2011年5月下载于http://untreaty.un.org/cod/diplomaticconferences/lawofthesea-1982/lawofthesea-1982.html20
③Document16,“Memorandum NSC–U/DM–109D from the Chairman of the National Security Council UnderSecretaries Committee (Ingersoll) to President Ford, Washington, February6,1975”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
④“Department Reports to Congress on Law of the Sea Conference and Discusses Legislation on200-Mile FisheriesJurisdiction”, Department of State Bulletin, Vol.71, September23,1974, p.391.
⑤U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, The Third U.N. Law of the SeaConference,95thCongress,2ndSession, p.30.
①陈德恭：《现代国际海洋法》，第146页。
②Document12,“Memorandum NSC–U/DM–109D from the Chairman of the National Security Council underSecretaries Committee (Ingersoll) to President Ford, Washington, February6,1975”; Document14,“NationalSecurity Decision Memorandum260, Washington, June24,1974”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
③“U.S. Defines Position on200-Mile Economic Zone at Conference on the Law of the Sea”, Department of StateBulletin, Vol.71,1974, p.233.
④The United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea,1973-1982, Vol. Ⅲ, Limited Documents of the SecondCommittee, A/CONF.62/C.2/L.47, August8,1974.
⑤Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, pp.68-70.
①U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, The Third U.N. Law of the SeaConference,95thCongress,2ndSession, p.27.
②在美国留学期间，笔者曾经与穆尔教授讨论过美国关于海洋法问题的政策，他亲口承认了这一事实。
①Document12,“Memorandum NSC–U/DM–109D from the Chairman of the National Security Council underSecretaries Committee (Ingersoll) to President Ford, Washington, February6,1975”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
②Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, p.71.
③The United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea,1973-1982, Vol. Ⅲ, Limited Documents of the SecondCommittee, A/CONF.62/C.2/L.38, August5,1974; A/CONF.62/C.2/L.39, August5,1974; A/CONF.62/C.2/L.36,August5,1974.
④The United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea,1973-1982, Vol. Ⅲ, Limited Documents of the SecondCommittee, A/CONF.62/C.2/L.47, August8,1974.
①Document12,“Memorandum NSC–U/DM–109D from the Chairman of the National Security Council underSecretaries Committee (Ingersoll) to President Ford, Washington, February6,1975”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
②Document14,“National Security Decision Memorandum260, Washington, June24,1974”, FRUS1973-1976,Vol. E-3.
③U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Foreign Affairs, Status of the U.N. Law of the Sea Conference, Hearing,93rdCongress,2rd Session, November19,1974, PP.3-4.
④Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, pp.72-73.
①Document12,“Memorandum NSC–U/DM–109D from the Chairman of the National Security Council underSecretaries Committee (Ingersoll) to President Ford, Washington, February6,1975”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
②Document14,“National Security Decision Memorandum260, Washington, June24,1974”, FRUS1973-1976,Vol. E-3.
③U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, The Third U.N. Law of the SeaConference,95thCongress,2ndSession, pp.30-32.
④Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park,Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, pp.73-74.
①Document12,“Memorandum NSC–U/DM–109D from the Chairman of the National Security Council underSecretaries Committee (Ingersoll) to President Ford, Washington, February6,1975”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
②Document14,“National Security Decision Memorandum260, Washington, June24,1974”, FRUS1973-1976,Vol. E-3.
①The United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea,1973-1982, Vol. Ⅲ, Limited Documents of the ThirdCommittee, A/CONF.62/C.3/L.19, August23,1974.
②Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, pp.74-76.
①John R. Stevenson&Bernard H. Oxman,“The Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea: The1975Geneva Session”, The American Journal of International Law, Vol.69, No.4.(Oct.,1975), p.763.
②Document19,“Memorandum from the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) toPresident Ford, Washington, July8,1975”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
①Document17,“Memorandum from the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) toPresident Ford, Washington, March14,1975”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
①Document17,“Memorandum from the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) toPresident Ford, Washington, March14,1975”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
②Document17,“Memorandum from the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) toPresident Ford, Washington, March14,1975”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
①Document17,“Memorandum from the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) toPresident Ford, Washington, March14,1975”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
②Document17,“Memorandum from the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) toPresident Ford, Washington, March14,1975”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
③Document17,“Memorandum from the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) toPresident Ford, Washington, March14,1975”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
④Document17,“Memorandum from the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) toPresident Ford, Washington, March14,1975”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
⑤Document18,“National Security Decision Memorandum288, Washington, March24,1975, FRUS1973-1976,Vol. E-3.
①Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, p.91.
②Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, p.85.
③Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, pp.85-86.
①Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, p.86.
②Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea,1973-82, Vol. IV, Summary Records of the FirstCommittee, Third Session:21stMeeting, A/CONF.62/C.1/SR.21, p.61.
③Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, p.93.
