成品油库三维数字化应急系统研究
|
摘要
104油库是目前西南地区作业量最大、功能最齐全的成品油中转基地,具备管输收油、铁路收发油、公路发油等功能,承担着成都市的公路油品配送和省内12个市(州)及云南、贵州的油品中转任务。作为兰成渝成品油管道的重要枢纽库,对四川乃至整个西南地区的成品油供应发挥着巨大的作用,同时对于促进西南地区的经济发展起到了保驾护航的作用。
油库内有多个成品油储罐及附属油气回收装置、收发油泵房、铁路及公路运输发油区等油品的储存、转运设施,日常生产运行风险高难度大,安全管理和应急保障工作要求高。随着应急技术手段的提高和企业信息化发展的进度加快,迫切需要借助信息化手段,提高企业的一体化和现代化管理水平,并通过开发和应用新技术,进一步增强和提高对企业重大危险源的监管和保障力度。在当前基础条件下,开展三维数字化应急系统开发与应用的研究,通过建立三维可视化的管理信息平台,达到覆盖全生命周期的设备完整性管理,形成与真实企业场景完全吻合的模拟应急演练场景和应急指挥系统,锻炼应急反应能力,提高应急指挥水平就变得尤为重要。
本文从现场实际需求出发,首先通过广泛调研,对国内外三维可视化地理信息系统以及相关依托技术的技术现状与发展热点进行了分析；其次合理设定系统设计原则与建设目标,进行了系统总体设计与各子系统的功能层次设计,对系统的关键性能指标、开放性接口、可扩展性、健壮性、易部署、易维护性提出具体设定；最后通过系统详细设计与编码测试,完成了中国石油四川销售仓储分公司104油库三维应急救援培训演练系统建设,并将其应用于104油库的全息化管理、日常安全监管、应急管理；提出了以该系统为平台的“三防合一”管理模式,探讨了其内涵与实施模式。
该三维可视化的管理信息平台,通过直观、逼真的业务流程和信息展示,再现了油库及周边环境的现实状况,将结构复杂的工艺流程、生产设施形象地展现出来。同时,通过友好的人机界面与良好的可操作性,实现了日常全息化管理、隐患管理、现场应急监控、数据传输、应急方案制订、疏散线路规划、应急力量整合以及应急资源调配等功能。系统为油库管理部门和应急管理相关部门的工作提供良好的管理和监控平台。通过利用该系统的丰富功能以及实施“三防合一”的管理模式,104油库能更好的开展日常管理以及应急预案演练,进行员工培训,有效地提升了油库日常与应急条件下的安全管理水平。
As the most full-featured and largest operating amount refined oil transit base in the southwest region, which receives and distributes oil through highway, railroad, and pipeline,104oil depot takes the task of Chengdu highroad oil distribution and transition between12cities or prefectures in Sichuan whileas Yunnan, Guizhou province. As an important hub of the Lanzhou-Chengdu-Chongqing refined oil pipelines, it plays a huge role in the refined oil supply of Sichuan province and the whole Southwest region, at the same time promotes the economic development of the southwest region for it's supply security function.
There were lot's of oil storage and transfer facilities within the104oil depot, such as refined oil storage tanks and ancillary oil and gas recovery unit, transceiver oil pump room, truck and train oil transporting distribution zones, which had high risk and work difficulty during daily operations and required high level safety management and emergency support. With the accelerated emergency technical means improvement and the development of enterprise informatization, there is an urgent need to use the information means to develop the integrated management and modern management level of the enterprise, research and development of new technologies to improve the regulation and protection efforts of major hazard source. In the current basic conditions to carry out the study of the development and application of three-dimensional digitized emergency system, covering the full life cycle of equipment integrity management through the establishment of a three-dimensional visualization management information platform, and the formation of a true enterprise scenario exactly simulated emergency drills scene and emergency command system, exercise emergency response capacity, to improve the level of emergency management becomes particularly important.
Proceeding from the actual needs, first of all, through extensive Literature research, analysis of the domestic and international situation and hot point development of three-dimensional visualization of geographic information system and management information system; Then the basic design principles and building goal of the system were set, specific settings of the overall system designand functions of each subsystem-level design, key performance indicators, open interfaces, scalability, robustness, ease of deployment, ease of maintenance were made; Finally the China Petroleum Sichuan warehousing Branch104oil depot3D emergency rescue training&exercises system's construction was completed through the system detailed design&development and applied to the the104oil depot holographic management, daily safety supervision and emergency management; The management model of syncretism of three kinds forestall management was applied using the system as basic platform and it's meaning whileas implementation model was explored.
Through intuitive, realistic processes and information display system, reproduction of the oil depot and its surrounding environment realities was made on the three-dimensional visualization management information platform, the complex process flow structure and production facilities image were demonstrated. At the same time, through a friendly interface and excellent operability, daily holographic management, risk management practices, on-site emergency monitoring, data transmission, emergency plan formulation, evacuation route planning, emergency response force integration and deployment of emergency resources and other functions were achieved. The system provided a good management and monitoring platform for the work of relevant emergency management departments and the the oil depot management department. By leveraging the rich functionality of the system, the daily management as well as contingency plans exercise of104oil depot could be carried out better and the implementation of appropriate staff training became easier, which effectively improved the oil depot's safety management level under daily as well as emergency conditions.
