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甘薯天蛾若干生物学特性及人工饲养技术研究
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摘要
甘薯天蛾是一种甘薯上的食叶害虫,由于其具有生长迅速、繁殖量大、周期短以及蛋白质含量丰富等特点,是有待产业化开发利用的一种优良的蛋白质资源,本文对甘薯天蛾的部分生物学特性和人工饲养技术进行了试验研究,取得的主要研究结果如下:
     1.利用显微测微尺测量了甘薯天蛾各龄幼虫头壳的宽度,甘薯天蛾幼虫相邻龄期头壳宽度比值分别为1.687(二龄:一龄)、1.650(三龄:二龄)、1.828(四龄:三龄)、1.787(五龄:四龄),平均1.738,说明幼虫头壳宽度是按一定的比例呈几何数增长的。
     2.用精密刻度尺对甘薯天蛾幼虫体长进行了测量,幼虫相邻龄期体长比值为2.03(二龄初:一龄初)、1.85(三龄初:二龄初)、1.63(四龄初:三龄初)、1.92(五龄初:四龄初)、1.87(五龄末:五龄初),平均比值1.86。结果说明甘薯天蛾幼虫的体长也是按一定的比例增长的。
     3.用电子分析天平称量甘薯天蛾幼虫的体重,发现从初孵幼虫时的0.8mg增长到五龄末的9.6712g,体重相差万倍以上,另外从四龄幼虫开始体重比值比较大,相邻龄期体重比值分别为7.29(五龄初:四龄初)、8.70(五龄末:五龄初),明显高于低龄期的5.88(二龄初:一龄初)、6.64(三龄初:二龄初)和4.88(四龄初:三龄初),因为四龄期和五龄期幼虫的取食量分别占总取食量的11.13%和85.39%,进入了暴食期,所以体重变化也最大。
     4.在大玻璃缸中放上深10—15cm的土层供甘薯天蛾化蛹,观察其蛹室,发现绝大多数蛹室处于在土表以下2—7cm深处,蛹室形状多为近椭圆形,略大于蛹体大小,长径与短径分别为4.5—5.0cm和3.0—4.0cm;蛹室壁密度明显大于周围土壤,内壁略光滑;蛹室没有明显的通道与外界相连,类似于全封闭式。
     5.以前记载的甘薯天蛾幼虫体色都是描述五龄幼虫的,本文详细观察记录了甘薯天蛾幼虫五个龄期的体色变化,描述了各体色型的特点,进行了系统的归纳总结。
     6.本文首次记载了在长沙地区甘薯天蛾幼虫期寄生率非常高的两种寄生蜂,分别是螟蛉悬茧姬蜂和一种绒茧蜂,它们在甘薯天蛾第二代的总寄生率为85.0%,而在第四代的总寄生率可以高达97.6%。并对甘薯天蛾的寄生性天敌种类、寄生过程和寄生症状、寄生率等都进行了详细描述。
     7.利用室内室外不同的养虫工具进行饲养,对田间罩笼法、土中化蛹法等方法进行了试验研究,整理出一整套室内室外相结合的甘薯天蛾人工饲养体系,为将来的产业化开发打下了基础。
     8.在国内外有关天蛾科人工饲料配方的基础上,设计出几组对比试验,筛选比较适合甘薯天蛾生长发育的人工饲料配方。第一组配方试验是以五种不同的谷物与甘薯叶粉搭配作为主要天然营养物质,这五种谷物分别是小麦、黄豆、玉米、小米和大米,通过分析对比发现,其中以黄豆和甘薯叶粉搭配的配方饲养效
    
