再入飞船等离子体鞘套对通信衰减的仿真与建模
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摘要
航天飞行器(卫星、导弹、航天飞机和载人飞船返回舱等)以高超声速再入大气层时,由于高温高压会在表面形成包覆着飞行器的等离子体鞘套。等离子体鞘套会对通过其中的无线信号产生吸收、反射、折射、投射、色散等现象,严重影响航天器与外界通信,甚至会产生黑障而完全阻隔通信。
国外为了研究返回舱再入时这种特殊的通信环境问题,早在20世纪60年代美国就投入巨资进行了无线电衰减测量试验,如(RAM计划),并通过RAM—C1、RA M—C2、RA M—C3试验,获得了大量的技术数据和经验;国内从20世纪80年代开始进行了大量地面实验,如由中科院力学所等单位开展了再入通讯可行途径的地面试验等。这些研究主要集中于对等离子体鞘形状、结构及特点的研究,以及对等离子体鞘中电子密度分布的计算和建模,等离子体的反射系数和透射系数的计算,还有消除等离子体的物理、化学手段等方面。这些学者在各个的领域里对再入通信衰减的研究做出了杰出的贡献。
本文在前人研究的基础上,提出了一种研究完整的飞船再入全过程中等离子体鞘对通信影响的新方案:即从衰减分贝数的角度,在飞船再入全过程中进行飞船表面三维实时衰减情况模拟,得到飞船返回轨迹上每一点的位置及在这位置上飞船表面每一点的衰减情况。通过对飞船三维外形、飞船再入过程、飞船周围流场温度、压强和电子密度分布等部分进行仿真建模,探讨了等离子体各参数对衰减的影响,并将各种研究综合起来得到三维实时的衰减模型,为今后研究采取主动和被动手段来解决通信衰减问题提供了重要理论依据,也是进一步采用新型技术进行再入通信仿真的前提,对研究航天器与外界的通信问题具有重要意义。
When space vehicles (such as satellite, missile, space shuttle and the reentry module of the spacecraft. etc) reentry atmosphere at hypersonic speed, a plasma sheath enveloping the spacecraft begins to come into being. The sheath is composed of plasma, and the plasma is a medium which will exert influence on communication of the vehicles, such as absorption, reflection, refraction, dispersion etc, even can full cutoff communication which is called as communication blackout.
In order to study this special reentry communication environment problem, in early 1960s American invested hugely to conduct radio attenuation measuring experiment, such as RAM plan, and through the RAM - C1, RAM - C2 and RAM - C3 test, they got a great deal of technical data and experience; from 1980s China began a large number of ground tests, such as feasible ways ground test of reentry communications. These studies mainly focused on the research of plasma sheath shape, structure and characteristics, computation and modeling of plasma sheath electronic density distribution, calculation of plasma reflection coefficient and transmission coefficient, and the physics, chemistry means to eliminate plasma etc. The scholars have made outstanding contributions in their fields in the research of reentry communication attenuation.
This article is based on the whole ship plasma sheath in reentry process, on the basis of previous studies a new research scheme is proposed: by modeling the spacecraft in 3D contour, reentry process, spacecraft surrounding flow field temperatures, pressures and electron density distribution, combining with integrated computation, a 3D real-time reentry spacecraft communication attenuation model can be gained. According to this model, we can find out the attenuation value of every point of the spacecraft at different altitudes. This model well be the fundamental of further research on blackout countermeasure technologies, and has important significance to investigate the problem of reentry communication between the spacecraft and ground.
国外为了研究返回舱再入时这种特殊的通信环境问题,早在20世纪60年代美国就投入巨资进行了无线电衰减测量试验,如(RAM计划),并通过RAM—C1、RA M—C2、RA M—C3试验,获得了大量的技术数据和经验;国内从20世纪80年代开始进行了大量地面实验,如由中科院力学所等单位开展了再入通讯可行途径的地面试验等。这些研究主要集中于对等离子体鞘形状、结构及特点的研究,以及对等离子体鞘中电子密度分布的计算和建模,等离子体的反射系数和透射系数的计算,还有消除等离子体的物理、化学手段等方面。这些学者在各个的领域里对再入通信衰减的研究做出了杰出的贡献。
本文在前人研究的基础上,提出了一种研究完整的飞船再入全过程中等离子体鞘对通信影响的新方案:即从衰减分贝数的角度,在飞船再入全过程中进行飞船表面三维实时衰减情况模拟,得到飞船返回轨迹上每一点的位置及在这位置上飞船表面每一点的衰减情况。通过对飞船三维外形、飞船再入过程、飞船周围流场温度、压强和电子密度分布等部分进行仿真建模,探讨了等离子体各参数对衰减的影响,并将各种研究综合起来得到三维实时的衰减模型,为今后研究采取主动和被动手段来解决通信衰减问题提供了重要理论依据,也是进一步采用新型技术进行再入通信仿真的前提,对研究航天器与外界的通信问题具有重要意义。
When space vehicles (such as satellite, missile, space shuttle and the reentry module of the spacecraft. etc) reentry atmosphere at hypersonic speed, a plasma sheath enveloping the spacecraft begins to come into being. The sheath is composed of plasma, and the plasma is a medium which will exert influence on communication of the vehicles, such as absorption, reflection, refraction, dispersion etc, even can full cutoff communication which is called as communication blackout.
In order to study this special reentry communication environment problem, in early 1960s American invested hugely to conduct radio attenuation measuring experiment, such as RAM plan, and through the RAM - C1, RAM - C2 and RAM - C3 test, they got a great deal of technical data and experience; from 1980s China began a large number of ground tests, such as feasible ways ground test of reentry communications. These studies mainly focused on the research of plasma sheath shape, structure and characteristics, computation and modeling of plasma sheath electronic density distribution, calculation of plasma reflection coefficient and transmission coefficient, and the physics, chemistry means to eliminate plasma etc. The scholars have made outstanding contributions in their fields in the research of reentry communication attenuation.
This article is based on the whole ship plasma sheath in reentry process, on the basis of previous studies a new research scheme is proposed: by modeling the spacecraft in 3D contour, reentry process, spacecraft surrounding flow field temperatures, pressures and electron density distribution, combining with integrated computation, a 3D real-time reentry spacecraft communication attenuation model can be gained. According to this model, we can find out the attenuation value of every point of the spacecraft at different altitudes. This model well be the fundamental of further research on blackout countermeasure technologies, and has important significance to investigate the problem of reentry communication between the spacecraft and ground.
引文
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[3] C. R. Mullin, F.H. Mitchell. Comments on“Communication-system blackout during reentry of large vehicles”[J]. Proceedings of the IEEE, 1968,56(2):203~204.
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[7]菅井秀朗.等离子体电子工程学(张海波译)[M].北京:科学出版社, 2002:45~48.
[8] John S. Evans and Paul W. Huber,.Calculated Radio Attenuation Due to Plasma Sheath on Hypersonic Blunt-Nosed Cone[J]. National Aeronautics and Space Administration,December 1963,Technical Note D-2403.
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[17]焦培南,张忠治.雷达环境与电波传播特性[M].北京:电子工业出版社, 2007:281~286.
[18] B. Chaudhury, S. Chaturvedi. Three-Dimensional computation of reduction in radar cross section using plasma shielding[J]. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, 2005, 33(6):2027~2034.
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