油库内有多个成品油储罐及附属油气回收装置、收发油泵房、铁路及公路运输发油区等油品的储存、转运设施,日常生产运行风险高难度大,安全管理和应急保障工作要求高。随着应急技术手段的提高和企业信息化发展的进度加快,迫切需要借助信息化手段,提高企业的一体化和现代化管理水平,并通过开发和应用新技术,进一步增强和提高对企业重大危险源的监管和保障力度。在当前基础条件下,开展三维数字化应急系统开发与应用的研究,通过建立三维可视化的管理信息平台,达到覆盖全生命周期的设备完整性管理,形成与真实企业场景完全吻合的模拟应急演练场景和应急指挥系统,锻炼应急反应能力,提高应急指挥水平就变得尤为重要。
本文从现场实际需求出发,首先通过广泛调研,对国内外三维可视化地理信息系统以及相关依托技术的技术现状与发展热点进行了分析；其次合理设定系统设计原则与建设目标,进行了系统总体设计与各子系统的功能层次设计,对系统的关键性能指标、开放性接口、可扩展性、健壮性、易部署、易维护性提出具体设定；最后通过系统详细设计与编码测试,完成了中国石油四川销售仓储分公司104油库三维应急救援培训演练系统建设,并将其应用于104油库的全息化管理、日常安全监管、应急管理；提出了以该系统为平台的“三防合一”管理模式,探讨了其内涵与实施模式。
该三维可视化的管理信息平台,通过直观、逼真的业务流程和信息展示,再现了油库及周边环境的现实状况,将结构复杂的工艺流程、生产设施形象地展现出来。同时,通过友好的人机界面与良好的可操作性,实现了日常全息化管理、隐患管理、现场应急监控、数据传输、应急方案制订、疏散线路规划、应急力量整合以及应急资源调配等功能。系统为油库管理部门和应急管理相关部门的工作提供良好的管理和监控平台。通过利用该系统的丰富功能以及实施“三防合一”的管理模式,104油库能更好的开展日常管理以及应急预案演练,进行员工培训,有效地提升了油库日常与应急条件下的安全管理水平。
As the most full-featured and largest operating amount refined oil transit base in the southwest region, which receives and distributes oil through highway, railroad, and pipeline,104oil depot takes the task of Chengdu highroad oil distribution and transition between12cities or prefectures in Sichuan whileas Yunnan, Guizhou province. As an important hub of the Lanzhou-Chengdu-Chongqing refined oil pipelines, it plays a huge role in the refined oil supply of Sichuan province and the whole Southwest region, at the same time promotes the economic development of the southwest region for it's supply security function.
There were lot's of oil storage and transfer facilities within the104oil depot, such as refined oil storage tanks and ancillary oil and gas recovery unit, transceiver oil pump room, truck and train oil transporting distribution zones, which had high risk and work difficulty during daily operations and required high level safety management and emergency support. With the accelerated emergency technical means improvement and the development of enterprise informatization, there is an urgent need to use the information means to develop the integrated management and modern management level of the enterprise, research and development of new technologies to improve the regulation and protection efforts of major hazard source. In the current basic conditions to carry out the study of the development and application of three-dimensional digitized emergency system, covering the full life cycle of equipment integrity management through the establishment of a three-dimensional visualization management information platform, and the formation of a true enterprise scenario exactly simulated emergency drills scene and emergency command system, exercise emergency response capacity, to improve the level of emergency management becomes particularly important.
Proceeding from the actual needs, first of all, through extensive Literature research, analysis of the domestic and international situation and hot point development of three-dimensional visualization of geographic information system and management information system; Then the basic design principles and building goal of the system were set, specific settings of the overall system designand functions of each subsystem-level design, key performance indicators, open interfaces, scalability, robustness, ease of deployment, ease of maintenance were made; Finally the China Petroleum Sichuan warehousing Branch104oil depot3D emergency rescue training&exercises system's construction was completed through the system detailed design&development and applied to the the104oil depot holographic management, daily safety supervision and emergency management; The management model of syncretism of three kinds forestall management was applied using the system as basic platform and it's meaning whileas implementation model was explored.
Through intuitive, realistic processes and information display system, reproduction of the oil depot and its surrounding environment realities was made on the three-dimensional visualization management information platform, the complex process flow structure and production facilities image were demonstrated. At the same time, through a friendly interface and excellent operability, daily holographic management, risk management practices, on-site emergency monitoring, data transmission, emergency plan formulation, evacuation route planning, emergency response force integration and deployment of emergency resources and other functions were achieved. The system provided a good management and monitoring platform for the work of relevant emergency management departments and the the oil depot management department. By leveraging the rich functionality of the system, the daily management as well as contingency plans exercise of104oil depot could be carried out better and the implementation of appropriate staff training became easier, which effectively improved the oil depot's safety management level under daily as well as emergency conditions.
引文
[1]李军.成品油库建设发展趋势探析[J].硅谷,2013,4：50,133.
[2]赵孟卿.成品油库自动化改造的探讨[J].石油化工自动化,2010,2：36-39.
[3]杨晓婕,周云利.油库自动化建设与管理存在问题与对策[J].石油商技,2004,22(3)：49-50.
[4]黄坤,宋欢欢,刘苏,等.数字化油库建设探讨[J].天然气与石油,2012,30(1)：1-4.
[5]张明.基于ZigBee网络的数字化油库系统设计[D].安徽理工大学,2012.
[6]易军,费敏锐,张颖.面向三维可视化界面的地下油库网络测控系统设计与应用[J].测控技术,2004,23(7)：30-35.
[7]郑冰,徐楠,贾红云.数字化油库综合信息管理系统[J].微计算机信息,2008,24(7)：7-8.
[8]贾红云.数字化油库综合信息管理系统[D].中国海洋大学,2007.
[9]张磊.油库、加油站和管道运营培训及虚拟演练三维系统的研究[J].石油库与加油站,2012,21(4)：23-26.
[10]明均仁,梁晶.管理信息系统[M].武汉：华中科技大学出版社,2012.
[11]刘迪.工程管理信息系统[M].大连：大连理工大学出版社,2008.
[12]Maguire D J. An overview and definition of MIS[M]. London:Longman Inc,1991: 9-19.
[13]杨周南.美国信息技术产业现状浅析及对我国管理信息系统发展的思考[J].财务与会计,2005,(2)：9-12.
[14]祝士明.管理信息系统[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2005.
[15]何凌燕.浅析管理信息系统的发展动力及趋势[J].商场现代化,2007,5(12)：11-12.
[16]贺超,曹庆仁,王建军.我国煤炭安全管理信息系统研究现状与展望[J].工业安全与环保,2012,38(5)：66-70.
[17]王天新.管理信息系统发展[J].现代情报,2007,(5)：224-226.
[18]卞艺杰.国外管理信息系统专业的发展趋势[J].河海大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2000,2(4)：65-70.
[19]Kent Walstrom, Bill Hardgrave, Rick Wilson. Forums for Management Information Systems Scholars[J]. Communications of the ACM,1995,38 (3):93-102.
[20]魏珺,张彩红.浅谈管理信息系统在企业发展中的作用[J].硅谷,2010,(7)：54-55.
[21]唐桂华,夏晖.我国MIS的开发现状及发展趋势[J].电子科技大学学报(社科版),2002,4(2)：22-25.
[22]吴士亮,薛恒新,韦东方.企业管理信息系统发展趋势分析[J].企业管理,2004, 5 (11)：123-125.
