稳态等离子体推力器模化设计方法研究
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摘要
稳态等离子体推力器自从1970年成功研制以来,已经广泛用于卫星各种实际飞行任务中,成为世界各航天大国电推进装置研究中的热点。目前卫星在轨任务的多样性对推进系统有不同的要求,这要求人们研制不同功率和推力范围的推力器。根据现有的推力器进行模化设计成为设计新推力器的一种重要途径。
推力器的模化设计离不开相似准则的指导,但目前仅有Melikov-Morozov相似准则数λion /La,主要用于描述电离过程的相似,这对于推力器的相似模化设计来说是不够全面的。Khayms等人在Melikov-Morozov相似准则基础上提出了在直磁场条件下当放电电压不变时的模化设计方法,但理论结果和实验结果差别很大,不能很好地指导推力器的相似设计,因此有必要对稳态等离子体推力器模化设计方法进行深入研究。本文正是基于此出发点来展开推力器相似模化设计方法的研究工作。
首先本文提出了新的相似准则数。基于中性气体的连续性方程、电子和离子的动量方程、电子的能量方程,采用方程分析法确定了若干相似准则数。并通过对各个准则数的分析,确定了占主导地位的相似准则数,为推力器相似模化设计提供理论基础。
其次本文提出了直磁场下推力器参数间的关系及模化设计方法。通过对相似准则的分析,确定了在放电电压不变条件下的模化条件。在此基础上确定了稳态等离子体推力器参数与几何尺寸间的关系,指出了放电电压不变条件下的模化设计方法。与Khayms模化设计方法比较,我们提出的模化设计方法与现有型号推力器实验数据吻合较好,且能够缓解推力器小型化时存在的磁饱和及离子对壁面的溅射的问题,也可以提高推力器大型化时的功率密度和推力密度。
再次本文确定了弯曲磁场下推力器磁场位型、电场位型的变化规律,并提出了在放电电压保持不变时的唯一设计方法:基元展开法。即在保证磁感应强度、磁场位型、电场强度、电场位型、推力器通道长度、通道宽度、等离子体密度均不变的条件下,根据功率要求来调整阳极质量流量和通道横截面积,进行模化设计。
本文还确定了磁感应强度和放电电压的匹配关系,即在低电压范围内磁感应强度和放电电压满足B_r∝U_d~(1/2)的关系,而在高电压范围内,磁感应强度应维持不变才能维持较高的效率,这对于高电压的模化设计有很重要的指导意义。同时并结合基元展开法提出了推力器变电压的设计方法。
最后基于本文提出的基元展开法设计并加工了1.5kW的推力器P100,并进行了相关对比实验,分别测量了推力、放电电流、羽流发散角、电子温度、离子能量分布、磁安特性等参数。实验结果表明:采用真空度修正后的放电电流、推力、功率及效率基本上能达到设计值,且P100和样机模型P70的电离和加速过程基本相似,提出的基元展开法可用于指导推力器的模化设计。
Stationary plasma thruster has been widely applied in orbit missions and space explorations since it had been successfully developed in 1970. Now, it intrigues the world wide interests in the electric propulsion field. Different orbit missions of the satellites result in different demands on the propulsion system, which requires people to design other power level and thrust level thruster. How to modeling and designing other power lever thrusters according to the existing ones is one of the most important methods to design a new thruster.
Similarity criterion can be used to direct the modeling design of SPTs. But now, there is only one similarity criterion: Melikov-Morozov criterionλi on /La, which only embodies the ionization process of a thruster, and it cann’t reflect other physical processes, so it is not enough to direct the scaling design of SPTs. Based on Melikov-Morozov criterion, Khayms et. al. proposed one scaling design method with a crossed electric and magnetic field when the discharge voltage is kept constant, which is much different from the experimental data, then Khayms’method cann’t direct the thruster designing well. It is needed to develop the thruster scaling design method, which is starting point of my research work.