④Document19,“Memorandum from the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) toPresident Ford, Washington, July8,1975”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
①Document19,“Memorandum from the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) toPresident Ford, Washington, July8,1975”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
②Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea,1973-1982, Vol. XV, Tenth and Resumed Tenth Sessions:Draft Convention on the Law of the Sea, A/CONF.62/L.78, p.181.
①Document395,“Conversation Between President Nixon and His Assistant for National Security Affairs(Kissinger), Washington, May29,1971”, FRUS1969-1972, Vol. E-1.
②Document5,“National Security Decision Memorandum225, Washington, July16,1973”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol.E-3.
③Document24,“Memorandum from the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Scowcroft) toPresident Ford, Washington, March1,1976”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
①John Norton Moore,“Position on Law of the Sea Reviewed”, Department of State Bulletin, Vol.70, April15,1974, p.399.
②Document17,“Memorandum from the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) toPresident Ford, Washington, March14,1975”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
①Document17,“Memorandum from the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) toPresident Ford, Washington, March14,1975”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
②Document18,“National Security Decision Memorandum288, Washington, March24,1975, FRUS1973-1976,Vol. E-3.
③Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, pp.98-99.
④Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, p.99.
⑤Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, p.100.
⑥Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea,1973-1982, Vol. IV, Working Papers of the Plenary,A/CONF.62/WP.8/PartII, pp.162-163.
①Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea,pp.87-88;100-102.
②Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, pp.102-104.
①Document17,“Memorandum from the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) toPresident Ford, Washington, March14,1975”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
②Document18,“National Security Decision Memorandum288, Washington, March24,1975, FRUS1973-1976,Vol. E-3.
①Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, pp.108-109; U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Commerce, Science, andTransportation, The Third U.N. Law of the Sea Conference,95thCongress,2ndSession, p.38.
②Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, p.89.
③Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea,1973-1982, Vol. IV, Working Papers of the Plenary,A/CONF.62/WP.8/PartIII, p.174.
④Document17,“Memorandum from the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) toPresident Ford, Washington, March14,1975”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
⑤Document18,“National Security Decision Memorandum288, Washington, March24,1975, FRUS1973-1976,Vol. E-3.
①Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, pp.109-110.
②Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea,1973-1982, Vol. IV, Working Papers of the Plenary,A/CONF.62/WP.8/PartIII, pp.177-178.
①Document31,“Memorandum from the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Scowcroft) toPresident Ford, Washington, June14,1976”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
②Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, pp.140-144.
③Document24,“Memorandum from the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Scowcroft) toPresident Ford, Washington, March1,1976”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
①Document27,“Telegram85109from the Department of State to All Diplomatic Posts, April8,1976,2040Z”,FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3; Henry A. Kissinger,“The Law of the Sea: A Test of International Cooperation”,Department of State Bulletin, Vol.74, April26,1976, pp.539-541.
①Document27,“Telegram85109from the Department of State to All Diplomatic Posts, April8,1976,2040Z”,FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
②Document29,“Telegram1508from the Mission to the United Nations to the Department of State, April12,1976,1936Z”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
①Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, pp.118-124.
②Document32,“Memorandum from the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Scowcroft) toPresident Ford, Washington, August9,1976”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
③Document31,“Memorandum from the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Scowcroft) toPresident Ford, Washington, June14,1976”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
④Document32,“Memorandum from the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Scowcroft) toPresident Ford, Washington, August9,1976”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
①Document49,“Telegram3788from the Mission to the United Nations to the Department of State, September17,1976,2107z”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
②Document49,“Telegram3788from the Mission to the United Nations to the Department of State, September17,1976,2107z”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
③Document49,“Telegram3788from the Mission to the United Nations to the Department of State, September17,1976,2107z”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
①Document49,“Telegram3788from the Mission to the United Nations to the Department of State, September17,1976,2107z”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
②Document49,“Telegram3788from the Mission to the United Nations to the Department of State, September17,1976,2107z”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
③Document49,“Telegram3788from the Mission to the United Nations to the Department of State, September17,1976,2107z”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
④Document49,“Telegram3788from the Mission to the United Nations to the Department of State, September17,1976,2107z”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
①Henry A. Kissinger,“The Law of the Sea: A Test of International Cooperation”, Department of State Bulletin,Vol.74, April26,1976, P.536.
②Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, pp.125-129.
①Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, p.131-133.
②Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, p.133.
③Document27,“Telegram85109from the Department of State to All Diplomatic Posts, April8,1976,2040Z”,FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
④Document32,“Memorandum from the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Scowcroft) toPresident Ford, Washington, August9,1976”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
⑤Document32,“Memorandum from the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Scowcroft) toPresident Ford, Washington, August9,1976”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
①Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, pp.134-135.
②Document49,“Telegram3788from the Mission to the United Nations to the Department of State, September17,1976,2107z”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
③Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, p.150.