[23]刘辉,邢跃群.MIS开发和应用中的若干问题及对策[J].商场现代化,2007,5(13)：50-51.
[24]刘全利.关于管理信息系统进一步发展的思考[J].渝州大学学报(自然科学版),2001,18(3)：6-9.
[25]王继业.对管理信息系统及其发展的若干问题探讨[J].中国电力,2001,34(4)：19-23.
[26]姜学智,李中华.国内外虚拟现实技术的研究现状[J].辽宁工程技术大学学报,2004,23(2),238-241.
[27]刘贤梅,李勤,司国海,等.虚拟现实技术及其应用[J].大庆石油学院学报,2002,26(2),112-118.
[28]B Anderson, A McGrath. Strategies for Mutability in Virtual Environments[C]. J Vince, R Earnshaw eds. Virtual Worlds on the Internet, Los Alamitos. Calif:IEEE CS Press, 1988:123-134.
[29]王健美,张旭,王勇,等.美国虚拟现实技术发展现状、政策及对我国的启示[J].科技管理研究,2010,(14),37-42.
[30]胡小梅,俞涛,方明伦.分布式虚拟现实技术[M].上海：上海大学出版社,2012.
[31]Jildou Louwsma, Ron van Lammeren. Specifying and Implementing Constraints in GIS—with Examples from a Geo-Virtual Reality System [J]. GeoInformatica,2006, (10):531-550.
[32]张开权.基于虚拟现实的消防预案仿真系统研究与实现[D].华中科技大学,2006.
[33]Jihad EI-Sana, Amitabh Varshey. Topology simplification for polygonal virtual environments [J]. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics,1998,4 (2):133-143.
[34]阿查里雅.数字图像处理：原理与应用[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2007：104-158.
[35]尹秩华.虚拟现实技术和GIS技术在虚拟校园中的应用[D].重庆师范大学,2005.
[36]侯俊,李蔚清,林昌年.变电站三维交互场景仿真关键技术研究[J].电网技术,2005(29)：70-75.
[37]Ge Chen, Hui Yu, Yong Han, Ke Zhang. Application of VR Technology in the Interactive Demonstration of Large Tourist Areas[C]. Proceeding of Intuition 2005, Senlis, France, Nov 25-26.
[38]匡亚明.三维GIS的虚拟场景与气象模拟的实现[D].大连理工大学,2005.
[39]Liu Ju, Wang Kai, Chi Yingbo. Application of VR in Urban Planning and Managing [J]. China Science and Technology Information.2009(02):276-278
[40]Tao Cheng, Jochen Teizer. Real-time resource location data collection and visualization technology for construction safety and activity monitoring applications [J]. Automation in Construction,2012, (2):251-264.
[41]董秀兰.基于GIS的三维虚拟校园的设计与实现[D].安徽理工大学,2012.
[42]涂圣文.CAD、GIS及VR集成技术在工程领域的应用研究[D].华中科技大学,2005.
[43]李成名,王继周,马照亭.数字城市三维地理空间框架原理与方法[M].北京：科学出版社,2008.
[44]《数字城市导论》编委会.数字城市导论[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2002.
[45]Li RX. Data structure and Application Issues in 3D Geographic Information System[J]. Geomatic,1994,48 (3):209-224.
[46]D. Martin, P.Atkinson. Innovation in GIS application? [J]. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems,2000, (24):61-64.
[47]Goodchild M F. Geographic Information Science[J]. Geographic Information Science, 1992,6(3):31-35.
[48]Moutal H P, Bowen D R, Wendy D. GIS:New York's pipe dream[J]. Civil Engineering, 1992,62 (2):66-67.
[49]RanZinger M, Gleixner G. GIS Datasets for 3D Urban Planning[J]. Computer, Environment and Urban Systems,1997,21 (2):159-173.
[50]Nebiker S. Design and Implementation of the High-performance 3D Digital Landscape Server'DILAS'[C]. Proceedings of the Joint International Symposium on Geospatial Theory, Processing and Applications,2002, July 8-12, Ottawa, Canada:201-210.
[51]Karamouz, Mohammad. Appilcation of GIS in monitoring and trouble shooting of water distribution systems[J]. ASCE,1991,2 (10):564-569.
[52]Peuquet D J. Representation of Geographic Space:Toward A Conceptual Synthesis [J]. Annals of the Association of American Geographers,1988,375-391.
[53]Tassilo Glander, Jurgen D6llner. Abstract representations for interactive visualization of virtual 3D city models [J]. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems,2009, (3): 375-387.
[54]Lowe D G. Distinctive Image Features from Scale-invariant Keypoints [J]. International Journal of Computer Vision,2004,60(2):91-110.
[55]王宇.火力发电厂三维地理信息系统设计与实现[D].电子科技大学,2005.
[56]王立新,吕德洪.GIS在我国的应用现状分析[J].江西测绘,2006,66(4)：27-30.
[57]樊宜宾.关于我国GIS发展问题的研究[J].广西师院学报(自然科学版),1997,14(2)： 1-8.
[58]黄玉华.地理信息系统(GIS)在我国地学中的应用[J].西北地质,2002,35(1)：70-76.
[59]张超,段玉山.地理教育展望[M].上海：华东科技大学出版社,2002.
[60]李德仁.信息高速公路、空间数据基础设施与数字地球[J].中国测绘,1999,4： 21-24.
[61]何全军.三维可视化技术在地理信息系统中的应用研究[D].吉林大学,2004.
[62]段玉山.地理信息系统基础教育[M].合肥：安徽教育出版社,2006.
[63]史文中,吴立新,李清泉等.三维空间信息系统模型与算法[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2007.
[64]Bourdakis V. Making Sense of the City Centre for advanced Studies in Architecture (CASA)[M]. University of Bath,1997:5-12.
[65]Salomon B, Garber M, Lin M C, et al. Interactive Navigation in Complex Environments Using Path Planning[C]. ACM Siggraph Symposium on interactive 3D Graphics,2003: 96-102.
[66]Shi W. Development of A Hybrid Model for Three-Dimensional GIS[J]. Geo-Spatial Information Scienee,2000,3 (2):6-12.
[67]Moore R R, Johnson S E. Three-dimensional reconstruction and modeling of complexly folded surfaces using mathematics[J]. Computers and Geosciences,2001,27 (4): 401-418.
[68]Losa A, Cervelle B.3D Topological modeling and visualization for 3D GIS [J]. Computers & Graphics,1999, (23):469-478.
