植物乳杆菌ZJ316对断奶仔猪的益生作用
|
摘要
植物乳杆菌是一种在人体、小鼠和猪的胃肠道中都有发现的非常重要的一株乳酸杆菌。它能够广泛地利用植物性碳源发酵,且能耐受胆盐和低pH值,对潜在的肠道致病菌具有拮抗能力。
实验室从婴儿粪便样品中分离得到的一株植物乳杆菌ZJ316,利用该菌的饲喂添加,研究其对仔猪的生长性能和猪肉品质的影响。实验选取150头刚断奶的仔猪(28日龄)随机分为5个处理组,对照组饲喂添加抗生素乙酰甲喹的日粮；实验组Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ饲喂添加不同浓度的植物乳杆菌ZJ316发酵液代替抗生素的日粮；实验组Ⅳ饲喂添加抗生素乙酰甲喹和植物乳杆菌发酵液ZJ316发酵液的混合日粮。实验60天后(95日龄),收集样品和数据并进行分析研究。
研究结果表明：与对照组的仔猪相比,实验组的腹泻率和死亡率显著降低,日增重和饲料转化率增加。此外,实验组的猪肉品质也得到了改善,乳酸菌发酵液处理组的滴水损失、硬度、咀嚼度、胶着性和回复力明显提高。该结果表明植物乳杆菌ZJ316对于仔猪的生长性能和猪肉品质有有益的影响,但是其作用机制还需要做更深入的研究。
聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)实验结果表明植物乳杆菌发酵液处理组和抗生素处理组仔猪的肠道菌群结构非常相似,且在DGGE条带中没有发现植物乳杆菌ZJ316的条带。然而植物乳杆菌处理组仔猪肠道中的短链脂肪酸的浓度要高于对照组,小肠绒毛结构也有较明显的改善。因此,我们推测植物乳杆菌ZJ316的作用机理并不是通过定植来改变肠道菌群的结构；它可能通过自身的代谢产物促进分泌短链脂肪酸(SCFA)和抑制致病菌的生长,改善小肠绒毛结构,促进仔猪生长性能和提高猪肉品质。
Lactobacillus plantarum is a plant-associated Lactobacilli but has also been found in human, mouse and porcine gastrointestinal (GI) tract. It is able to ferment a broad spectrum of plant carbohydrate, tolerant against bile salts and low pH and has antagonistic potential against potential intestinal pathogens.
In this study, the effects of L. plantarum ZJ316isolated from infant fecal samples on piglets growth performance and pork quality were investigated. One hundred fifty just weaned piglets (28day older) were selected randomly and separated into five groups. Control was fed the diet with the antibiotic mequindox added; groups Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ were fed a diet with the antibiotic removed, but with L. plantarum added; and group Ⅳ was fed a mixture of mequindox and L. plantarum. Sixty days later of initiation treatment (days95), samples and data were collected for evaluating their effects.
The results showed that, compared with antibiotic-treated piglets, the diarrhea and mortality ratios significant decreased, and the daily weight gain and gain rate increased in Lactobacillus-treated piglets. Moreover, the pork quality was improved when treated with Lactobacillus. Drip loss (48h), hardness, chewiness, gumminess and restoring force were significantly improved in Lactobacillus-treated piglets. Although we found that L. plantarum exerted probiotic effects on piglet growth performance and pork quality, the mechanism(s) of action needs further study.
Polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) results showed that the gut bacterial communities in Lactobacillus-and antibiotic-treated piglets were very similar. DGGE-band sequencing showed that L. plantarum ZJ316was not colonized in piglet gut. However, the concentration of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) was increased in Lactobacillus-treated fecal samples and the villus height was significantly improved by Lactobacillus treatment. Therefore, we speculated that the probiotic mechanism of L. plantarum ZJ316may not be through L., plantarum colonization and alteration of the gut bacterial community. Rather, it might be related to inhibition of the growth of opportunistic pathogens and promotion of the secretion of SCFA by its metabolites, subsequently increasing villus height, and finally promoting piglet growth perfomance and improvement in pork quality.
实验室从婴儿粪便样品中分离得到的一株植物乳杆菌ZJ316,利用该菌的饲喂添加,研究其对仔猪的生长性能和猪肉品质的影响。实验选取150头刚断奶的仔猪(28日龄)随机分为5个处理组,对照组饲喂添加抗生素乙酰甲喹的日粮；实验组Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ饲喂添加不同浓度的植物乳杆菌ZJ316发酵液代替抗生素的日粮；实验组Ⅳ饲喂添加抗生素乙酰甲喹和植物乳杆菌发酵液ZJ316发酵液的混合日粮。实验60天后(95日龄),收集样品和数据并进行分析研究。
研究结果表明：与对照组的仔猪相比,实验组的腹泻率和死亡率显著降低,日增重和饲料转化率增加。此外,实验组的猪肉品质也得到了改善,乳酸菌发酵液处理组的滴水损失、硬度、咀嚼度、胶着性和回复力明显提高。该结果表明植物乳杆菌ZJ316对于仔猪的生长性能和猪肉品质有有益的影响,但是其作用机制还需要做更深入的研究。
聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)实验结果表明植物乳杆菌发酵液处理组和抗生素处理组仔猪的肠道菌群结构非常相似,且在DGGE条带中没有发现植物乳杆菌ZJ316的条带。然而植物乳杆菌处理组仔猪肠道中的短链脂肪酸的浓度要高于对照组,小肠绒毛结构也有较明显的改善。因此,我们推测植物乳杆菌ZJ316的作用机理并不是通过定植来改变肠道菌群的结构；它可能通过自身的代谢产物促进分泌短链脂肪酸(SCFA)和抑制致病菌的生长,改善小肠绒毛结构,促进仔猪生长性能和提高猪肉品质。
Lactobacillus plantarum is a plant-associated Lactobacilli but has also been found in human, mouse and porcine gastrointestinal (GI) tract. It is able to ferment a broad spectrum of plant carbohydrate, tolerant against bile salts and low pH and has antagonistic potential against potential intestinal pathogens.