①Herry A. Kissinger,“U.S. Calls for Equitable Resolution of Law of the Sea Issues”, Department of State Bulletin,Vol.75, October11,1976, pp.451-452.
②Document49,“Telegram3788from the Mission to the United Nations to the Department of State, September17,1976,2107z”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
③Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, p.155.
①Document32,“Memorandum from the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Scowcroft) toPresident Ford, Washington, August9,1976”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
②Document49,“Telegram3788from the Mission to the United Nations to the Department of State, September17,1976,2107z”, FRUS1973-1976, Vol. E-3.
①Finn Laursen,, Security Versus Access to Resources: Explaining a Decade of U.S. Ocean Policy, World Politics,Vol.34, No.2, Jan.,1982.
①“Memorandum from Zbigniew Brzezinski regarding a Review of International Negotiations Concerning theLaw of the Sea Policy, February2,1977”, CK3100469844-5, Database: Declassified Document Reference System(Hereafter cited as DDRS), Gale Group, Inc.2008年1月下载。
①Memorandum from Zbigniew Brzezinski regarding an Amendment to the U.S. Law of the Sea (LOS) Policyreview, February16,1977”, CK3100473531-2, DDRS.1973年9月6日的NSC-U/N-75号文件曾宣布成立海洋法办公室。
②“NSC Interagency Group for Law of the Sea2/14/77Draft Reply to PRM/NSC-18, U.S. Interests andOptions,February14,1977”, CK3100047630, DDRS.
③“Jessica Tuchman Summarizes Proceedings at a Meeting Called to Discuss U.S. Policy and Representation atthe Law of the Sea (LOS) Negotiations, February18,1977”, CK3100506957-8, DDRS.
④“Memorandum to President Carter from Elliot L. Richardson, Special Representative of the President for theLaw of the Sea Negotiations, regarding Presidential Review Memorandum/NSC-18, Part1, Law of the Sea Study,February22,1977”, CK3100090789-91, DDRS.
⑤“Memorandum from President Jimmy Carter regarding a Review of the Law of the Sea (LOS) Policy, March8,1977”, CK3100466145-6, DDRS.
①“Draft Reply to PRM/NSC-18, Part3, on the Substance of U.S. Legislation on Deep Seabed Mining, March25,1977”, CK3100047666-703, DDRS.
②“National Security Council Staff Secretary Michael Hornblow Provides Vice President Walter Mondale,Secretary of State Cyrus Vance, and Secretary of Defense Harold Brown with a Law of the Sea (LOS) Study, April
12,1977”, CK3100479869-84, DDRS.
③“Memorandum for President Jimmy Carter from Zbigniew Brzezinski regarding the U.S. Position at the Law ofthe Seas (LOS) Negotiations concerning Deep Seabed Mining Regulations, April25,1977”,CK3100159913-9,DDRS.
④“Memorandum from Zbigniew Brzezinski informs Vice President Walter Mondale, Secretary of State CyrusVance and Secretary of Defense Harold Brown of President Jimmy Carter's Decision on the U.S. NegotiatingPosition at the Law of the Sea (LOS) Conference concerning Deep Seabed Legislation, June16,1977”, DDRS.
⑤Elliot L. Richardson, Statement to Press, March16,1978, p.6.转引自Ann L. Hollick, U.S. Foreign Policy andthe Law of the Sea, p.362.
①“Agenda for the Policy Review Committee (PRC) Meeting regarding Law of the Sea Treaty Negotiations, May16,1977”, CK3100479885-99, DDRS.
②“Memorandum from Zbigniew Brzezinski Informs Vice President Walter Mondale, Secretary of State CyrusVance and Secretary of Defense Harold Brown of President Jimmy Carter's Decision on the U.S. NegotiatingPosition at the Law of the Sea (LOS) Conference concerning Deep Seabed Legislation，June16,1977”,CK3100491106-7, DDRS.
③Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, p.169.
①Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, pp.170-171.
②Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, p.171.
③Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, p.171.
④Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, p.171.
⑤Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, p.172.
①Elliot L. Richardson, Law of the Sea Conference: Problem and Progress, Department of State Bulletin, Vol.77,September19,1977, p.390.
②Elliot L. Richardson, Law of the Sea Conference: Problem and Progress, Department of State Bulletin, Vol.77,September19,1977, p.391.
③Elliot L. Richardson, Law of the Sea Conference: Problem and Progress, Department of State Bulletin, Vol.77,September19,1977, p.391.
④Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, pp.174-175.
①Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, p.176.
②Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, p.176.
③Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, pp.178-180.
①Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, pp.180-182.
②Elliot L. Richardson, Law of the Sea Conference: Problem and Progress, Department of State Bulletin, Vol.77,September19,1977, p.390.
③“U.S. Ambassasdor Elliott Richardson Provides President Jimmy Carter with AReview of the Sixth Session ofthe Law of the Sea (LOS) Negotiations, September7,1977”, CK3100479069-74, DDRS.