[69]Rick Germs. A multi-view VR interface for 3D GIS [J]. Computers & Graphics,1999, (23):497-506.
[70]Haklay M E. Virtual reality and GIS:Applications, trends and directions[M], In:Peter Fisher and David Unwin, Virtual Reality in Geography, Taylor & Francis, London.2002,47-57.
[71]朱庆,林珲.数码城市地理信息系统：虚拟城市环境中的三维城市模型初探[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社,2004.
[72]Carsten Beuthel, Fan Dai, Emanuel Kolb, Eckhard Kruse.3D visualization for the monitoring and control of airport operations [J]. Control Engineering Practice,2002, (10):1315-1320.
[73]党倩.基于GIS三维可视化技术及其实现方法研究[D].南京航空航天大学,2008.
[74]张海荣.地理信息系统原理与应用[M].徐州：中国矿业大学出版社,2007.
[75]孙杭,孙芳.浅谈可视化3维GIS[J].测绘与空间地理信息,2009,32(4)：131-132.
[76]刘明皓,夏英,袁正午,等.地理信息系统导论[M].重庆：重庆大学出版社,2010.
[77]朱世才,郭红,王铁军.浅议3维GIS基础数据获取的若干问题[J].测绘与空间地理信息,2006,29(3)：70-71.
[78]M J Noot, A C Telea, J K M Jansen. Realtime numerical simulation and visualization of electrochemical drilling[J]. Computing and visualization in science,1998,1 (2): 105-111.
[79]王彦兵,吴立新,李小娟.3维GIS空间建模方法评述[J].中国图像图形学报,2007,12(8)：1430-1434.
[80]康铭东,彭玉群.移动GIS的关键技术与应用[J].测绘通报,2008(9)：50-53.
[81]许颖,魏峰远.移动GIS关键技术及开发模式探讨[J].测绘与空间地理信息,2008,31(4)：45-47.
[82]李斌兵.移动地理信息系统开发技术[M].西安：西安电子科技大学出版社,2009.
[83]张正栋,邱国峰,郑春燕,等.地理信息系统原理、应用与工程[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社,2005.
[84]冯刊民等编著,油库事故分析与预防[M],北京：中国石化出版社,2005
[85]雍歧东等,油库安全事故致因机理及安全评价方法研究,后勤工程学院学报.2005(2)：12-15
[86]张华林,刘刚.我国石油安全评价指标体系初探[J].国际石油经济,2005,(05).
[87]陈杰,赵广明.油库火灾和爆炸事故的预防[J].石油化工安全技术,2002,(03)
[88]朱海军,杨潞锋,张赞牢,张骞.浅谈油库火灾的扑救[J].内蒙古石油化工,2005,(05)
[89]唐黎标.惊天霹雳点燃大油库[J].防灾博览,2005,(03)
[90]陈立,赵广明.油库火灾和爆炸事故的预防[J].石油化工安全技术,2002,18(3)：32-35.
[91]刘琪.我国劳动安全事故的原因及对策[J].湖湘论坛,2005, (6)：81-85.
[92]钟茂华,范维澄,王清安等.工业典型危险作业场所火灾预防与控制技术研究展望[J].火灾科学.2000,9(2)：21-26.
[93]赵瑞华,牟善军,蒋涛.国内危险化学品种特大典型事故案例.国家安全生产监督管理局,2002.
[94]刘新建,杨鹃鹏,程向新.基于ETA的客滚船车辆舱火灾原因和控制分析[J].北京：航海技术,2008(1)：24-25.
[95]郎需庆,刘全桢.英国邦斯尔德油库火灾爆炸事故引发的思考.石油化工安全环保技术,2009,25(6)：45-48.
[96]苏国胜,李文波,郎需庆,等.邦斯菲尔德油库事故的启示[J].安全,健康和环境,2006,(12)：13-15.
[97]章建忠.浅谈石油库火灾爆炸事故原因及预防措施[J].安全与健康,2002,(上)：38-40.
[98]帅先勇.油库着火爆炸事故的形成原因及预防[J].石油库与加油站,2003,12(5)：17-18.
[99]张晓东,章保东,袁昌明.油库火灾爆炸危险分析与控制.中国计量学院,2005(9)：251-254.
[100]狄建华.油库火灾与爆炸危险性评价.华北工学院学报,2003(2)：152-156.
[101]刘宏.油库火灾爆炸危险性因素及预防措施.油气田地面工程,2005(6)：13-14.
[102]黄郑华,范豪杰.油罐区火灾爆炸危险性评价及其控制.安全技术,2004(8)： 26-28..
[103]狄建华.油库火灾爆炸危险性分析.安全、健康和环境,2002,2(8)：34-35,42.
[104]郭继坤,王丰主编.油库安全管理基础[M],北京：中国石化出版社,2009
[105]黄郑华,范豪杰.油罐区火灾爆炸危险性评价及其控制.安全技术,2004(8)：26-28..
[106]董保胜,陈宏达,赵新伟,等.储罐焊接缺陷安全评价.管道技术与设备,2010,(03)：3-4.
[107]苗青,李向阳.油库项目爆炸燃烧产物的环境风险评价方法,2010,(5)：55-57.
[108]杨艺等主编,油库安全评价与应急救援技术[M],北京：中国石化出版社,2009
[109]孙金凤,陈国华.重大危险源事故风险预警技术研究.中国安全生产科学技术,2010,6(2)：44-50.
[110]周剑锋.区域重大危险源远程监控与动态风险预警模型研究[D].广州：华南理工大学,2009..
[111]张凤祥.浅析炼化企业在役装置危险源辨识和风险评价.石油化工安全环保技术2010,26(2)：6-9,14.
[112]张国顺.危险源不安全隐患的定量评估.北京理工大学学报,1992,12(2)：77-83.
[113]陈高君,张凤杰.危险源辨识、风险评价和风险控制的应用与实践.煤矿开采,11(5)：64-65,89.
[114]师立晨,魏利军,罗艾民,吴宗之.重大危险源辨识中存在问题讨论.安全与环境学报,2008,8(2)：2-4.
[115]汪培庄,韩立岩.应用模糊数学[M].北京：首都经济贸易大学出版社,1989.
[116]李鸿基.模糊数学基础及实用算法[M].北京：科学出版社,2005：30-52..
[117]孟凡芹,奚丽波,林彬,等.基于模糊综合评价方法的机场油库安全度评估研究.数学的实践与认识,2007(10)：26-31.