In this study, the effects of L. plantarum ZJ316isolated from infant fecal samples on piglets growth performance and pork quality were investigated. One hundred fifty just weaned piglets (28day older) were selected randomly and separated into five groups. Control was fed the diet with the antibiotic mequindox added; groups Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ were fed a diet with the antibiotic removed, but with L. plantarum added; and group Ⅳ was fed a mixture of mequindox and L. plantarum. Sixty days later of initiation treatment (days95), samples and data were collected for evaluating their effects.
The results showed that, compared with antibiotic-treated piglets, the diarrhea and mortality ratios significant decreased, and the daily weight gain and gain rate increased in Lactobacillus-treated piglets. Moreover, the pork quality was improved when treated with Lactobacillus. Drip loss (48h), hardness, chewiness, gumminess and restoring force were significantly improved in Lactobacillus-treated piglets. Although we found that L. plantarum exerted probiotic effects on piglet growth performance and pork quality, the mechanism(s) of action needs further study.
Polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) results showed that the gut bacterial communities in Lactobacillus-and antibiotic-treated piglets were very similar. DGGE-band sequencing showed that L. plantarum ZJ316was not colonized in piglet gut. However, the concentration of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) was increased in Lactobacillus-treated fecal samples and the villus height was significantly improved by Lactobacillus treatment. Therefore, we speculated that the probiotic mechanism of L. plantarum ZJ316may not be through L., plantarum colonization and alteration of the gut bacterial community. Rather, it might be related to inhibition of the growth of opportunistic pathogens and promotion of the secretion of SCFA by its metabolites, subsequently increasing villus height, and finally promoting piglet growth perfomance and improvement in pork quality.
引文
[1]Hillman K., Garnsworthy P. C, Wiseman, J. et al. Bacteriological aspects of the use of antibiotics and their alternatives in the feed of non-ruminant animals, in Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition[M] Notthingam University Press, Notthingam.2001.
[2]温俊,孙冬岩,孙笑非,肠道菌群的重要性及微生态制剂对肠道的调节作用[J],饲料研究,2010,(2)：70-72.
[3]FAO/WHO, Joint FAO/WHO (Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization) working group report on drafting guidelines for the evaluation of probiotics in food. London, Ontario, Canada, guidelines for the evaluation of probiotics in food[R]. Joint working group report on drafting. London, Ontario,2002:1-11.
[4]郭兴华.益生菌-基础与应用[M].北京：北京科学技术出版社,2002,10：256-279.
[5]刘永忠.益生素在断奶仔猪饲料中的应用研究[J],饲料研究、2008.(2)：16-18
[6]李娜,赵敏.益生菌替代抗生素在动物中的应用[J],黑龙江医药.2010,23(6)：899-900.
[7]王秀,盂勇,马军翼.益生菌的研究进展及其在养猪生产中的应[J].饲养饲料.2011,(2)：38-39
[8]Ewing W. and Cole D. The Living Gut. An Introduction to Micro-organisms in Nutrition[M]. Context Publication. Ireland, UK.1994:45-65.
[9]杨菲菲,麻丽坤,尹兆正等.断奶仔猪饲料中乳酸菌的应用[J],上海畜牧兽医通讯,2006(5)：60-61.
[10]Fukuda S., Toh H., Hase, K., et al. Bifidobacteria can protect from enteropathogenic infection through production of acetate[J]. Nature.2011,469:543-547.
[11]张秀文,齐遵利,刘艳琴.芽孢杆菌的作用机理及其在断奶仔猪日粮中的应用研究[J].饲料工业,2007,8(20)：47-49.
[12]Lalles J. P., Paolo B., Hauke S., et al. Weaning-A challenge to gut physiologists[J]. Livestock Science,2007(108):82-93.
[13]Kidde0D . E., Manner M. J. Digestion in the pig[M]. Bath. UK:Kingston,1978.
[14]郭长义,胡民强.早期断奶仔猪营养生理及其调控[J].饲料研究,2006(2)：20-23.
[15]耿忠诚.仔猪早期断奶与营养管理[J],黑龙江畜牧兽医,2000(4)：11-12.
[16]Jensen N. S. Development of digestive enzymes in pigs with emphasis on lipolytic activity in the stomach and pancreas[J], Animal Science,1999(77):437-445.
[17]Cera K. R. Effects of age, weanling and diet of digestive enzyme level growth and jcjunal morphology in young swine[J]. J. Animal Sci,1988,66:574.
[18]王自恒,林峰,陈玉霞等.早期断奶仔猪的消化生理[J],畜牧兽医杂志,2005,24(2)：8-10.
[19]Stokes C. R., Michael B.,Karin H., et al. Postnatal development of intestinal immune system in piglets:implications for the process of weaning[J]. Anim. Res,2004,53:352-334.
[20]Johnson R. W. Inhibition of growth by pro-inflammatory cytokines:an integrated view[J]. J. Animal Sci,1997,75:1244-1255.
[21]赵桂英,杨亮宇,邓君明等.断奶仔猪胃肠道正常菌群的数量和分区[J1.黑龙江畜牧兽医,2003(9)：27-28.
