燃煤锅炉低NOx燃烧系统的数值模拟与试验研究
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摘要
在我国,以煤为主的能源结构,决定了火电在我国电力生产中的主要地位。氮氧化物(NOx)是燃煤电厂主要排放的污染物之一。现阶段,由于国家对燃煤污染物NOx排放的严格控制,火电厂必须采取有效措施来降低NOx的排放。
炉内低NOx燃烧技术中,空气分级燃烧以其较为简单的结构布置、较高的脱硝效果,成为电站锅炉低NOx燃烧采取的基本方式,同时也是炉内进行低NOx改造的优先选择。
本文在详细分析煤粉燃烧过程中NOx生成特性的基础上,采用数值模拟与现场试验相结合的方法,根据燃煤锅炉空气分级燃烧系统的结构特点,在保证锅炉安全、经济和稳定运行的前提下,进行了深化炉内低NOx燃烧方式以及优化炉内燃烧方面的研究。主要研究内容如下：
首先,针对某300MW墙式燃煤锅炉出现NOx排放量较高的问题,通过分析并结合该机组炉型及结构特点,提出去除部分卫燃带及部分三次风上移来降低炉内NOx生成的改造方案；在数值模拟研究中,着重考虑CO及焦炭对NOx的综合还原效果,提出了改进型NOx模型,将数值模拟结果与现场实测数据进行对比,炉内温度分布、炉膛出口NOx浓度值等主要参数均吻合较好,表明了数值模拟方法的可靠性。
在此基础上,对提出的低NOx改造方案进行了数值模拟优化,在对炉内燃烧稳定性、煤粉燃烧效率以及锅炉运行安全性影响较小,并尽量降低改造工作量的前提下,确定改造方案并进行了工程实施。改造后的现场调试试验结果表明,锅炉NOx排放量降低了28.5%,同时炉内结渣较轻。
其次,对某600MW超临界机组四角切圆燃煤锅炉进行了数值模拟研究,结果表明,具有LNCFS深度空气分级低NOx燃烧系统的燃煤锅炉,在炉内具有较低的NOx浓度水平；燃尽区内,SOFA风的集中送入,使NOx的浓度出现反弹,并且影响了炉膛出口最终的NOx排放。为了进一步提高炉内的低NOx燃烧效果,结合该机组炉型及结构特点,提出将SOFA风喷口沿炉高两级布置的方案,并通过数值模拟研究了喷口布置方式对NOx生成的影响规律。
数值模拟结果表明,将SOFA风喷口沿炉高两级布置,并且分阶段送入,在两级燃尽风之间建立低氧浓度区域,不仅可以减少煤粉在燃尽过程中的NOx生成,同时还可促进焦炭对已生成NOx的异相还原作用,从而提高燃尽区内的低NOx燃烧效果。兼顾低NOx效果以及煤粉燃烧效率,下级SOFA风占SOFA风总量的60%时,炉膛出口NOx浓度较现有燃烧技术能降低23.8%,且炉膛出口飞灰可燃物升幅较小。
最后,针对某300MW四角切圆燃煤锅炉,由于燃用非设计煤种,在运行中出现的燃烧不稳、再热气温偏低、灰渣含碳量过高以及热偏差较大等问题进行分析,并提出了初步的改造方案。
通过数值模拟,对提出的改造方案进行研究,建立结渣模型并嵌入FLUENT软件平台中,与炉内燃烧过程进行耦合计算,优化选取卫燃带的敷设面积以及布置方式,来提高燃烧稳定性以及再热汽温；优化确定下两层一、二次风集中布置,来减少灰渣含碳量；确定采用增大OFA反切角度来减小热偏差。数值模拟结果表明,敷设卫燃带后,炉内NOx生成略有增加；增大OFA反切角度,对炉内NOx生成影响较小。
改造后的测试试验结果表明,炉内燃烧稳定性大幅提高,且再热汽温可基本达到设计参数；灰渣含碳量可降至较低水平；增大OFA反切角度,可实现对热偏差的有效控制,且对锅炉NOx排放影响较小。
Coals have the main position in the energy structure in China. It decides the important position of thermal power in the power production. Nitrogen oxide (NOx) is one of the major gaseous pollution emitted from the coal-fired boilers. Nowadays the country control the NOx emission which is from pulverized coal combustion strictly; the power production should adopt effective measure to low the NOx emission.