[118]于贤福,杨艺.模糊综合评价在油库安全中的应用.工业安全与防尘,2000(5)：37-39.
[119]黄坤,刘苏,林辉,等.模糊综合评价法在油库安全评价中的应用.油气储运,2006(5)：54-58.
[120]郑贤斌,李自力.油库安全综合评价的AHP-Fuzzy方法[J].工业安全与环保,2004,30(2)：43-45.
[121]李凌峰,姚安林,肖锋,张斌.油库风险评价中的模糊综合评价模型初探[J].重庆科技学院学报(自然科学版),2008,10(01)：125-128.
[122]李凌峰,姚安林,肖锋,张斌.油库风险模糊综合评价技术研究[J].石油工程建设,2009,35(01)：1-4.
[123]李凌峰,姚安林,肖锋,张斌.成品油库风险评价的模糊综合评判法[J].石油库与加油站,2008,17(04)：31-34.
[124]康必勇.成品油库健康安全环境风险评价.石油库与加油站,2001,10(5)：20-24.
[125]张欣,王宝伟,杜霞,等.城市区域火灾风险评估方法探讨[J].消防科学与技术,2006,25(2)：198-201.
[126]Kofler M. R-tree for Organizing and Visualizing 3DGIS Database[J]. Joumal of visualization and computer animation,2000, (11):129-143.
[127]Subramaniam C, Kerpedjiev S. Dissemination of Weather Information to Emergency Managers:A Decision Support Tool [J]. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management,1998,45 (2):106-114.
[128]黄静.三维可视化技术及其在电力培训系统中的应用[D].大庆石油学院,2004.
[129]Aitor Moreno, Jorge Posada. Benefit of the integration of semantic 3D models in a fire-fighting VR simulator [J]. Appl Geomat,2012, (4):143-153.
[130]董立岩,李真,王利民.突发公共事件应急平台系统研究[J].吉林大学学报(信息科学版),2009,27(4)：376-382.
[131]张明旺.基于ArcGIS和3ds Max的数字厂区三维可视化系统建设与应用研究[D].兰州交通大学,2012.
[132]Maguire D J, Goodchild M F, Rhind D W. Geographical Information Systems: Principles and Applications[M]. Longman,1991,227-237.
[133]David V P, Margo E, T. Coupling 3D visualization to qualitative assessment of built environment designs[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning,2001, (55):29-40.
[134]Claire Ellul, Muki Haklay. Requirements for Topology in 3D GIS [J]. Transaction in GIS,2006,10(2):157-175.
[135]张生德,王磊.三维可视化地理信息系统在城市规划中的应用研究[J].中国图象图形学报,2001,6(A-9)：935-939.
[136]王心路,赵文耘,余春.C/S向B/S系统迁移的技术[J].计算机工程,2004,30(3)：71-74.
[137]朱明,薛重生,李丹等.城市管网数据模型与网络逻辑拓扑结构[J].中国地质大学学报,2005,30(2)：255-259.
[138]Goodchild M F, Egenhofer M J, Kempk K, et al. Introduction to the Varenius Project[J]. Geographic Information Science,1999,13(8):731-745.
[139]Payam Ghadirian, Ian D. Bishop. Integration of augmented reality and GIS:A new approach to realistic landscape visualisation [J]. Landscape and Urban Planning,2008, (86):226-232.
[140]苏银太.城市地下管网应急抢修辅助决策系统的设计与实现[D].解放军信息工程大学,2011.
[141]吴建华,付仲良,王力等.基于C/S与B/S混合架构的排水地理信息系统[J].计算机工程与应用,2007,43(7)：230-234.
[142]李青元,林宗坚,李成明.真三维GIS技术研究的现状和发展[J].测绘科学,2000,25(2)：47-52.
[143]陶闯,王全科.基于“地学信息服务”的Internet三维GIS:GeoEye 3D[J].测绘学报,2002,31(1)：17-21.
[144]肖乐斌,钟耳顺,刘纪远等.三维GIS的基本问题探讨[J].中国图象图形学报,2001,6(A-9)：842-848.
[145]陈军,蒋捷.多维动态GIS的空间数据建模、处理与分析[J].武汉测绘科技大学学报,2000,25(3)：189-195.
[146]李忠态,李志宏,胡绍波等.基于MVC和J2EE框架的企业信息服务平台的设计和实现[J].楚雄师范学院学报,2007,22(9)：21-26.
[147]隋永,周家纪.MVC在J2EE框架中的应用研究[J].计算机技术与发展,2006,16(12)：119-123.
[148]郭艳蕊.J2EE和MVC模式在校园管理系统开发中的应用[J].信息与电脑,2011,(2)：43-44.
[149]王钰.基于Skyline技术的油田地面三维可视化开发与实现[D].长安大学,2009.
[150]Agrawal R, Imielienski T, Swami A. Mining Association Rules between Sets of Items in Large Databases[C]. Proc Conf on Management of Data. New York, NY, USA: ACM Press,1993:207-216.
[151]Peter Fisher, David Unwin. Virtual Reality in Geography—Geographic Information Systems Workshop[M]. Taylor & Francis,2002:7-17.
[2]赵孟卿.成品油库自动化改造的探讨[J].石油化工自动化,2010,2：36-39.
[3]杨晓婕,周云利.油库自动化建设与管理存在问题与对策[J].石油商技,2004,22(3)：49-50.
[4]黄坤,宋欢欢,刘苏,等.数字化油库建设探讨[J].天然气与石油,2012,30(1)：1-4.
[5]张明.基于ZigBee网络的数字化油库系统设计[D].安徽理工大学,2012.
[6]易军,费敏锐,张颖.面向三维可视化界面的地下油库网络测控系统设计与应用[J].测控技术,2004,23(7)：30-35.
[7]郑冰,徐楠,贾红云.数字化油库综合信息管理系统[J].微计算机信息,2008,24(7)：7-8.
[8]贾红云.数字化油库综合信息管理系统[D].中国海洋大学,2007.
[9]张磊.油库、加油站和管道运营培训及虚拟演练三维系统的研究[J].石油库与加油站,2012,21(4)：23-26.
[10]明均仁,梁晶.管理信息系统[M].武汉：华中科技大学出版社,2012.
[11]刘迪.工程管理信息系统[M].大连：大连理工大学出版社,2008.
[12]Maguire D J. An overview and definition of MIS[M]. London:Longman Inc,1991: 9-19.