①“U.S. Ambassasdor Elliott Richardson Provides President Jimmy Carter with AReview of the Sixth Session of theLaw of the Sea (LOS) Negotiations, September7,1977”, CK3100479069-74, DDRS.
②“Memorandum to David Aaron from Jessica Tuchman and Les Denend regarding Negotiation Points for the Lawof the Sea (LOS) Conference concerning a Treaty Agreement on Deep Seabed Mining, September26,1977”,CK3100479900-1, DDRS.
③“Memorandum to Vice President Walter Mondale, Secretary of State Cyrus Vance, and Secretary of DefenseHarold Brown from David Aaron suggesting that International Discussions on Deep Seabed Mining Be Reviewedbefore A Law of the Sea (LOS) Treaty Is Agreed upon, September27,1977”, CK3100525641, DDRS.
④U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, The Third U.N. Law of the SeaConference,95thCongress,2ndSession, pp.118-121.
①“Memorandum to Zbigniew Brzezinski from U.S. Ambassador Elliot Richardson regarding a Major Move toSeek Support for Congressional Deep Seabed Mining Legislation to Coincide with the Approval of AnInternational Law of the Sea (LOS) Treaty, September19,1979”, CK3100479075-8,DDRS.
②”Review of the Law of the Sea Conference and Deep Seabed Mining Legislation”, Department of State Bulletin,Vol.77, November21,1977, pp.754-755.
③U.S. Congress, House, Committee on International Relations, Deep Seabed Minerals Resources, Diplomacy, andStrategic Interest,95thCongress,2rd Session, March1,1978, p.44.
①U.S. Congress, House, Committee on International Relations, Deep Seabed Minerals Resources, Diplomacy, andStrategic Interest,95thCongress,2rd Session, March1,1978, pp.49;84-85综合。
①Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, pp.195-202.
①Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, pp.202-205.
②Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, pp.205-206.
③Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, pp.209-211.
④“Memorandum for President Jimmy Carter from Law of the Sea (LOS) Conference Representative Elliot L.Richardson regarding Revisions to the Deep Seabed Mining Articles of the Treaty, June30,1978”,CK3100157842-4, DDRS.
①Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, pp.218-221.
②“Memorandum for President Jimmy Carter from Law of the Sea (LOS) Conference Representative Elliot L.Richardson regarding Revisions to the Deep Seabed Mining Articles of the Treaty, June30,1978”,CK3100157842-4, DDRS.
③Elliot L. Richardson,“Ocean: Law of the Sea Conference”, Department of State Bulletin, Vol.78, December,1978, p.42.
④“Memorandum for President Jimmy Carter from Law of the Sea (LOS) Conference Representative Elliot L.Richardson regarding Revisions to the Deep Seabed Mining Articles of the Treaty, June30,1978”,CK3100157842-4, DDRS.
①Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, pp.224-241.
②Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, pp.242-243.
③Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, pp. pp.246-250.
④Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, pp.228-229;“Memorandum for Zbigniew Brzezinski from Henry J. Richardsonregarding Resentment toward the U.S. at the Law of the Sea (LOS) Negotiating Session Due to U.S. HousePassage of the Deep Seabed Mining Bill, September13,1977”, CK3100158774-6, DDRS.
⑤“Memorandum for Zbigniew Brzezinski from Henry J. Richardson regarding Resentment toward the U.S. at theLaw of the Sea (LOS) Negotiating Session Due to U.S. House Passage of the Deep Seabed Mining Bill, September13,1977”, CK3100158774-6, DDRS.
①“Memorandum for Zbigniew Brzezinski from Henry J. Richardson regarding a Review of U.S. Law of the Seas(LOS) Policy regarding Deep Seabed Mining Issues, including Production Controls, Functions of the Authorityand the Enterprise, and Transfer of Technology, December8,1978”, CK3100158777-81, DDRS.
②“Memorandum for Zbigniew Brzezinski from Henry J. Richardson regarding Resentment toward the U.S. at theLaw of the Sea (LOS) Negotiating Session Due to U.S. House Passage of the Deep Seabed Mining Bill, September13,1977”, CK3100158774-6, DDRS.
③“Memorandum for Zbigniew Brzezinski from Henry J. Richardson regarding a Review of U.S. Law of the Seas
(LOS) Policy regarding Deep Seabed Mining Issues, including Production Controls, Functions of the Authorityand the Enterprise, and Transfer of Technology, December8,1978”, CK3100158777-81, DDRS.
④“Memorandum from Zbigniew Brzezinski regarding Navigational Freedom and U.S. Security Interests in regardto Law of the Sea (LOS) Negotiating Policies, March20,1979”,CK3100491108-9, DDRS.
①“Memorandum from Zbigniew Brzezinski regarding Navigational Freedom and U.S. Security Interests in regardto Law of the Sea (LOS) Negotiating Policies, March20,1979”,CK3100491108-9, DDRS.