    果最好,与其他配方结果相比较差异显著。第二组配方试验是黄豆粉与甘薯叶粉
    之间最佳配比的研究,设计黄豆粉从0、mg、叨g、6呢到809呈阶梯状变化,
    而相应的甘薯叶粉从狐g一直到og阶梯状变化。结果显示,聊g黄豆粉配叨。
    甘薯叶粉的配方处理效果最好,比例相差过大的其它处理与等比例配方结果相比
    较都不是十分理想,差异显著。第三组配方试验是甘薯天蛾不同龄期的幼虫对人
    工饲料的适应性比较。结果显示,从四龄开始转用人工饲料饲喂,成活率高,与
    其他龄期相比差异显著。
Herse convolvuli Linne is a kind of pest on sweat potatoes, and it has characteristics of fast growing, enormous propagating, and short week and full of abundant proteins.lt is a kind of excellent protein resource that needs to be industrially exploited. The study on some characteristics of Herse convolvuli Linne's biology and artificial rearing techniques is firstly carried out, and the main results are as following.
    1. Through the microscope we measured helmet breadth of Herse convolvuli Linne's larva, and the result showed that proportions of every two helmet breadths of neighboring instars are respectively as following. 1.687 (the second instar to the first instar), 1.650 (the third instar to the second instar), 1.828 (the fourth instar to the third instar), 1.787 (the fifth instar to the fourth instar), and the average is 1.738. The data above demonstrate that helmet breadth of Herse convolvuli Linne's larva is increasing on geometrical number.
    2. We measured body length of Herse convolvuli Linne's larva on precise ruler, and proportions of every two body lengths of neighboring instars are respectively as following. 2.03 (the beginning of the second instar to the beginning of the first instar), 1.85 (the beginning of the third instar to the beginning of the second instar), 1.63 (the beginning of the fourth instar to the beginning of the third instar), 1.92 (the beginning of the fifth instar to the beginning of the fourth instar), 1.87 (the end of the fifth instar to the beginning of the fifth instar), and the average is 1.86. The result shows that body length of Herse convolvuli Linne's larva is increasing at a certain proportion.
    3. Herse convolvuli Linne's larva weight is measured on electronic analytical scale, and the result shows that weight of the end of the fifth instar is ten thousand of that of the beginning of the first instar. The changes of weight are more evident at the fourth instar and the fifth instar. The proportions of every two weights of neighboring instars are respectively as following. 5.88 (the beginning of the second instars to the beginning of the first instar), 6.64 (the beginning of the third instar to the beginning of the second instar), 4.88 (the beginning of the fourth instar to the beginning of the third instar), 7.29 (the beginning of the fifth instar to the beginning of the fourth instar), 8.70 (the end of the fifth instar to the beginning of the fifth instar). Because Herse convolvuli Linne's larva begins to enter into the gluttony period after the fourth instar, and the appetite in the fourth instar is 11.13% of the gross appetite and the appetite
    
    
    
    in the fifth instar is 85.39% of the gross appetite.
    4. The soil about 10 to 15cm depth is put into the big glass crock to pupate for Herse convolvuli Linne's larva. We found that most of the pupa rooms are distributed at the 2 to 7cm depth under the ground, and the shape of the pupa room is elliptical and is slightly greater than the pupa. The long diameter and the short diameter are respectively 4.5 to 5cm and 3 to 4cm, and the density of the wall of the pupa room is evidently greater than the other soil surrounded, and inner-wall is slightly smooth. The pupa room has no apparent tunnel to the outside and is likely to be sealed.
    5. There are some description about the color pattern of Herse convolvuli Linne's larva, but it is mainly for the fifth instar larva. The paper probes into the color pattern of Herse convolvuli Linne's larva of all five instars, and we summed up the characteristics of the color pattern.
    6. The paper firstly reports two parasitic bees which have rather high parasitic rate on Herse convolvuli Linne's larva period at Changsha district, and they are respectively Charops bicolor (Szepligeti) and a species in Apanteles Foerster. The parasitic rate on the second generation of Herse convolvuli Linne is 85.0%, and the parasitic rate on the fourth generation come up to 97.6%. The species of the parasitic natural enemy, the parasitic course and symptom and the parasitic rate are
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