[13]杨周南.美国信息技术产业现状浅析及对我国管理信息系统发展的思考[J].财务与会计,2005,(2)：9-12.
[14]祝士明.管理信息系统[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2005.
[15]何凌燕.浅析管理信息系统的发展动力及趋势[J].商场现代化,2007,5(12)：11-12.
[16]贺超,曹庆仁,王建军.我国煤炭安全管理信息系统研究现状与展望[J].工业安全与环保,2012,38(5)：66-70.
[17]王天新.管理信息系统发展[J].现代情报,2007,(5)：224-226.
[18]卞艺杰.国外管理信息系统专业的发展趋势[J].河海大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2000,2(4)：65-70.
[19]Kent Walstrom, Bill Hardgrave, Rick Wilson. Forums for Management Information Systems Scholars[J]. Communications of the ACM,1995,38 (3):93-102.
[20]魏珺,张彩红.浅谈管理信息系统在企业发展中的作用[J].硅谷,2010,(7)：54-55.
[21]唐桂华,夏晖.我国MIS的开发现状及发展趋势[J].电子科技大学学报(社科版),2002,4(2)：22-25.
[22]吴士亮,薛恒新,韦东方.企业管理信息系统发展趋势分析[J].企业管理,2004, 5 (11)：123-125.
[23]刘辉,邢跃群.MIS开发和应用中的若干问题及对策[J].商场现代化,2007,5(13)：50-51.
[24]刘全利.关于管理信息系统进一步发展的思考[J].渝州大学学报(自然科学版),2001,18(3)：6-9.
[25]王继业.对管理信息系统及其发展的若干问题探讨[J].中国电力,2001,34(4)：19-23.
[26]姜学智,李中华.国内外虚拟现实技术的研究现状[J].辽宁工程技术大学学报,2004,23(2),238-241.
[27]刘贤梅,李勤,司国海,等.虚拟现实技术及其应用[J].大庆石油学院学报,2002,26(2),112-118.
[28]B Anderson, A McGrath. Strategies for Mutability in Virtual Environments[C]. J Vince, R Earnshaw eds. Virtual Worlds on the Internet, Los Alamitos. Calif:IEEE CS Press, 1988:123-134.
[29]王健美,张旭,王勇,等.美国虚拟现实技术发展现状、政策及对我国的启示[J].科技管理研究,2010,(14),37-42.
[30]胡小梅,俞涛,方明伦.分布式虚拟现实技术[M].上海：上海大学出版社,2012.
[31]Jildou Louwsma, Ron van Lammeren. Specifying and Implementing Constraints in GIS—with Examples from a Geo-Virtual Reality System [J]. GeoInformatica,2006, (10):531-550.
[32]张开权.基于虚拟现实的消防预案仿真系统研究与实现[D].华中科技大学,2006.
[33]Jihad EI-Sana, Amitabh Varshey. Topology simplification for polygonal virtual environments [J]. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics,1998,4 (2):133-143.
[34]阿查里雅.数字图像处理：原理与应用[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2007：104-158.
[35]尹秩华.虚拟现实技术和GIS技术在虚拟校园中的应用[D].重庆师范大学,2005.
[36]侯俊,李蔚清,林昌年.变电站三维交互场景仿真关键技术研究[J].电网技术,2005(29)：70-75.
[37]Ge Chen, Hui Yu, Yong Han, Ke Zhang. Application of VR Technology in the Interactive Demonstration of Large Tourist Areas[C]. Proceeding of Intuition 2005, Senlis, France, Nov 25-26.
[38]匡亚明.三维GIS的虚拟场景与气象模拟的实现[D].大连理工大学,2005.
[39]Liu Ju, Wang Kai, Chi Yingbo. Application of VR in Urban Planning and Managing [J]. China Science and Technology Information.2009(02):276-278
[40]Tao Cheng, Jochen Teizer. Real-time resource location data collection and visualization technology for construction safety and activity monitoring applications [J]. Automation in Construction,2012, (2):251-264.
[41]董秀兰.基于GIS的三维虚拟校园的设计与实现[D].安徽理工大学,2012.
[42]涂圣文.CAD、GIS及VR集成技术在工程领域的应用研究[D].华中科技大学,2005.
[43]李成名,王继周,马照亭.数字城市三维地理空间框架原理与方法[M].北京：科学出版社,2008.
[44]《数字城市导论》编委会.数字城市导论[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2002.
[45]Li RX. Data structure and Application Issues in 3D Geographic Information System[J]. Geomatic,1994,48 (3):209-224.
[46]D. Martin, P.Atkinson. Innovation in GIS application? [J]. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems,2000, (24):61-64.
[47]Goodchild M F. Geographic Information Science[J]. Geographic Information Science, 1992,6(3):31-35.
[48]Moutal H P, Bowen D R, Wendy D. GIS:New York's pipe dream[J]. Civil Engineering, 1992,62 (2):66-67.
[49]RanZinger M, Gleixner G. GIS Datasets for 3D Urban Planning[J]. Computer, Environment and Urban Systems,1997,21 (2):159-173.
[50]Nebiker S. Design and Implementation of the High-performance 3D Digital Landscape Server'DILAS'[C]. Proceedings of the Joint International Symposium on Geospatial Theory, Processing and Applications,2002, July 8-12, Ottawa, Canada:201-210.
[51]Karamouz, Mohammad. Appilcation of GIS in monitoring and trouble shooting of water distribution systems[J]. ASCE,1991,2 (10):564-569.
[52]Peuquet D J. Representation of Geographic Space:Toward A Conceptual Synthesis [J]. Annals of the Association of American Geographers,1988,375-391.
[53]Tassilo Glander, Jurgen D6llner. Abstract representations for interactive visualization of virtual 3D city models [J]. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems,2009, (3): 375-387.
[54]Lowe D G. Distinctive Image Features from Scale-invariant Keypoints [J]. International Journal of Computer Vision,2004,60(2):91-110.
[55]王宇.火力发电厂三维地理信息系统设计与实现[D].电子科技大学,2005.
[56]王立新,吕德洪.GIS在我国的应用现状分析[J].江西测绘,2006,66(4)：27-30.
[57]樊宜宾.关于我国GIS发展问题的研究[J].广西师院学报(自然科学版),1997,14(2)： 1-8.
[58]黄玉华.地理信息系统(GIS)在我国地学中的应用[J].西北地质,2002,35(1)：70-76.