②“Memorandum from Zbigniew Brzezinski regarding Navigational Freedom and U.S. Security Interests in regardto Law of the Sea (LOS) Negotiating Policies, March20,1979”,CK3100491108-9, DDRS.
③Ann L. Hollick, U.S. Foreign Policy and the Law of the Sea, p.371.
①“Briefing Paper for the2/22/79Policy Review Committee (PRC) Meeting regarding U.S. Position for Future Lawof the Sea (LOS) Treaty Negotiations concerning Deep Seabed Mining Issues, February21,1979,CK3100480396-404, DDRS.
①“Briefing Paper for the2/22/79Policy Review Committee (PRC) Meeting regarding U.S. Position for Future Lawof the Sea (LOS) Treaty Negotiations concerning Deep Seabed Mining Issues, February21,1979,CK3100480396-404, DDRS.
②“Department of State Staff Secretary Christine Dodson Provides ASummary of the2/22/79Law of the Sea (LOS)Presidential Review Committee Meeting regarding: U.S. Acceptance of APlan to Transfer Technology for DeepSeabed Mining Operations; Issues Pertaining to International Underwater Nickel Mining, March7,1979”,CK3100479902-5, DDRS.
③“Memorandum for Zbigniew Brzezinski from Henry J. Richardson regarding a Review of U.S. Law of the Seas(LOS) Policy regarding Deep Seabed Mining Issues, including Production Controls, Functions of the Authorityand the Enterprise, and Transfer of Technology, December8,1978”, CK3100158777-81, DDRS.
④“Briefing paper for the2/22/79Policy Review Committee (PRC) Meeting regarding U.S. Position for FutureLaw of the Sea (LOS) Treaty Negotiations concerning Deep Seabed Mining Issues, February21,1979,CK3100480396-404, DDRS.
①Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, p.254.
②Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, pp.252-279.
③Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, pp.302-306.
④Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, p.257.
①“Memorandum to Zbigniew Brzezinski from U.S. Ambassador Elliot Richardson regarding a Major Move toSeek Support for Congressional Deep Seabed Mining Legislation to Coincide with the Approval of AnInternational Law of the Sea (LOS) Treaty，September19,1979”, CK3100479075-8, DDRS.
①“Memorandum to Zbigniew Brzezinski and Henry Owen from Lincoln Bloomfield Describes PoliticalManeuvers concerning U.S. Seabed Mining Legislation in Connection with Law of the Sea (LOS) Negotiations,October26,1979”, CK3100487148-9, DDRS.
②“Memorandum to President Jimmy Carter from Secretary of State Cyrus Vance regarding a Delay of DeepSeabed Mining Legislation until after the Conclusion of the4/80Negotiating Session of the Law of the SeaConference, November16,1979, CK3100469602-3, DDRS.
③“Letter to President Jimmy Carter from Ambassador Elliott Richardson regarding Progress at the InternationalLaw of the Sea (LOS) Conference in Allowing Private Firms Access to Deep Seabed Mineral Resources,November16,1979”, CK3100479079-80, DDRS.
④“Deep Seabed Hard Mineral Resources Act”, Department of State Bulletin, Vol.80, October,1980, p.73.
⑤“Deep Seabed Hard Mineral Resources Act”, Department of State Bulletin, Vol.80, October,1980, p.74.
①Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, pp.353-355.
②Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, p.357.
①Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, pp.410-414.
②“Seabed Mining and Law of the Sea”, Department of State Bulletin, Vol.80, December,1980, p.61.
①Bernard H. Oxman,“The Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea: The Tenth Session (1981), TheAmerican Journal of International Law, Vol.76, No.1.(Jan.,1982), p.2.
①U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Foreign Affairs, U.S. Policy and the Third United Nations Conference onthe Law of the Sea, Hearings,97thCongress,1stSession, April29and May,1981, p.3.
②U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Foreign Affairs, U.S. Policy and the Third United Nations Conference onthe Law of the Sea, pp.3-5.
③U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Foreign Affairs, U.S. Policy and the Third United Nations Conference onthe Law of the Sea, p.5.
①Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, pp.457-458.
②Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, pp.456-459.
③Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, pp.513-514.
①Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, pp.512-518.
②U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Foreign Affairs, U.S. Policy and the Third United Nations Conference onthe Law of the Sea, pp.8-9.
③“United States Law of the Sea Policy”, January29,1982, PD01608, Database: Digital National Security Archive
(Hereafter cited as DNSA), Proquest Information and Learning Company.2008年10月下载。
④“United States Law of the Sea Policy”, January29,1982, PD01608, DNSA.
①Ronald Reagan,“Statement on United States Participation in the Third United Nations Conference on the Law ofthe Sea”, January29,1982,Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, U.S. Government Printing Office,available at http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/,2007年11月下载。
②Markus G. Schmidt, Common Heritage or Common Burden?The United States Position on the Development of aRegime for Deep Sea-Bed Mining in the Law of the Sea Convention, pp.238;241-242.
③Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, pp.532-533.
①Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, p.533.
②Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, p.534.
③Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, p.534.
④Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, pp.534-535.
⑤Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea,535.
⑥Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea,535.
①Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea,536.
②Myron H. Nordquist&Choon-ho Park, Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea, pp.536-537.
③“United States Law of the Sea Policy”, July9,1982, PD01646, DNSA.
①Ronald Reagan,“Statement on United States Actions Concerning the Conference on the Law of the Sea”, July9,1982, Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States.
②“United States Law of the Sea Policy”, July9,1982, PD01646, DNSA.
③“United States Oceans Policy and Law of the Sea”, PD01671, September30,1982, DNSA.
④“United States Oceans Policy and Law of the Sea”, September30,1982, PD01671, DNSA.
⑤“United States Oceans Policy and Law of the Sea”, September30,1982, PD01671, DNSA.
①“United States Program for the Exercise of Navigation and Overflight Rights at Sea”, December13,1982,PD01688, DNSA.
②“United States Program for the Exercise of Navigation and Overflight Rights at Sea”, December13,1982,PD01688, DNSA.
①“United States Program for the Exercise of Navigation and Overflight Rights at Sea”, December13,1982,PD01688, DNSA.
②Ronald Reagan,“Statement on United States Oceans Policy”, March10th,1983, Public Papers of the Presidentsof the United States.
①Ronald Reagan,“Proclamation5928—Territorial Sea of the United States”, December27th,1988, Public Papersof the Presidents of the United States.
②1982年《联合国海洋法公约》，第三0八条。http://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/unclos_c.pdf2007年11月下载。
③CRS Report for Congress, Law of the Sea Convention: Status of the Convention and Agreement, August14,1995, Congressional Research Service, The Library of Congress, available at Database of Proquest Congressionalof University of Virginia.2012年5月下载。
①William J. Clinton, Letter of Transmittal, October7,1994.本资料来源于笔者在美国弗吉尼亚大学法学院的课程资料。
②1982年《联合国海洋法公约》第一六0和一六二条。
①1994年《关于执行1982年12月10日<联合国海洋法公约>第11部分的协定》第三节第1-4条。http://daccess-ods.un.org/TMP/9519860.74447632.html2012年12月下载。
②1982年《联合国海洋法公约》第一五九条5-9。
③1994年《关于执行1982年12月10日<联合国海洋法公约>第11部分的协定》第三节。
④1994年《关于执行1982年12月10日<联合国海洋法公约>第11部分的协定》第三节第15（a）。
①1994年《关于执行1982年12月10日<联合国海洋法公约>第11部分的协定》第五节。
②1994年《关于执行1982年12月10日<联合国海洋法公约>第11部分的协定》第八节。
①Markus G. Schmidt, Common Heritage or Common Burden? The United States Position on the Development ofa Regime for Deep Sea-Bed Mining in the Law of the Sea Convention, pp.223-224.
②Markus G. Schmidt, Common Heritage or Common Burden? The United States Position on the Development ofa Regime for Deep Sea-Bed Mining in the Law of the Sea Convention, p.217.
③Markus G. Schmidt, Common Heritage or Common Burden? The United States Position on the Development ofa Regime for Deep Sea-Bed Mining in the Law of the Sea Convention, p.216；219.
①CRS Issue Brief for Congress, The Law of the Sea Convention and U.S. Policy, May12,2006, CongressionalResearch Service, The Library of Congress, available at Database of Proquest Congressional of University ofVirginia.2012年5月下载。
②CRS Issue Brief for Congress, The Law of the Sea Convention and U.S. Policy, May12,2006.
①CRS Issue Brief for Congress, The Law of the Sea Convention and U.S. Policy, May12,2006.
②Senate Advice and Consent to the Law of the Sea Convention, Urgent Unfinished Business, Testimony of JohnNorton Moore, Before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, October14,2003.这是笔者整合穆尔教授的证词的结果。本资料来源于笔者在美国弗吉尼亚大学法学院的课程资料。
①Senate Advice and Consent to the Law of the Sea Convention, Urgent Unfinished Business, Testimony of JohnNorton Moore, Before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, October14,2003.这是笔者整合穆尔教授的证词的结果。
①参见汉斯·摩根索著，肯尼思·汤普森、戴维·克林顿修订，徐昕、郝望、李保平译:《国家间的政治——寻求权力与和平的斗争》，北京：北京大学出版社，2009年。
①参见Robert D. Putnam,“Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: The Logic of Two-Level Games”, InternationalOrganization, Vol.42, No.3(Summer,1988), pp.427-460.