[22]Bauer E., Williams B. A., Smidt H.. et al. Influence of dietary components on development of the microbiota in single-stomached species[J]. Nutr. Res. Rev.2006.19:63-78.
[23]Katouli M.. Lund A.. Wallgren P., Mollby, R. et al. Metabolic fingerprinting and fermentative capacity of the intestinal flora of pigs during pre-and post-weaning periods[J]. J. Appl. Microbiol, 1997,83: 147-54.
[24]Swords W. E., Wu C. C., Buddington, R. K. Postnatal changes in selected bacterial groups of the pig colonic microflora[J]. Biol. Neonate.1993,63(3):191-200.
[25]Inoue R., Tsukahara T., Ushida K. Development of the intestinal microbiota in the piglet[J]. J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol.2005,51:257-265.
[26]Konstantinov S. R., Awati A. A., de Vos, W. M. Post-natal development of the porcine microbiota composition and activities[J]. Environ. Microbiol.2006,8:1191-1199.
[27]Mallet A. K., Rowland I. R. Factors affecting the gut microflora., in Role of the Gut Flora in Toxicity and Cancer. Rowland[M], Academic Press, London.1998,347-382.
[28]Pluske J. R., Le Dividich J., Verstegen, M. W. A. Weaning the Pig:Concepts and Consequences[M]. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen. The Netherlands.2003.
[29]Mathew A G, Robbins C M. Influence of galactosy lactose on energy and protein digestibility, enteric microflora, and performance of weanling pigs[J], J. Anim Sci,1997.75(4):1009-1016.
[30]Zoetendal E. G, Cheng B., Mackie, R. I. Molecular microbial ecology of the gastrointestinal tract: from phylogeny to function. Curr[J]. Issues Intest. Microbiol.2004,5:31-47.
[31]Jensen B. B. Piva, A., Bach Knudsen, K. E., Possible ways of modifying type and amount of products from microbial fermentation in the gut, in Gut Environment of Pigs[M]. Nottingham University Press, UK.2001.
[32]Moore W. C., Cato E. P., Kornegay, E. T. et al. Effect of high-fiber and high-oil diets on the faecal flora of swine[J]. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.1987,53:1638-1644.
[33]Ozbas Z Y., Aytac S. A.. Behaviour of Yersinia enterocolitica and Aeromonas hydrophila in yogurt made with probiotic bacteria Bifidobacterium infants and Lactobacillus acidophilus[J]. Milchwissens chaft,1995,50:626-629.
[34]Kimoto H., Mizumachi K., Okamoto T., et al. New Lactococcus Strain with Immunomodulatory Activity:Enhancement of Thltype Immune Response[J]. Microbiol Immunol, 2004,48(2):75-82.
[35]Nadathur S. R., Gould S. J., Bakalinsky A. T.. Antimutagenicity of an Acetone Extract of Yogurt[J]. MutatRes,1995,334(2):213-224.
[36]Pieper R., Janczyk P.. Urubschurov V., et al. Effect of Lactobacillus plantarumon Intestinal Microbial Community Composition and Response to Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Challenge in Weaning Piglets[J]. Livestock Science,2010.
[37]赵红霞,詹勇,许梓荣.乳酸菌的研究及其应用[J],江西饲料,2003(1)：9-11.
[38]Owsley W. F., Tribble L. F. Effects of nitrogen and energy source on nutrient digestibility in the young pig[J]. Journal of Animal Science.1986,63:492-496.
[40]Blomberg L., Henriksson A.. Conway P. L. et al. Inhibition of Adhesion of Escherichia coli K88 to Piglet Ileal mueus by Lactobacillus spp[J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology,1993, 59(1):34-39.
[41]Sehillinger U.. Holzapfel W. H. Guidelines for manuscripts on bacteriocins of lactic acid bacteria[J]. International journal of Food Microbiolgy.1996.12(33):3-5.
[42]Hosoda M., Hashimoto.H. Effect of administration of milk fermented with Lactobacilus acidophilus LA-2 on fecal mutagenicity and microflora in the human intestine[J]. Daily Science, 1996,79:745-749.
[43]穆新元,孙春秋.新生仔猪口服乳酸菌效果观察[J].辽宁畜牧兽医,1999,(6)：8-9.
[44]陈世琼,李平兰.特殊性能乳酸菌在治疗仔猪腹泻中的应用前景[J].饲料研究,2003(1)：20-22.
[45]Pollman D. S., Danielson D. M, Wren W. B., et al. Influence of Lactobacillus Acidophilus inoculum on gnotobiotic and conventional pigs[J]. J.Anim.Sci.1980,51:629-637.
[46]Pereira D. A., Gibson G, R., Cholesterol assimilation by lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria isolated from the human gut[J]. Appl. Environ. Microbiol..2002(68):4689-4693.
[47]朱万宝,常志州,叶小梅等.益生菌饲喂断奶仔猪促生长作用与除臭效果[J].江苏农农业科学,2000(1)：66-68.
[48]汪植三,苏镇松,黄锐茂等.有效微生物活菌菌剂净化畜舍空气效果的实验[J].华南农业大学学报,1997,18：102-105.
[49]de Vriesa M. C, Vaughan E. E., de Vos W. M. Lactobacillus plantarum survival, functional and potential probiotic properties in the human intestinal tract[J]. International Dairy Journal, 2006,16(9):1018-1028.
[50]Rachel C., Anderson A. C. Nicole C. Roy. Lactobacillus plantarum DSM 2648 is a potential probiotic that enhances intestinal barrier function[J]. FEMS Microbiology Letters 2010,309(2): 184-192.