Among the technology of Low-NOx combustion in boiler, air staging have simpler structural arrangement and higher effect of denitration become the basic way of low the NOx emission of station boiler and the priority selection of the Low-NOx reconstruction.
Basing on analyzing the generation of NOx the combustion characteristics in detail, the numerical simulation and field trial were combined. On the basis of the structure characteristic of air staged combustion, the deep air staged combustion style and combustion optimization was studied under ensuring the boiler can operate safely, economically and stably.
Firstly, the Low-NOx transformation program in coal fired boiler was computed by numerical simulation and the optimization combustion was studied by experiment. The NOx emission is higher in the300MW pulverized coal fired boiler with whirl burners, the higher temperature region and smaller degree of air staging combustion are the main reason of higher NOx emission. Based on installed the refractory belt and the ball type pulverize system, NOx emission was reduced by removing refractory belt and tertiary air staging to improve the degree of air stage combustion. The typical temperature field and gaseous density component were computed by numerical simulation. The temperature distribution contrast results along the height of boiler between numerical simulation and experiment show that the simulation means and simulation results are correct.
On the basis, the proposed Low-NOx construction programs were optimized by numerical simulation, considering the combustion stability, pulverized coal combustion efficiency and operation safety. The reconstruction projects were implemented according to the optimized construction programs under the condition of reducing the reconstruction workload as far as possible. Experimental results after the reconstruction show that the reduction ratio of NOx is28.5%in the optimal low-NOx operation program and the slagging in furnace is smaller than before.
Secondly, there is program of deep the mode of air staging combustion was computed by numerical simulation. The combustion and the generation of NOx were simulated in a600MW Tangentially Fired Furnace. The numerical results show that the NOx emission was controlled by reducing the generation of NOx in the combustion process to keep lower NOx concentration level. But the NOx concentration appears rebound in burnout region by centralized over fir air. For improving the effects of Low-NOx combustion, the analysis results show that two staging SOFA can reduce the generation of NOx in burnout region to improve the Low-NOx combustion effect. The influence rules between nozzle arrangements and NOx emission were studied through the numerical simulation.
The simulated results show that the rebound extent of NOx concentration which was caused by centralized over fir air was reduce by two staging SOFA program. The low oxygen content region can reduce the NOx generation in the process of burnout and advance the char of heterogeneous reduction with NOx. The two staging SOFA can reduce the NOx generation in burnout region and improve the Low-NOx effect. The proportion of lower SOFA is60%in the optimization program basing on the better effects of Low-NOx combustion and the less combustion efficiency effect. The NOx concentration of furnace exit is reduced by23.8%and the gain of carbon in fly ash is small.
Lastly, many problems were exposed for adopting non-design coals in the300MW Tangentially Fired Furnace. Such as combustion instability, lower reheat steam temperature, higher carbon in slag and higher thermal deviation. In view of these problems, the analysis and modification scheme were proposed by simulated and experimental researches.
The slagging model, made by numerical simulation basing on the proposed retrofit scheme, was embedded into the FLUENT software platform. The installation area and arrangement form of refractory belt were optimized by numerical simulation coupling the slagging model for improving the stability of combustion and reheat steam temperature. To reduce the quality of pulverized coal which drop in the ash hopper, the under layer primary air and secondary air were centralized layout. Increasing the angle of opposing tangential decreased the thermal deviation. The numerical simulation results show that the NOx concentration has a little increase after laying the refractory belt and increasing the angle of opposing tangential has less influence to the NOx emission.