Firstly, in this paper, we proposed some new similarity criterions. Based on the neutral continue equation, electron and ion momentum equation and electron energy equation, we deduced some new similarity criterions with the method of equation analyses. After comparing and analyzing these similarity criterions, we selected the prevailing criterions, and the following scaling design method is developed based on these selected criterions.
Secondly, we obtain the relationship of the SPT parameters and proposed the scaling design method with the crossed electric and magnetic field. After analyzing the prevailing criterions, we determined the preconditions with constant discharge voltage. Based on these preconditions, we determined the relationship between SPT parameters and radius, and proposed the scaling design method with constant discharge voltage. Compared with Khayms’scaling design method, we proposed one agree well with the experimental data of the existing SPTs, and it can alleviate the magnetic saturation and ion sputtering for the lower power thrusters, and improve the power density and thrust density for the larger power thrusters.
Thirdly, we determined the change laws of the magnetic field profile and electric magnetic field profile, and proposed the exclusive scaling design method with constant discharge voltage - basic cell outspread method, i.e. the magnetic and electric field intensity and profile, channel depth and width, and the plasma density should be kept constant, and the anode mass flow rate and cross-sectional area should be adjusted according to the power.
Fourthly, we determined the matching relationship between magnetic field intensity and discharge voltage. In the lower discharge voltage range, the magnetic field and voltage satisfy the relationship of B_r∝U_d~(1/2), while in the higher discharge voltage range, the magnetic field should keep constant to keep the high efficiency, which has great significance on the thruster designing with high discharge voltage. In addition, combining the basic cell outspread method, we proposed one designing method with variable discharge voltage.
Lastly, according to the basic cell outspread method we proposed, we designed and manufactured P100 with the power of 1.5kW. Some experiments have been done on P100, and we have measured the thrust, discharge current, angle of plume divergence, electron temperature, ion energy distribution and magnetic and electric characteristics. The experimental data shown that the discharge current, thrust, power and efficiency are satisfied the designing values after these parameters are corrected with the degree of vacuum. What’s more, the ionization and acceleration process of P100 and the prototype P70 are similar, which proves that the basic cell outspread method can be used to instruct the modeling design of Hall thrusters.
推力器的模化设计离不开相似准则的指导,但目前仅有Melikov-Morozov相似准则数λion /La,主要用于描述电离过程的相似,这对于推力器的相似模化设计来说是不够全面的。Khayms等人在Melikov-Morozov相似准则基础上提出了在直磁场条件下当放电电压不变时的模化设计方法,但理论结果和实验结果差别很大,不能很好地指导推力器的相似设计,因此有必要对稳态等离子体推力器模化设计方法进行深入研究。本文正是基于此出发点来展开推力器相似模化设计方法的研究工作。
首先本文提出了新的相似准则数。基于中性气体的连续性方程、电子和离子的动量方程、电子的能量方程,采用方程分析法确定了若干相似准则数。并通过对各个准则数的分析,确定了占主导地位的相似准则数,为推力器相似模化设计提供理论基础。
其次本文提出了直磁场下推力器参数间的关系及模化设计方法。通过对相似准则的分析,确定了在放电电压不变条件下的模化条件。在此基础上确定了稳态等离子体推力器参数与几何尺寸间的关系,指出了放电电压不变条件下的模化设计方法。与Khayms模化设计方法比较,我们提出的模化设计方法与现有型号推力器实验数据吻合较好,且能够缓解推力器小型化时存在的磁饱和及离子对壁面的溅射的问题,也可以提高推力器大型化时的功率密度和推力密度。
再次本文确定了弯曲磁场下推力器磁场位型、电场位型的变化规律,并提出了在放电电压保持不变时的唯一设计方法:基元展开法。即在保证磁感应强度、磁场位型、电场强度、电场位型、推力器通道长度、通道宽度、等离子体密度均不变的条件下,根据功率要求来调整阳极质量流量和通道横截面积,进行模化设计。
本文还确定了磁感应强度和放电电压的匹配关系,即在低电压范围内磁感应强度和放电电压满足B_r∝U_d~(1/2)的关系,而在高电压范围内,磁感应强度应维持不变才能维持较高的效率,这对于高电压的模化设计有很重要的指导意义。同时并结合基元展开法提出了推力器变电压的设计方法。
最后基于本文提出的基元展开法设计并加工了1.5kW的推力器P100,并进行了相关对比实验,分别测量了推力、放电电流、羽流发散角、电子温度、离子能量分布、磁安特性等参数。实验结果表明:采用真空度修正后的放电电流、推力、功率及效率基本上能达到设计值,且P100和样机模型P70的电离和加速过程基本相似,提出的基元展开法可用于指导推力器的模化设计。
Stationary plasma thruster has been widely applied in orbit missions and space explorations since it had been successfully developed in 1970. Now, it intrigues the world wide interests in the electric propulsion field. Different orbit missions of the satellites result in different demands on the propulsion system, which requires people to design other power level and thrust level thruster. How to modeling and designing other power lever thrusters according to the existing ones is one of the most important methods to design a new thruster.