[51]虞泽鹏,谢启轮,唐举等.益生素对断乳仔猪生产性能的影响[J].动物科学与动物医学,2002.19(3)：49-50.
[52]李景良,宋达峰,顾青.植物乳杆菌ZJ316生产细菌素[J].微生物学报.2008,48(6)：818-823.
[53]焦世耀,张兰威,李春.管碟法测定nisin效价的改进[J].食品科学,2005,26(7)：175-176.
[54]Pollman D.S.. Haresign W., D.J.A Cole.Probiotics in pig diets. Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition[M]. Butterworth, London,1986:193-205.
[55]何明清.猪微生物饲料添加剂8701对生长于猪抗病及增重提高饲料利用率的研究[J].中国微生态杂志,1999,2(4)：22-23.
[56]吴建忠,杜冰,乳酸芽孢杆菌制剂对仔猪黄白痢的预防[J].安徽农业科学,2007,35(13)：3869-3870
[57]Egorova O. G, Moshkutelo L. L., Gorodetskays A. A. et al. The efficiency of growing suckling Piglets when adding the preparation Frodo to the mixed food[J]. Russian Agricultural Sciences[J].1998,4:23-27.
[58]Temmennan R., Pot B., Huys G, et al. Identification and antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial isolates from probiotic products. Int. J. Food Microbiol,2003.81:1-10.
[59]Pluske J. R., Williams I. H., Aherne F. X. et al. Villous height and crypt depth in piglets in response to increases in the intake of cows'milk after weaning[J]. J. Anim Sci,1996,62:145-158.
[60]Soto E., de la Hoz L.,Ordoez J. A., et al. The feeding and rearing systems of Iberian pigs affect the lipid composition and texture profile of dry-cured loin[J]. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences,2009,18(1):78-89.
[61]Caine W. R., Aalhus J. L., Best D. R., et al. Relationship of texture profile analysis and Warner-Bratzler shear force with sensory characteristics of beef rib steaks[J]. Meat Science,2003, 64:333-339.
[62]王笑丹.吉林省优质猪肉品质评定方法[D].吉林：吉林大学,2004：49-52.
[63]张伟力.猪肉肉色与酸度测定方法[J].养猪,2002(2)：33-34.
[64]王楚端等.肉质性状的品种及性别效应[J].养猪,1995(4)：30-31.
[65]Brewer M.S., Zhu L. G, McKeuth F. K. et al. Measuring pork color:effects of bloom time, muscle, pH and relationship to instrumental parameters[J]. Meat Science,2001(57): 169-176.
[66]王玲,张子德等.牛肉新鲜度检测与指标分析[J].肉类研究,2001,43(3)：24-29.
[67]陈磊,王金勇,李学伟.仪器测定的猪肉质构性状与感官性状的回归分析[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(6)：357-362.
[68]Hampson D.J. Alterations in piglet small intestinal structure at weaning[J]. Rese arch in Veter inary Science,1986,40:32-40.
[69]Teck C. LOH., Nguyen T. Bin K. AZHAR. et al. Feeding of different levels of metabolite combinations produced by Lactobacillus plantarum on growth performance, fecal microflora, volatile fatty acids and villi height in broilers[J]. J.Anim.Sci.2010(81):205-214.
[70]Muyzer G, de Waal E. C, Uitterlinden A. G. Profiling of eomplex mcrobial populations by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of polymerase chain reaction amplified genes encoding for 16S rRNA[J]. Appl. Enviorn. Microb.1993,59:695-700.
[71]王保红,肠道微生物多样性及其与人体代谢相关性的研究[M].浙江：浙江大学,2007：31-32.
[72]Yong S. Wen Y., Odette N. Perez-Gutierrez., et al. Changes inabundance ofLactobacillus spp. And Streptococcus suis in the stomach, jejunumand ileumof piglets afterweaning[J]. FEMS Microbiol Ecol,2008,66:546-555.
[73]苏勇,姚文,朱伟云等.芽孢乳杆菌S1对断奶前后仔猪肠道乳酸菌、大肠杆菌和挥发性 脂肪酸含量变化的影响,福建农林大学学报(自然科学版)[J].2006,35(1)：73-76.
[74]Canibe N., Virtanen E., Jensen.B.B.. Microbial and nutritional characteristics of pig liquid feed during fermentation[J]. Animal Feed Science and technology,2007,34:108-123.
[75]Deng W., Xi D., Mao H., Wanapat M. et al. The use of molecular techniques based on ribosomal RNA and DNA for rumen microbial ecosystem studies:a review[J]. Mol Biol Rep, 2008,35:265-274.
[76]Eckburg P. B., Bik E. M., Relman D. A. et al. Diversity of the Human hitestinal Microbial Flora[J]. S eience,2005,308: 1635-1638.
[77]Konstantinov S. R., Zhu W. Y., Williams B. A., et al. Effect of fermentable carbohydrates on faecal bacterial communities as revealed by DGGE analysis of 16S rDNA[J]. FEMS Microbiology Ecology,2003,43:225-235.
[78]Ohashi Y. T., Ushida M. K. The effect of Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota on the cecal fermentation pattern depends on the individual cecal microflora in pigs[J]. J. Nutr. Sci. Vilaminol (Tokyo).2004(50):399-403.
[79]Su, Y, Yao W., Zhu W. Y, et al.16S ribosomal RNA-based methods to monitor changes in the hindgut bacterial community of piglets after oral administration of Lactobacillus sobrius S1[J]. Anaerobe.2008,14:78-86.