[59]张超,段玉山.地理教育展望[M].上海：华东科技大学出版社,2002.
[60]李德仁.信息高速公路、空间数据基础设施与数字地球[J].中国测绘,1999,4： 21-24.
[61]何全军.三维可视化技术在地理信息系统中的应用研究[D].吉林大学,2004.
[62]段玉山.地理信息系统基础教育[M].合肥：安徽教育出版社,2006.
[63]史文中,吴立新,李清泉等.三维空间信息系统模型与算法[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2007.
[64]Bourdakis V. Making Sense of the City Centre for advanced Studies in Architecture (CASA)[M]. University of Bath,1997:5-12.
[65]Salomon B, Garber M, Lin M C, et al. Interactive Navigation in Complex Environments Using Path Planning[C]. ACM Siggraph Symposium on interactive 3D Graphics,2003: 96-102.
[66]Shi W. Development of A Hybrid Model for Three-Dimensional GIS[J]. Geo-Spatial Information Scienee,2000,3 (2):6-12.
[67]Moore R R, Johnson S E. Three-dimensional reconstruction and modeling of complexly folded surfaces using mathematics[J]. Computers and Geosciences,2001,27 (4): 401-418.
[68]Losa A, Cervelle B.3D Topological modeling and visualization for 3D GIS [J]. Computers & Graphics,1999, (23):469-478.
[69]Rick Germs. A multi-view VR interface for 3D GIS [J]. Computers & Graphics,1999, (23):497-506.
[70]Haklay M E. Virtual reality and GIS:Applications, trends and directions[M], In:Peter Fisher and David Unwin, Virtual Reality in Geography, Taylor & Francis, London.2002,47-57.
[71]朱庆,林珲.数码城市地理信息系统：虚拟城市环境中的三维城市模型初探[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社,2004.
[72]Carsten Beuthel, Fan Dai, Emanuel Kolb, Eckhard Kruse.3D visualization for the monitoring and control of airport operations [J]. Control Engineering Practice,2002, (10):1315-1320.
[73]党倩.基于GIS三维可视化技术及其实现方法研究[D].南京航空航天大学,2008.
[74]张海荣.地理信息系统原理与应用[M].徐州：中国矿业大学出版社,2007.
[75]孙杭,孙芳.浅谈可视化3维GIS[J].测绘与空间地理信息,2009,32(4)：131-132.
[76]刘明皓,夏英,袁正午,等.地理信息系统导论[M].重庆：重庆大学出版社,2010.
[77]朱世才,郭红,王铁军.浅议3维GIS基础数据获取的若干问题[J].测绘与空间地理信息,2006,29(3)：70-71.
[78]M J Noot, A C Telea, J K M Jansen. Realtime numerical simulation and visualization of electrochemical drilling[J]. Computing and visualization in science,1998,1 (2): 105-111.
[79]王彦兵,吴立新,李小娟.3维GIS空间建模方法评述[J].中国图像图形学报,2007,12(8)：1430-1434.
[80]康铭东,彭玉群.移动GIS的关键技术与应用[J].测绘通报,2008(9)：50-53.
[81]许颖,魏峰远.移动GIS关键技术及开发模式探讨[J].测绘与空间地理信息,2008,31(4)：45-47.
[82]李斌兵.移动地理信息系统开发技术[M].西安：西安电子科技大学出版社,2009.
[83]张正栋,邱国峰,郑春燕,等.地理信息系统原理、应用与工程[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社,2005.
[84]冯刊民等编著,油库事故分析与预防[M],北京：中国石化出版社,2005
[85]雍歧东等,油库安全事故致因机理及安全评价方法研究,后勤工程学院学报.2005(2)：12-15
[86]张华林,刘刚.我国石油安全评价指标体系初探[J].国际石油经济,2005,(05).
[87]陈杰,赵广明.油库火灾和爆炸事故的预防[J].石油化工安全技术,2002,(03)
[88]朱海军,杨潞锋,张赞牢,张骞.浅谈油库火灾的扑救[J].内蒙古石油化工,2005,(05)
[89]唐黎标.惊天霹雳点燃大油库[J].防灾博览,2005,(03)
[90]陈立,赵广明.油库火灾和爆炸事故的预防[J].石油化工安全技术,2002,18(3)：32-35.
[91]刘琪.我国劳动安全事故的原因及对策[J].湖湘论坛,2005, (6)：81-85.
[92]钟茂华,范维澄,王清安等.工业典型危险作业场所火灾预防与控制技术研究展望[J].火灾科学.2000,9(2)：21-26.
[93]赵瑞华,牟善军,蒋涛.国内危险化学品种特大典型事故案例.国家安全生产监督管理局,2002.
[94]刘新建,杨鹃鹏,程向新.基于ETA的客滚船车辆舱火灾原因和控制分析[J].北京：航海技术,2008(1)：24-25.
[95]郎需庆,刘全桢.英国邦斯尔德油库火灾爆炸事故引发的思考.石油化工安全环保技术,2009,25(6)：45-48.
[96]苏国胜,李文波,郎需庆,等.邦斯菲尔德油库事故的启示[J].安全,健康和环境,2006,(12)：13-15.
[97]章建忠.浅谈石油库火灾爆炸事故原因及预防措施[J].安全与健康,2002,(上)：38-40.
[98]帅先勇.油库着火爆炸事故的形成原因及预防[J].石油库与加油站,2003,12(5)：17-18.
[99]张晓东,章保东,袁昌明.油库火灾爆炸危险分析与控制.中国计量学院,2005(9)：251-254.
[100]狄建华.油库火灾与爆炸危险性评价.华北工学院学报,2003(2)：152-156.
[101]刘宏.油库火灾爆炸危险性因素及预防措施.油气田地面工程,2005(6)：13-14.
[102]黄郑华,范豪杰.油罐区火灾爆炸危险性评价及其控制.安全技术,2004(8)： 26-28..
[103]狄建华.油库火灾爆炸危险性分析.安全、健康和环境,2002,2(8)：34-35,42.
[104]郭继坤,王丰主编.油库安全管理基础[M],北京：中国石化出版社,2009
[105]黄郑华,范豪杰.油罐区火灾爆炸危险性评价及其控制.安全技术,2004(8)：26-28..
[106]董保胜,陈宏达,赵新伟,等.储罐焊接缺陷安全评价.管道技术与设备,2010,(03)：3-4.
[107]苗青,李向阳.油库项目爆炸燃烧产物的环境风险评价方法,2010,(5)：55-57.