Similarity criterion can be used to direct the modeling design of SPTs. But now, there is only one similarity criterion: Melikov-Morozov criterionλi on /La, which only embodies the ionization process of a thruster, and it cann’t reflect other physical processes, so it is not enough to direct the scaling design of SPTs. Based on Melikov-Morozov criterion, Khayms et. al. proposed one scaling design method with a crossed electric and magnetic field when the discharge voltage is kept constant, which is much different from the experimental data, then Khayms’method cann’t direct the thruster designing well. It is needed to develop the thruster scaling design method, which is starting point of my research work.
Firstly, in this paper, we proposed some new similarity criterions. Based on the neutral continue equation, electron and ion momentum equation and electron energy equation, we deduced some new similarity criterions with the method of equation analyses. After comparing and analyzing these similarity criterions, we selected the prevailing criterions, and the following scaling design method is developed based on these selected criterions.
Secondly, we obtain the relationship of the SPT parameters and proposed the scaling design method with the crossed electric and magnetic field. After analyzing the prevailing criterions, we determined the preconditions with constant discharge voltage. Based on these preconditions, we determined the relationship between SPT parameters and radius, and proposed the scaling design method with constant discharge voltage. Compared with Khayms’scaling design method, we proposed one agree well with the experimental data of the existing SPTs, and it can alleviate the magnetic saturation and ion sputtering for the lower power thrusters, and improve the power density and thrust density for the larger power thrusters.
Thirdly, we determined the change laws of the magnetic field profile and electric magnetic field profile, and proposed the exclusive scaling design method with constant discharge voltage - basic cell outspread method, i.e. the magnetic and electric field intensity and profile, channel depth and width, and the plasma density should be kept constant, and the anode mass flow rate and cross-sectional area should be adjusted according to the power.
Fourthly, we determined the matching relationship between magnetic field intensity and discharge voltage. In the lower discharge voltage range, the magnetic field and voltage satisfy the relationship of B_r∝U_d~(1/2), while in the higher discharge voltage range, the magnetic field should keep constant to keep the high efficiency, which has great significance on the thruster designing with high discharge voltage. In addition, combining the basic cell outspread method, we proposed one designing method with variable discharge voltage.
Lastly, according to the basic cell outspread method we proposed, we designed and manufactured P100 with the power of 1.5kW. Some experiments have been done on P100, and we have measured the thrust, discharge current, angle of plume divergence, electron temperature, ion energy distribution and magnetic and electric characteristics. The experimental data shown that the discharge current, thrust, power and efficiency are satisfied the designing values after these parameters are corrected with the degree of vacuum. What’s more, the ionization and acceleration process of P100 and the prototype P70 are similar, which proves that the basic cell outspread method can be used to instruct the modeling design of Hall thrusters.
引文
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