[80]LeserT. D., Amcnuvor J. Z., Jensen T. K... et al. Culturcindependent analysis of gut bacteria: the pig gastrointestinal tract microbiota revisited[J]. Appl Environ Microbiol.2002,68:673-690.
[81]Konstantinov, S.R., E. Poznanski E., de Vos. W. M. el al. Lactobacillus sobrius sp. nov., abundant in the intestine of weaning piglels[J]. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol.2006,56:29-32.
[82]朱伟云,姚文,毛胜勇.变性梯度凝胶电泳法研究断奶仔猪粪样细菌区系变化[J],微生物学报,2003,43(4)：503-508.
[83]Dunne, C, Murphy L., Collins J. K. et al. Probiotics:from myth to reality. Demonstration of functionality in animal models of disease and in human clinical trials[J]. Antonie. Van. Leeuwenhoek.1999,76:279-292.
[84]Wang M., Ahrne S., Molin G., et al. Comparison of bacterial diversity along the Human intestinal tract by direct cloning and sequencing of 16S rRNA genes[J]. FEMS Microbiology Ecology,2005,54:219-231.
[85]Frey J. C, Rothman J. M., Angert E. R. et al. Fecal bacterial diversity in a wild gorilla[J]. Applied Environmental Microbiology,2006,72:3788-3792.
[86]Jamroz D., Jakobsen K., Orda J. et al. Digestibility and energy value of non-starch polysaccharides in young chickens, ducks and geese, fed diets containing high amounts of barley [J]. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A. Mol. Integr. Physiol.2002,131:657-668.
[87]Hoshi S., Sakata T.,Kimura, S., et al. Galactosylsucrose and xylosylfructoside alter digestive tract size and concentrations of cecal organic acids in rats fed diets containing cholesterol and cholic acid[J]. J. Nutr.1994,124:52-60.
[88]Cummings J. H., Production and metabolism of shortchain fatty acids in humans. In:Roche, A.F. (Ed.), Short-Chain Fatty Acids: Metabolism and Clinical Importance, Report of the Tenth ROSS Conference on Medical Research[R]. Ross Laboratories, Columbus, OH,1991:11-17.
[89]Thanh N.T., Loh T. C, Azhar B. K. et al. Effects of feeding metabolite combinations produced by Lactobacillus plantanun on growth performance, faecal microbial population, small intestine villus height and faecal volatile fatty acids in broilers[J]. Br. Poult. Sci.2009.50: 298-306.
[90]Hague A., Singh B., Paraskeva C. Butyrate acts as a survival factor for colonic epithelial cells: further fuel for the in vivo versus in vitro debate. Gastroenterology,1997,112:1036-1040.
[91]Duncan S. H., Scott K. P., Stewart, C. S., et al. Effects of alternative dietary substrates on competition between human colonic bacteria in an anaerobic fennentor system[J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2003,69:1136-1142.
[92]Kanauchi O., Matsumoto Y.. Bamba T. et al. The beneficial effects of microflora, especially obligate anaerobes, and their products on the colonic environment in inflammatory bowel disease[J]. Curr. Phann. Des.2005,11: 1047-1053.
[93]于卓腾,苏杭琴,朱伟云等.肠道产丁酸细菌及其丁酸产生机制的研究进展[J].世界华人消化杂志,2006,14(25)：2531-2534.
[94]Duncan S. H.. Louis P., Flint H. J., et al. Lactate-utilizing bacteria, isolated from human feces, that produce butyrate as a major fermentation product[J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2004,70:5810-5817.
[95]Vente C. S., Vorster H. H., Cummings J. H. et al. Effects of dietary propionate on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in healthy volunteers[J]. American Journal of Gastroenterology, 1990.85:549-553.
[96]Adesogan, A.T., Salawu, M.B.,Effect of applying fonnic acid, heterolactic bacteria or homolactic and heterolactic bacteria on the fennentation of bi-crops of peas and wheat[J]. J. Sci. Food Agrie,2004.84(9):983-992.
[2]温俊,孙冬岩,孙笑非,肠道菌群的重要性及微生态制剂对肠道的调节作用[J],饲料研究,2010,(2)：70-72.
[3]FAO/WHO, Joint FAO/WHO (Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization) working group report on drafting guidelines for the evaluation of probiotics in food. London, Ontario, Canada, guidelines for the evaluation of probiotics in food[R]. Joint working group report on drafting. London, Ontario,2002:1-11.
[4]郭兴华.益生菌-基础与应用[M].北京：北京科学技术出版社,2002,10：256-279.
[5]刘永忠.益生素在断奶仔猪饲料中的应用研究[J],饲料研究、2008.(2)：16-18
[6]李娜,赵敏.益生菌替代抗生素在动物中的应用[J],黑龙江医药.2010,23(6)：899-900.
[7]王秀,盂勇,马军翼.益生菌的研究进展及其在养猪生产中的应[J].饲养饲料.2011,(2)：38-39
[8]Ewing W. and Cole D. The Living Gut. An Introduction to Micro-organisms in Nutrition[M]. Context Publication. Ireland, UK.1994:45-65.
[9]杨菲菲,麻丽坤,尹兆正等.断奶仔猪饲料中乳酸菌的应用[J],上海畜牧兽医通讯,2006(5)：60-61.
[10]Fukuda S., Toh H., Hase, K., et al. Bifidobacteria can protect from enteropathogenic infection through production of acetate[J]. Nature.2011,469:543-547.
[11]张秀文,齐遵利,刘艳琴.芽孢杆菌的作用机理及其在断奶仔猪日粮中的应用研究[J].饲料工业,2007,8(20)：47-49.