The experiment results after reconstruction show that the combustion stability raising and the steam temperature of reheat can reach the design parameter. Ash carbon content drops to a lower level. Increasing the angle of opposing tangential realizes effective control of thermal deviation and has less influence to NOx emission.
炉内低NOx燃烧技术中,空气分级燃烧以其较为简单的结构布置、较高的脱硝效果,成为电站锅炉低NOx燃烧采取的基本方式,同时也是炉内进行低NOx改造的优先选择。
本文在详细分析煤粉燃烧过程中NOx生成特性的基础上,采用数值模拟与现场试验相结合的方法,根据燃煤锅炉空气分级燃烧系统的结构特点,在保证锅炉安全、经济和稳定运行的前提下,进行了深化炉内低NOx燃烧方式以及优化炉内燃烧方面的研究。主要研究内容如下：
首先,针对某300MW墙式燃煤锅炉出现NOx排放量较高的问题,通过分析并结合该机组炉型及结构特点,提出去除部分卫燃带及部分三次风上移来降低炉内NOx生成的改造方案；在数值模拟研究中,着重考虑CO及焦炭对NOx的综合还原效果,提出了改进型NOx模型,将数值模拟结果与现场实测数据进行对比,炉内温度分布、炉膛出口NOx浓度值等主要参数均吻合较好,表明了数值模拟方法的可靠性。
在此基础上,对提出的低NOx改造方案进行了数值模拟优化,在对炉内燃烧稳定性、煤粉燃烧效率以及锅炉运行安全性影响较小,并尽量降低改造工作量的前提下,确定改造方案并进行了工程实施。改造后的现场调试试验结果表明,锅炉NOx排放量降低了28.5%,同时炉内结渣较轻。
其次,对某600MW超临界机组四角切圆燃煤锅炉进行了数值模拟研究,结果表明,具有LNCFS深度空气分级低NOx燃烧系统的燃煤锅炉,在炉内具有较低的NOx浓度水平；燃尽区内,SOFA风的集中送入,使NOx的浓度出现反弹,并且影响了炉膛出口最终的NOx排放。为了进一步提高炉内的低NOx燃烧效果,结合该机组炉型及结构特点,提出将SOFA风喷口沿炉高两级布置的方案,并通过数值模拟研究了喷口布置方式对NOx生成的影响规律。
数值模拟结果表明,将SOFA风喷口沿炉高两级布置,并且分阶段送入,在两级燃尽风之间建立低氧浓度区域,不仅可以减少煤粉在燃尽过程中的NOx生成,同时还可促进焦炭对已生成NOx的异相还原作用,从而提高燃尽区内的低NOx燃烧效果。兼顾低NOx效果以及煤粉燃烧效率,下级SOFA风占SOFA风总量的60%时,炉膛出口NOx浓度较现有燃烧技术能降低23.8%,且炉膛出口飞灰可燃物升幅较小。
最后,针对某300MW四角切圆燃煤锅炉,由于燃用非设计煤种,在运行中出现的燃烧不稳、再热气温偏低、灰渣含碳量过高以及热偏差较大等问题进行分析,并提出了初步的改造方案。
通过数值模拟,对提出的改造方案进行研究,建立结渣模型并嵌入FLUENT软件平台中,与炉内燃烧过程进行耦合计算,优化选取卫燃带的敷设面积以及布置方式,来提高燃烧稳定性以及再热汽温；优化确定下两层一、二次风集中布置,来减少灰渣含碳量；确定采用增大OFA反切角度来减小热偏差。数值模拟结果表明,敷设卫燃带后,炉内NOx生成略有增加；增大OFA反切角度,对炉内NOx生成影响较小。
改造后的测试试验结果表明,炉内燃烧稳定性大幅提高,且再热汽温可基本达到设计参数；灰渣含碳量可降至较低水平；增大OFA反切角度,可实现对热偏差的有效控制,且对锅炉NOx排放影响较小。
Coals have the main position in the energy structure in China. It decides the important position of thermal power in the power production. Nitrogen oxide (NOx) is one of the major gaseous pollution emitted from the coal-fired boilers. Nowadays the country control the NOx emission which is from pulverized coal combustion strictly; the power production should adopt effective measure to low the NOx emission.