②罗伯特·基欧汉，约瑟夫·奈：《权力与相互依赖》，门洪华译，第9-20页。
①A·T·马汉著，常安容、成忠勤译，张志云、卜允德校：《海权对历史的影响》，北京：解放军出版社，
1.《美国对外关系文件》（Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS),Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office）.(1) Foreign Relations of the United States Diplomatic Papers,1937(in Five Volumes),Vol. IV, the Far East, Japan, United States Government Printing Office,1937.http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/FRUS/FRUS-idx?type=article&did=FRUS.FRUS1937v04.i0006&id=FRUS.FRUS1937v04&isize=M(2) Foreign Relations of the United States Diplomatic Papers1939, Vol. II, General,the British Commonwealth and Europe, Representations to Japan in regard toRegulation of Fisheries off the Coast of Alaska, United States Government PrintingOffice,1939.http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/FRUS/FRUS-idx?type=article&did=FRUS.FRUS1939v02.i0012&id=FRUS.FRUS1939v02&isize=M(3) Foreign Relations of the United States Diplomatic Papers1945, Vol. II, General:Political and Economic Matters, Formulation of United States Policy on theResources of the Continental Shelf and on Coastal Fisheries, United StatesGovernment Printing Office,1945.http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/FRUS/FRUS-idx?type=article&did=FRUS.FRUS1945v02.i0025&id=FRUS.FRUS1945v02&isize=M(4) Foreign Relations of the United States1955-1957, Vol. XI, United Nations andGeneral International Matters, United States Policy regarding the Law of the Sea,United States Government Printing Office,1955-1957.http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/FRUS/FRUS-idx?type=article&did=FRUS.FRUS195557v11.i0009&id=FRUS.FRUS195557v11&isize=M(5) Foreign Relations of the United States1958-1960, Vol. II, United Nations andGeneral International Matters, Law of the Sea, United States Government PrintingOffice,1958-1960.http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/FRUS/FRUS-idx?type=article&did=FRUS.FRUS195860v02.i0010&id=FRUS.FRUS195860v02&isize=M(6)Foreign Relations of the United States1961-1963,Vol.XXV, Law of the Sea, UnitedStates Government Printing Office,2001.http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/kennedyjf/xxv/6029.htm,2008-04.(7) Foreign Relations of the United States1969-1972, Vol. E-1, Documents on GlobalIssues, Chapter6. Ocean Policy, United States Government Printing Office,2005.(8) Foreign Relations of the United States1973-1976, Vol. E-3, Documents on GlobalIssues, Law of the Sea, United States Government Printing Office,2009.
2.数据库Declassified Documents Reference System (DDRS), Farmington Hill,Mich.: Gale Group.收录了近200份与美国关于海洋法问题的政策相关的文件。http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/DDRS
3.数据库Digital National Security Archive (DNSA), Proquest Information andLearning Company, Available at the Library of University of Virginia.收录了近100多份与美国关于海洋法问题的政策相关的文件。
4.数据库Access to Archival Databases（AAD），这是美国国家档案馆的一个数据库，收录了大约两三千份与1973-1974年海洋法谈判有关的电报。http://aad.archives.gov/aad/
5.文件汇编Reports of the United States Delegation to the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea。这是参加第三次联合国海洋法会议的美国代表团的历期会议报告，一共689页，既可以了解海洋法谈判情况，又可以了解美国代表团对谈判的见解，非常具有参加价值。
1.美国国务院公报（Department of State Bulletin）所有卷，来源于美国弗吉尼亚大学图书馆。其中与美国关于海洋法问题的政策相关的文件大概有两三百份。
2.美国总统公开文件（Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States,Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office），大概有近百份与美国关于海洋法政策相关的文件。http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/
3. Policy Archive网站上可以下载一些与海洋法问题的文件。http://www.policyarchive.org数据库Proquest Congressional收录了与海洋法相关的国会研究报告（CongressReport Service）、国会听证会记录等文件几百份，这些文件里又收录了一些与海洋会议有关的原始文献附件，这些附件往往具有很高的利用价值。文件来源于美国弗吉尼亚大学图书馆。
（一）第一次联合国海洋法会议的文件和会议记录。United Nations Conference onthe Law of the Sea,Geneva,24February—27April1958，一共七卷。
（二）第二次联合国海洋法会议的文件和会议记录。Second United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea,1960，一共两卷。
（三）第三次联合国海洋法会议的文件和会议记录。Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea,1973-1982，一共十七卷。上述文件均来源于：http://untreaty.un.org/cod/diplomaticconferences/lawofthesea-1982/lawofthesea-1982.html
（四）《大陆架公约》、《领海及毗连区公约》、《联合国海洋法公约》和《关于执行1982年12月10日<联合国海洋法公约>第11部分的协定》等与海洋法有关的公约，均可从联合国官方网站下载。
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[1]〔美〕保罗·肯尼迪著，陈景彪、王保存、王章辉和余昌楷译：《大国的兴衰》，北京：国际文化出版公司，2006。
[2]〔荷、英〕格劳秀斯、培根著，宇川译：《海洋自由论新大西岛》，上海：三联出版社，2005。
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[5]〔美〕詹姆斯多尔蒂、小罗伯特普法尔茨格拉夫著，阎学通等译：《争论中的国际关系理论》，北京：世界知识出版社，2003。
[6]〔美〕罗伯特.基欧汉、海伦.米尔纳著，姜鹏等译：《国际化与国内政治》，北京：北京大学出版社，2003。
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[1]王生荣：《海权对大国兴衰的历史影响》，北京，海潮出版社，2009。
[2]王立新：《意识形态与美国外交政策》，北京：北京大学出版社，2007。
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[14]赵理海：《海洋法新发展》，北京：北京大学出版社，1984。
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[16]上海国际问题研究所西德艾伯特基金会：《南北关系全球瞩目的重要课题》，北京：中国财政经济出版社，1983。
[17]刘中民：《世界海洋政治与中国海洋发展战略》，北京：时事出版社，2009年。
[1]马婧：“论外国军舰在领海的无害通过权”，《中国优秀硕士学位论文全文数据库》，2009年。
[2]宇宁：“美国12海里领海和自由通过海峡政策探析”，《中国优秀硕士学位论文全文数据库》，2008。
[3]孙兴杰：“美国现代海权的兴起”，《中国优秀硕士学位论文全文数据库》，2008。
[4]陈海宏：“从‘海军第一’到‘海权论’”，《军事历史研究》，2008年1期。
[5]刘志云：“国家利益理论的演进与现代国际法——一种从国际关系理论视角的分析”，《武大国际法评论》，2008年2期。
[6]吴征宇：“海权的影响及其限度——阿尔弗雷德·塞耶·马汉的海权思想”，《国际政治研究》，2008年2期。
[7]尹年长，程涛：“海权的国际法释义——以《联合国海洋法公约》的相关规定为中心”，《广东海洋大学学报》，2008年10期。
[8]李亚敏：“海洋秩序在国际秩序变迁中的地位与作用”，《中国博士学位论文全文数据库》，2007年。
[9]王金强，王蔚：“美国对海底权利的诉求与国内利益的平衡——以海底界限的争论为中心（1969-1972）”，《美国研究》，2008年3期。
[10]王金强：“国际海底资源分配与美国的政策选择”，《中国博士学位论文全文数据库》，2011年。
[11]王金强：“国际海底资源分配制度演变与美国海底政策的转向”，《美国研究》2012年3期。
[12]刘中民：“国际海底制度之争”，《海洋世界》，2007年1期。
[13]郭培清、滕文芝：“对美国海权之路‘天时’的思考”，《长春大学学报》，2007年1期。
[14]林志霞：“联合国海洋法会议与美国对领海宽度问题的政策”，《中国优秀硕士学位论文全文数据库》，2006年。
[15]李昌新：“海权与国家安全：东南亚海上冲突与合作研究”，《中国博士学位论文全文数据库》，2006年。
[16]李兵：“国际战略通道研究”，《中国博士学位论文全文数据库》，2005年。
[17]李文凯：“美国的国家海洋政策”，《全球科技经济瞭望》，2005年1期。
[18]刘中民：“复合相互依赖论和海洋政治研究”，《太平洋学报》，2004年7年期。
[19]王立新：“美国的世界秩序观与东亚国际体系的演变（1900-1945）（Ⅱ）”，《东南亚研究》，2003年5期。
[20]徐晓明：“国际法是一种弱法——汉斯·摩根索国际法思想述评”，《上饶师范学院学报》，2002年1年。
[21]甄延：“美国为何顽固坚持‘飞越自由’”，《世界知识》，2001年13期。
[22]郁志荣：“国际海洋法发展史的追溯”，《海洋开发与管理》，2000年1期。
[23]章佳：“评马汉的海权说”，《国际关系学院学报》，2000年4期。
[24]李杰：“专属经济区的形成及法律制度”，《现代军事》，1996年9期。
[25]王可菊：“联合国海洋法公约对现代海洋法和国际法的贡献”，《外国法译评》，1996年4期。
[26]刘永涛：“马汉及其‘海权’理论”，《复旦学报（社会科学版），1996年4期。
[27]孙书贤：“国际海洋法的历史演进和海洋法公约存在的问题及其争议”，《中国法学》，1989年2期。
[28]罗祥文：“国际法上的海峡通行制度”，《北京大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》，1986年4期。
[29]周子亚：“论联合国第三次海洋法会议与〈海洋法公约〉”，《上海师范大学学报》，1983年4期。
[30]张继先：“近二十年来美国海洋科学政策的演变”，《海洋科技资料》，1981年1期。
[31]René—Jean Dupuy著，邓小群、劳生译：“海洋法会议和新国际经济秩序”，《科学对社会的影响》，1983年Z1。
[32]付玉：“美国与《联合国海洋法公约》”，《太平洋学报》，2010年8期。
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