[12]Lalles J. P., Paolo B., Hauke S., et al. Weaning-A challenge to gut physiologists[J]. Livestock Science,2007(108):82-93.
[13]Kidde0D . E., Manner M. J. Digestion in the pig[M]. Bath. UK:Kingston,1978.
[14]郭长义,胡民强.早期断奶仔猪营养生理及其调控[J].饲料研究,2006(2)：20-23.
[15]耿忠诚.仔猪早期断奶与营养管理[J],黑龙江畜牧兽医,2000(4)：11-12.
[16]Jensen N. S. Development of digestive enzymes in pigs with emphasis on lipolytic activity in the stomach and pancreas[J], Animal Science,1999(77):437-445.
[17]Cera K. R. Effects of age, weanling and diet of digestive enzyme level growth and jcjunal morphology in young swine[J]. J. Animal Sci,1988,66:574.
[18]王自恒,林峰,陈玉霞等.早期断奶仔猪的消化生理[J],畜牧兽医杂志,2005,24(2)：8-10.
[19]Stokes C. R., Michael B.,Karin H., et al. Postnatal development of intestinal immune system in piglets:implications for the process of weaning[J]. Anim. Res,2004,53:352-334.
[20]Johnson R. W. Inhibition of growth by pro-inflammatory cytokines:an integrated view[J]. J. Animal Sci,1997,75:1244-1255.
[21]赵桂英,杨亮宇,邓君明等.断奶仔猪胃肠道正常菌群的数量和分区[J1.黑龙江畜牧兽医,2003(9)：27-28.
[22]Bauer E., Williams B. A., Smidt H.. et al. Influence of dietary components on development of the microbiota in single-stomached species[J]. Nutr. Res. Rev.2006.19:63-78.
[23]Katouli M.. Lund A.. Wallgren P., Mollby, R. et al. Metabolic fingerprinting and fermentative capacity of the intestinal flora of pigs during pre-and post-weaning periods[J]. J. Appl. Microbiol, 1997,83: 147-54.
[24]Swords W. E., Wu C. C., Buddington, R. K. Postnatal changes in selected bacterial groups of the pig colonic microflora[J]. Biol. Neonate.1993,63(3):191-200.
[25]Inoue R., Tsukahara T., Ushida K. Development of the intestinal microbiota in the piglet[J]. J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol.2005,51:257-265.
[26]Konstantinov S. R., Awati A. A., de Vos, W. M. Post-natal development of the porcine microbiota composition and activities[J]. Environ. Microbiol.2006,8:1191-1199.
[27]Mallet A. K., Rowland I. R. Factors affecting the gut microflora., in Role of the Gut Flora in Toxicity and Cancer. Rowland[M], Academic Press, London.1998,347-382.
[28]Pluske J. R., Le Dividich J., Verstegen, M. W. A. Weaning the Pig:Concepts and Consequences[M]. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen. The Netherlands.2003.
[29]Mathew A G, Robbins C M. Influence of galactosy lactose on energy and protein digestibility, enteric microflora, and performance of weanling pigs[J], J. Anim Sci,1997.75(4):1009-1016.
[30]Zoetendal E. G, Cheng B., Mackie, R. I. Molecular microbial ecology of the gastrointestinal tract: from phylogeny to function. Curr[J]. Issues Intest. Microbiol.2004,5:31-47.
[31]Jensen B. B. Piva, A., Bach Knudsen, K. E., Possible ways of modifying type and amount of products from microbial fermentation in the gut, in Gut Environment of Pigs[M]. Nottingham University Press, UK.2001.
[32]Moore W. C., Cato E. P., Kornegay, E. T. et al. Effect of high-fiber and high-oil diets on the faecal flora of swine[J]. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.1987,53:1638-1644.
[33]Ozbas Z Y., Aytac S. A.. Behaviour of Yersinia enterocolitica and Aeromonas hydrophila in yogurt made with probiotic bacteria Bifidobacterium infants and Lactobacillus acidophilus[J]. Milchwissens chaft,1995,50:626-629.
[34]Kimoto H., Mizumachi K., Okamoto T., et al. New Lactococcus Strain with Immunomodulatory Activity:Enhancement of Thltype Immune Response[J]. Microbiol Immunol, 2004,48(2):75-82.
[35]Nadathur S. R., Gould S. J., Bakalinsky A. T.. Antimutagenicity of an Acetone Extract of Yogurt[J]. MutatRes,1995,334(2):213-224.
[36]Pieper R., Janczyk P.. Urubschurov V., et al. Effect of Lactobacillus plantarumon Intestinal Microbial Community Composition and Response to Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Challenge in Weaning Piglets[J]. Livestock Science,2010.
[37]赵红霞,詹勇,许梓荣.乳酸菌的研究及其应用[J],江西饲料,2003(1)：9-11.
[38]Owsley W. F., Tribble L. F. Effects of nitrogen and energy source on nutrient digestibility in the young pig[J]. Journal of Animal Science.1986,63:492-496.
[40]Blomberg L., Henriksson A.. Conway P. L. et al. Inhibition of Adhesion of Escherichia coli K88 to Piglet Ileal mueus by Lactobacillus spp[J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology,1993, 59(1):34-39.
[41]Sehillinger U.. Holzapfel W. H. Guidelines for manuscripts on bacteriocins of lactic acid bacteria[J]. International journal of Food Microbiolgy.1996.12(33):3-5.