[108]杨艺等主编,油库安全评价与应急救援技术[M],北京：中国石化出版社,2009
[109]孙金凤,陈国华.重大危险源事故风险预警技术研究.中国安全生产科学技术,2010,6(2)：44-50.
[110]周剑锋.区域重大危险源远程监控与动态风险预警模型研究[D].广州：华南理工大学,2009..
[111]张凤祥.浅析炼化企业在役装置危险源辨识和风险评价.石油化工安全环保技术2010,26(2)：6-9,14.
[112]张国顺.危险源不安全隐患的定量评估.北京理工大学学报,1992,12(2)：77-83.
[113]陈高君,张凤杰.危险源辨识、风险评价和风险控制的应用与实践.煤矿开采,11(5)：64-65,89.
[114]师立晨,魏利军,罗艾民,吴宗之.重大危险源辨识中存在问题讨论.安全与环境学报,2008,8(2)：2-4.
[115]汪培庄,韩立岩.应用模糊数学[M].北京：首都经济贸易大学出版社,1989.
[116]李鸿基.模糊数学基础及实用算法[M].北京：科学出版社,2005：30-52..
[117]孟凡芹,奚丽波,林彬,等.基于模糊综合评价方法的机场油库安全度评估研究.数学的实践与认识,2007(10)：26-31.
[118]于贤福,杨艺.模糊综合评价在油库安全中的应用.工业安全与防尘,2000(5)：37-39.
[119]黄坤,刘苏,林辉,等.模糊综合评价法在油库安全评价中的应用.油气储运,2006(5)：54-58.
[120]郑贤斌,李自力.油库安全综合评价的AHP-Fuzzy方法[J].工业安全与环保,2004,30(2)：43-45.
[121]李凌峰,姚安林,肖锋,张斌.油库风险评价中的模糊综合评价模型初探[J].重庆科技学院学报(自然科学版),2008,10(01)：125-128.
[122]李凌峰,姚安林,肖锋,张斌.油库风险模糊综合评价技术研究[J].石油工程建设,2009,35(01)：1-4.
[123]李凌峰,姚安林,肖锋,张斌.成品油库风险评价的模糊综合评判法[J].石油库与加油站,2008,17(04)：31-34.
[124]康必勇.成品油库健康安全环境风险评价.石油库与加油站,2001,10(5)：20-24.
[125]张欣,王宝伟,杜霞,等.城市区域火灾风险评估方法探讨[J].消防科学与技术,2006,25(2)：198-201.
[126]Kofler M. R-tree for Organizing and Visualizing 3DGIS Database[J]. Joumal of visualization and computer animation,2000, (11):129-143.
[127]Subramaniam C, Kerpedjiev S. Dissemination of Weather Information to Emergency Managers:A Decision Support Tool [J]. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management,1998,45 (2):106-114.
[128]黄静.三维可视化技术及其在电力培训系统中的应用[D].大庆石油学院,2004.
[129]Aitor Moreno, Jorge Posada. Benefit of the integration of semantic 3D models in a fire-fighting VR simulator [J]. Appl Geomat,2012, (4):143-153.
[130]董立岩,李真,王利民.突发公共事件应急平台系统研究[J].吉林大学学报(信息科学版),2009,27(4)：376-382.
[131]张明旺.基于ArcGIS和3ds Max的数字厂区三维可视化系统建设与应用研究[D].兰州交通大学,2012.
[132]Maguire D J, Goodchild M F, Rhind D W. Geographical Information Systems: Principles and Applications[M]. Longman,1991,227-237.
[133]David V P, Margo E, T. Coupling 3D visualization to qualitative assessment of built environment designs[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning,2001, (55):29-40.
[134]Claire Ellul, Muki Haklay. Requirements for Topology in 3D GIS [J]. Transaction in GIS,2006,10(2):157-175.
[135]张生德,王磊.三维可视化地理信息系统在城市规划中的应用研究[J].中国图象图形学报,2001,6(A-9)：935-939.
[136]王心路,赵文耘,余春.C/S向B/S系统迁移的技术[J].计算机工程,2004,30(3)：71-74.
[137]朱明,薛重生,李丹等.城市管网数据模型与网络逻辑拓扑结构[J].中国地质大学学报,2005,30(2)：255-259.
[138]Goodchild M F, Egenhofer M J, Kempk K, et al. Introduction to the Varenius Project[J]. Geographic Information Science,1999,13(8):731-745.
[139]Payam Ghadirian, Ian D. Bishop. Integration of augmented reality and GIS:A new approach to realistic landscape visualisation [J]. Landscape and Urban Planning,2008, (86):226-232.
[140]苏银太.城市地下管网应急抢修辅助决策系统的设计与实现[D].解放军信息工程大学,2011.
[141]吴建华,付仲良,王力等.基于C/S与B/S混合架构的排水地理信息系统[J].计算机工程与应用,2007,43(7)：230-234.
[142]李青元,林宗坚,李成明.真三维GIS技术研究的现状和发展[J].测绘科学,2000,25(2)：47-52.
[143]陶闯,王全科.基于“地学信息服务”的Internet三维GIS:GeoEye 3D[J].测绘学报,2002,31(1)：17-21.
[144]肖乐斌,钟耳顺,刘纪远等.三维GIS的基本问题探讨[J].中国图象图形学报,2001,6(A-9)：842-848.
[145]陈军,蒋捷.多维动态GIS的空间数据建模、处理与分析[J].武汉测绘科技大学学报,2000,25(3)：189-195.
[146]李忠态,李志宏,胡绍波等.基于MVC和J2EE框架的企业信息服务平台的设计和实现[J].楚雄师范学院学报,2007,22(9)：21-26.
[147]隋永,周家纪.MVC在J2EE框架中的应用研究[J].计算机技术与发展,2006,16(12)：119-123.
[148]郭艳蕊.J2EE和MVC模式在校园管理系统开发中的应用[J].信息与电脑,2011,(2)：43-44.
[149]王钰.基于Skyline技术的油田地面三维可视化开发与实现[D].长安大学,2009.
[150]Agrawal R, Imielienski T, Swami A. Mining Association Rules between Sets of Items in Large Databases[C]. Proc Conf on Management of Data. New York, NY, USA: ACM Press,1993:207-216.
[151]Peter Fisher, David Unwin. Virtual Reality in Geography—Geographic Information Systems Workshop[M]. Taylor & Francis,2002:7-17.