Among the technology of Low-NOx combustion in boiler, air staging have simpler structural arrangement and higher effect of denitration become the basic way of low the NOx emission of station boiler and the priority selection of the Low-NOx reconstruction.
Basing on analyzing the generation of NOx the combustion characteristics in detail, the numerical simulation and field trial were combined. On the basis of the structure characteristic of air staged combustion, the deep air staged combustion style and combustion optimization was studied under ensuring the boiler can operate safely, economically and stably.
Firstly, the Low-NOx transformation program in coal fired boiler was computed by numerical simulation and the optimization combustion was studied by experiment. The NOx emission is higher in the300MW pulverized coal fired boiler with whirl burners, the higher temperature region and smaller degree of air staging combustion are the main reason of higher NOx emission. Based on installed the refractory belt and the ball type pulverize system, NOx emission was reduced by removing refractory belt and tertiary air staging to improve the degree of air stage combustion. The typical temperature field and gaseous density component were computed by numerical simulation. The temperature distribution contrast results along the height of boiler between numerical simulation and experiment show that the simulation means and simulation results are correct.
On the basis, the proposed Low-NOx construction programs were optimized by numerical simulation, considering the combustion stability, pulverized coal combustion efficiency and operation safety. The reconstruction projects were implemented according to the optimized construction programs under the condition of reducing the reconstruction workload as far as possible. Experimental results after the reconstruction show that the reduction ratio of NOx is28.5%in the optimal low-NOx operation program and the slagging in furnace is smaller than before.
Secondly, there is program of deep the mode of air staging combustion was computed by numerical simulation. The combustion and the generation of NOx were simulated in a600MW Tangentially Fired Furnace. The numerical results show that the NOx emission was controlled by reducing the generation of NOx in the combustion process to keep lower NOx concentration level. But the NOx concentration appears rebound in burnout region by centralized over fir air. For improving the effects of Low-NOx combustion, the analysis results show that two staging SOFA can reduce the generation of NOx in burnout region to improve the Low-NOx combustion effect. The influence rules between nozzle arrangements and NOx emission were studied through the numerical simulation.
The simulated results show that the rebound extent of NOx concentration which was caused by centralized over fir air was reduce by two staging SOFA program. The low oxygen content region can reduce the NOx generation in the process of burnout and advance the char of heterogeneous reduction with NOx. The two staging SOFA can reduce the NOx generation in burnout region and improve the Low-NOx effect. The proportion of lower SOFA is60%in the optimization program basing on the better effects of Low-NOx combustion and the less combustion efficiency effect. The NOx concentration of furnace exit is reduced by23.8%and the gain of carbon in fly ash is small.
Lastly, many problems were exposed for adopting non-design coals in the300MW Tangentially Fired Furnace. Such as combustion instability, lower reheat steam temperature, higher carbon in slag and higher thermal deviation. In view of these problems, the analysis and modification scheme were proposed by simulated and experimental researches.
The slagging model, made by numerical simulation basing on the proposed retrofit scheme, was embedded into the FLUENT software platform. The installation area and arrangement form of refractory belt were optimized by numerical simulation coupling the slagging model for improving the stability of combustion and reheat steam temperature. To reduce the quality of pulverized coal which drop in the ash hopper, the under layer primary air and secondary air were centralized layout. Increasing the angle of opposing tangential decreased the thermal deviation. The numerical simulation results show that the NOx concentration has a little increase after laying the refractory belt and increasing the angle of opposing tangential has less influence to the NOx emission.
The experiment results after reconstruction show that the combustion stability raising and the steam temperature of reheat can reach the design parameter. Ash carbon content drops to a lower level. Increasing the angle of opposing tangential realizes effective control of thermal deviation and has less influence to NOx emission.
引文
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