[42]Hosoda M., Hashimoto.H. Effect of administration of milk fermented with Lactobacilus acidophilus LA-2 on fecal mutagenicity and microflora in the human intestine[J]. Daily Science, 1996,79:745-749.
[43]穆新元,孙春秋.新生仔猪口服乳酸菌效果观察[J].辽宁畜牧兽医,1999,(6)：8-9.
[44]陈世琼,李平兰.特殊性能乳酸菌在治疗仔猪腹泻中的应用前景[J].饲料研究,2003(1)：20-22.
[45]Pollman D. S., Danielson D. M, Wren W. B., et al. Influence of Lactobacillus Acidophilus inoculum on gnotobiotic and conventional pigs[J]. J.Anim.Sci.1980,51:629-637.
[46]Pereira D. A., Gibson G, R., Cholesterol assimilation by lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria isolated from the human gut[J]. Appl. Environ. Microbiol..2002(68):4689-4693.
[47]朱万宝,常志州,叶小梅等.益生菌饲喂断奶仔猪促生长作用与除臭效果[J].江苏农农业科学,2000(1)：66-68.
[48]汪植三,苏镇松,黄锐茂等.有效微生物活菌菌剂净化畜舍空气效果的实验[J].华南农业大学学报,1997,18：102-105.
[49]de Vriesa M. C, Vaughan E. E., de Vos W. M. Lactobacillus plantarum survival, functional and potential probiotic properties in the human intestinal tract[J]. International Dairy Journal, 2006,16(9):1018-1028.
[50]Rachel C., Anderson A. C. Nicole C. Roy. Lactobacillus plantarum DSM 2648 is a potential probiotic that enhances intestinal barrier function[J]. FEMS Microbiology Letters 2010,309(2): 184-192.
[51]虞泽鹏,谢启轮,唐举等.益生素对断乳仔猪生产性能的影响[J].动物科学与动物医学,2002.19(3)：49-50.
[52]李景良,宋达峰,顾青.植物乳杆菌ZJ316生产细菌素[J].微生物学报.2008,48(6)：818-823.
[53]焦世耀,张兰威,李春.管碟法测定nisin效价的改进[J].食品科学,2005,26(7)：175-176.
[54]Pollman D.S.. Haresign W., D.J.A Cole.Probiotics in pig diets. Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition[M]. Butterworth, London,1986:193-205.
[55]何明清.猪微生物饲料添加剂8701对生长于猪抗病及增重提高饲料利用率的研究[J].中国微生态杂志,1999,2(4)：22-23.
[56]吴建忠,杜冰,乳酸芽孢杆菌制剂对仔猪黄白痢的预防[J].安徽农业科学,2007,35(13)：3869-3870
[57]Egorova O. G, Moshkutelo L. L., Gorodetskays A. A. et al. The efficiency of growing suckling Piglets when adding the preparation Frodo to the mixed food[J]. Russian Agricultural Sciences[J].1998,4:23-27.
[58]Temmennan R., Pot B., Huys G, et al. Identification and antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial isolates from probiotic products. Int. J. Food Microbiol,2003.81:1-10.
[59]Pluske J. R., Williams I. H., Aherne F. X. et al. Villous height and crypt depth in piglets in response to increases in the intake of cows'milk after weaning[J]. J. Anim Sci,1996,62:145-158.
[60]Soto E., de la Hoz L.,Ordoez J. A., et al. The feeding and rearing systems of Iberian pigs affect the lipid composition and texture profile of dry-cured loin[J]. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences,2009,18(1):78-89.
[61]Caine W. R., Aalhus J. L., Best D. R., et al. Relationship of texture profile analysis and Warner-Bratzler shear force with sensory characteristics of beef rib steaks[J]. Meat Science,2003, 64:333-339.
[62]王笑丹.吉林省优质猪肉品质评定方法[D].吉林：吉林大学,2004：49-52.
[63]张伟力.猪肉肉色与酸度测定方法[J].养猪,2002(2)：33-34.
[64]王楚端等.肉质性状的品种及性别效应[J].养猪,1995(4)：30-31.
[65]Brewer M.S., Zhu L. G, McKeuth F. K. et al. Measuring pork color:effects of bloom time, muscle, pH and relationship to instrumental parameters[J]. Meat Science,2001(57): 169-176.
[66]王玲,张子德等.牛肉新鲜度检测与指标分析[J].肉类研究,2001,43(3)：24-29.
[67]陈磊,王金勇,李学伟.仪器测定的猪肉质构性状与感官性状的回归分析[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(6)：357-362.
[68]Hampson D.J. Alterations in piglet small intestinal structure at weaning[J]. Rese arch in Veter inary Science,1986,40:32-40.
[69]Teck C. LOH., Nguyen T. Bin K. AZHAR. et al. Feeding of different levels of metabolite combinations produced by Lactobacillus plantarum on growth performance, fecal microflora, volatile fatty acids and villi height in broilers[J]. J.Anim.Sci.2010(81):205-214.
[70]Muyzer G, de Waal E. C, Uitterlinden A. G. Profiling of eomplex mcrobial populations by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of polymerase chain reaction amplified genes encoding for 16S rRNA[J]. Appl. Enviorn. Microb.1993,59:695-700.
[71]王保红,肠道微生物多样性及其与人体代谢相关性的研究[M].浙江：浙江大学,2007：31-32.
[72]Yong S. Wen Y., Odette N. Perez-Gutierrez., et al. Changes inabundance ofLactobacillus spp. And Streptococcus suis in the stomach, jejunumand ileumof piglets afterweaning[J]. FEMS Microbiol Ecol,2008,66:546-555.
[73]苏勇,姚文,朱伟云等.芽孢乳杆菌S1对断奶前后仔猪肠道乳酸菌、大肠杆菌和挥发性 脂肪酸含量变化的影响,福建农林大学学报(自然科学版)[J].2006,35(1)：73-76.
[74]Canibe N., Virtanen E., Jensen.B.B.. Microbial and nutritional characteristics of pig liquid feed during fermentation[J]. Animal Feed Science and technology,2007,34:108-123.
[75]Deng W., Xi D., Mao H., Wanapat M. et al. The use of molecular techniques based on ribosomal RNA and DNA for rumen microbial ecosystem studies:a review[J]. Mol Biol Rep, 2008,35:265-274.
[76]Eckburg P. B., Bik E. M., Relman D. A. et al. Diversity of the Human hitestinal Microbial Flora[J]. S eience,2005,308: 1635-1638.
[77]Konstantinov S. R., Zhu W. Y., Williams B. A., et al. Effect of fermentable carbohydrates on faecal bacterial communities as revealed by DGGE analysis of 16S rDNA[J]. FEMS Microbiology Ecology,2003,43:225-235.
[78]Ohashi Y. T., Ushida M. K. The effect of Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota on the cecal fermentation pattern depends on the individual cecal microflora in pigs[J]. J. Nutr. Sci. Vilaminol (Tokyo).2004(50):399-403.
[79]Su, Y, Yao W., Zhu W. Y, et al.16S ribosomal RNA-based methods to monitor changes in the hindgut bacterial community of piglets after oral administration of Lactobacillus sobrius S1[J]. Anaerobe.2008,14:78-86.
[80]LeserT. D., Amcnuvor J. Z., Jensen T. K... et al. Culturcindependent analysis of gut bacteria: the pig gastrointestinal tract microbiota revisited[J]. Appl Environ Microbiol.2002,68:673-690.
[81]Konstantinov, S.R., E. Poznanski E., de Vos. W. M. el al. Lactobacillus sobrius sp. nov., abundant in the intestine of weaning piglels[J]. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol.2006,56:29-32.
[82]朱伟云,姚文,毛胜勇.变性梯度凝胶电泳法研究断奶仔猪粪样细菌区系变化[J],微生物学报,2003,43(4)：503-508.
[83]Dunne, C, Murphy L., Collins J. K. et al. Probiotics:from myth to reality. Demonstration of functionality in animal models of disease and in human clinical trials[J]. Antonie. Van. Leeuwenhoek.1999,76:279-292.
[84]Wang M., Ahrne S., Molin G., et al. Comparison of bacterial diversity along the Human intestinal tract by direct cloning and sequencing of 16S rRNA genes[J]. FEMS Microbiology Ecology,2005,54:219-231.
[85]Frey J. C, Rothman J. M., Angert E. R. et al. Fecal bacterial diversity in a wild gorilla[J]. Applied Environmental Microbiology,2006,72:3788-3792.
[86]Jamroz D., Jakobsen K., Orda J. et al. Digestibility and energy value of non-starch polysaccharides in young chickens, ducks and geese, fed diets containing high amounts of barley [J]. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A. Mol. Integr. Physiol.2002,131:657-668.
[87]Hoshi S., Sakata T.,Kimura, S., et al. Galactosylsucrose and xylosylfructoside alter digestive tract size and concentrations of cecal organic acids in rats fed diets containing cholesterol and cholic acid[J]. J. Nutr.1994,124:52-60.
[88]Cummings J. H., Production and metabolism of shortchain fatty acids in humans. In:Roche, A.F. (Ed.), Short-Chain Fatty Acids: Metabolism and Clinical Importance, Report of the Tenth ROSS Conference on Medical Research[R]. Ross Laboratories, Columbus, OH,1991:11-17.
[89]Thanh N.T., Loh T. C, Azhar B. K. et al. Effects of feeding metabolite combinations produced by Lactobacillus plantanun on growth performance, faecal microbial population, small intestine villus height and faecal volatile fatty acids in broilers[J]. Br. Poult. Sci.2009.50: 298-306.
[90]Hague A., Singh B., Paraskeva C. Butyrate acts as a survival factor for colonic epithelial cells: further fuel for the in vivo versus in vitro debate. Gastroenterology,1997,112:1036-1040.
[91]Duncan S. H., Scott K. P., Stewart, C. S., et al. Effects of alternative dietary substrates on competition between human colonic bacteria in an anaerobic fennentor system[J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2003,69:1136-1142.
[92]Kanauchi O., Matsumoto Y.. Bamba T. et al. The beneficial effects of microflora, especially obligate anaerobes, and their products on the colonic environment in inflammatory bowel disease[J]. Curr. Phann. Des.2005,11: 1047-1053.
[93]于卓腾,苏杭琴,朱伟云等.肠道产丁酸细菌及其丁酸产生机制的研究进展[J].世界华人消化杂志,2006,14(25)：2531-2534.
[94]Duncan S. H.. Louis P., Flint H. J., et al. Lactate-utilizing bacteria, isolated from human feces, that produce butyrate as a major fermentation product[J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2004,70:5810-5817.
[95]Vente C. S., Vorster H. H., Cummings J. H. et al. Effects of dietary propionate on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in healthy volunteers[J]. American Journal of Gastroenterology, 1990.85:549-553.
[96]Adesogan, A.T., Salawu, M.B.,Effect of applying fonnic acid, heterolactic bacteria or homolactic and heterolactic bacteria on the fennentation of bi-crops of peas and wheat[J]. J. Sci. Food Agrie,2004.84(9):983-992.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |