诺贝尔奖获奖感言的语类分析
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摘要
语类分析作为语言学领域的一个热门话题，对语类的研究也逐渐从对语篇的表层描述转向对语篇的宏观结构和交际意图进行深层次的阐述。而随着人们社交领域的拓宽，演讲也成为人类社交活动以及工作中不可或缺的一个部分。本篇论文研究选取诺贝尔获奖感言作为语料进行语类分析。
本文以Swales和Bhatia的语类分析模式为基础，结合Hasan的语类潜势结构理论，从诺贝尔奖官方网站下载50篇获奖演说，涉及诺贝尔物理学奖、化学奖、医学奖、经济学奖以及文学奖，运用定性和定量分析的方法，确定交际目的，得到诺贝尔奖获奖演说的“语步步骤”结构。
全文共分五章。第一章概述研究背景、研究问题以及研究意义。第二章介绍了与本文研究相关的几个重要概念，并回顾了语类分析在国内外的发展状况。第三章首先阐述理论框架，介绍了本文研究所采用的Hasan的语类结构潜势理论以及Swales和Bhatia的语类分析模式；同时详细介绍了本文的研究方法。第四章以第三章的理论和研究方法为基础，对选取的语料进行语类结构的探讨。首先在体裁结构上，诺贝尔奖获奖感言主要遵循“4-语步”模式，即问候、引入话题、发展话题、结束演讲，其中语步3属于必要成分，其余语步为选择性成分；进一步细化分析后，本文得出对于从事属于自然科学范畴的物理学、化学和医学研究的演讲者来说，语步2、3属于必要成分；而对于从事于社会科学范畴的经济学和从事人文科学范畴的文学的演讲者来说，语步3为必要成分，而语步2则是选择性成分；语步1、4在自然科学范畴的出现频率要高于其在社会科学和人文学科范畴的出现频率；其次，本文分析了诺贝尔奖获奖演说的每个步骤的语言实现和语言特征。第五章对本文的研究进行归纳总结，并指出本文研究不足之处以及本研究的发展方向。
Genre analysis as an important and hot topic has shifted its emphasis fromdescription of discourse on the surface level to interpretation of macrostructure andcommunicative functions on the deep level. With the wideness of people’s social field,public speaking has become an indispensable part of daily life and work. This thesiswill study the generic structure of the Nobel Banquet Speeches.
On the basis of Hasan’s Generic Structure Potential and Swales’ and Bhatia’sMove Models, the author selects50Nobel Banquet Speeches in the fields of physics,chemistry, physiology/medicine, economics and literature from the official website ofNobel Prize. Through qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis, the thesis clarifiesthe communicative purposes, and figures out the move-step structure of NobelBanquet Speeches.
This thesis falls into five chapters. Chapter1introduces the research background,research questions and the significance of the research. Chapter2introduces severalimportant concepts concerned with the study, and reviews the previous studies ongenre analysis at home and abroad. Chapter3firstly elaborates the theoreticalframework based on the Hasan’s Generic Structure Potential and Swales’ and Bhatia’sMove Models, and then gives a detailed introduction to the research methods and datacollection, and presents a sample analysis. Chapter4based on the theoreticalframework and methodology of the previous chapter, conducts a detailed systematicinvestigation into samples. Specifically speaking, the Nobel Banquet Speeches aremainly adopted the four-move model in generic structure: greeting, leading into thespeech, developing the speech and ending the speech. Among them, Move3isobligatory and others are optional. Furthermore, for the speeches given by NobelLaureates who are working on physics, chemistry and physiology/medicine whichbelong to natural science (Category A), Move2and Move3are obligatory and Move1and Move4are optional; for the speeches given by Nobel Laureates who are working on economics belong to social science and literature belongs to thehumanities (Category B), Move3is obligatory, and Move1, Move2and Move4areoptional; the Move1and Move4’s occurrence frequencies of Category A are higherthan those of Category B. Then the thesis rationalizes the generic structure of NobelBanquet Speeches and shows the linguistic features of each move. Chapter5makes asummary of the findings and puts forward the limitations and implications of thisstudy.
本文以Swales和Bhatia的语类分析模式为基础，结合Hasan的语类潜势结构理论，从诺贝尔奖官方网站下载50篇获奖演说，涉及诺贝尔物理学奖、化学奖、医学奖、经济学奖以及文学奖，运用定性和定量分析的方法，确定交际目的，得到诺贝尔奖获奖演说的“语步步骤”结构。
全文共分五章。第一章概述研究背景、研究问题以及研究意义。第二章介绍了与本文研究相关的几个重要概念，并回顾了语类分析在国内外的发展状况。第三章首先阐述理论框架，介绍了本文研究所采用的Hasan的语类结构潜势理论以及Swales和Bhatia的语类分析模式；同时详细介绍了本文的研究方法。第四章以第三章的理论和研究方法为基础，对选取的语料进行语类结构的探讨。首先在体裁结构上，诺贝尔奖获奖感言主要遵循“4-语步”模式，即问候、引入话题、发展话题、结束演讲，其中语步3属于必要成分，其余语步为选择性成分；进一步细化分析后，本文得出对于从事属于自然科学范畴的物理学、化学和医学研究的演讲者来说，语步2、3属于必要成分；而对于从事于社会科学范畴的经济学和从事人文科学范畴的文学的演讲者来说，语步3为必要成分，而语步2则是选择性成分；语步1、4在自然科学范畴的出现频率要高于其在社会科学和人文学科范畴的出现频率；其次，本文分析了诺贝尔奖获奖演说的每个步骤的语言实现和语言特征。第五章对本文的研究进行归纳总结，并指出本文研究不足之处以及本研究的发展方向。
Genre analysis as an important and hot topic has shifted its emphasis fromdescription of discourse on the surface level to interpretation of macrostructure andcommunicative functions on the deep level. With the wideness of people’s social field,public speaking has become an indispensable part of daily life and work. This thesiswill study the generic structure of the Nobel Banquet Speeches.
On the basis of Hasan’s Generic Structure Potential and Swales’ and Bhatia’sMove Models, the author selects50Nobel Banquet Speeches in the fields of physics,chemistry, physiology/medicine, economics and literature from the official website ofNobel Prize. Through qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis, the thesis clarifiesthe communicative purposes, and figures out the move-step structure of NobelBanquet Speeches.
This thesis falls into five chapters. Chapter1introduces the research background,research questions and the significance of the research. Chapter2introduces severalimportant concepts concerned with the study, and reviews the previous studies ongenre analysis at home and abroad. Chapter3firstly elaborates the theoreticalframework based on the Hasan’s Generic Structure Potential and Swales’ and Bhatia’sMove Models, and then gives a detailed introduction to the research methods and datacollection, and presents a sample analysis. Chapter4based on the theoreticalframework and methodology of the previous chapter, conducts a detailed systematicinvestigation into samples. Specifically speaking, the Nobel Banquet Speeches aremainly adopted the four-move model in generic structure: greeting, leading into thespeech, developing the speech and ending the speech. Among them, Move3isobligatory and others are optional. Furthermore, for the speeches given by NobelLaureates who are working on physics, chemistry and physiology/medicine whichbelong to natural science (Category A), Move2and Move3are obligatory and Move1and Move4are optional; for the speeches given by Nobel Laureates who are working on economics belong to social science and literature belongs to thehumanities (Category B), Move3is obligatory, and Move1, Move2and Move4areoptional; the Move1and Move4’s occurrence frequencies of Category A are higherthan those of Category B. Then the thesis rationalizes the generic structure of NobelBanquet Speeches and shows the linguistic features of each move. Chapter5makes asummary of the findings and puts forward the limitations and implications of thisstudy.
引文
[1] Antunes, P, Costa, C J, Dias, J F. Applying Genre Analysis to EMS Design: TheExample of a Small Accounting Firm[C]//Seventh International Workshop onGroupware.2001:74--81
[2] Berkenkotter, C, Huckin T. Genre Knowledge in Disciplinary Communication:Cognition, Culture, Power [M]. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.Publishers.1995.
[3] Bhatia, V K, Analyzing Genre: Language Use in Professional Settings [M].London: Longman.1993
[4] Bhatia, V K, Genre-Mixing in Academic Introductions [J]. English for SpecificPurposes16.1997,181-195.
[5] Bhatia, V K, A Generic View of Academic Discourse [M]. In Flowerdew (ed.)Academic Discourse. New York: Longman.2002.
[6] Bhatia, V K, Applied genre analysis: a multi-perspective model [J]. IBERICA.2002.3-19.
[7] Dudley-Evans, T. Genre analysis: a key to a theory of ESP [J].http://www.aelfe.org/documents/text2-Dudley.pdf.2000.
[8] Dudley-Evans, T, St. Jones. Development in ESP: A Multi-disciplinary Approach[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1998.
[9] Eggins, S. An Introduction to Systemic-Functional Linguistics [M]. London:Pinter.1994.
[10]Fowler, A. Kinds of Literature: An introduction to the theory of genre and modes[M]. Oxford: Clarendon Press.1982.
[11]Freedman, A, P. Medway. Genre and the New Rhetoric [M]. London: Taylor andFrancis.1994.
[12]Gillian Brown, George Yule. Discourse Analysis [M]. Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press.2000. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.2011.
[13]Halliday, M A K. Language as a Social Semiotic: the social interpretation oflanguage and meaning [M]. London: Edward Arnold.1978.
[14]Halliday, M A K, Hasan R. Language, Context and Text [M]. Australia: DeakinUniversity Press.1985/1989.
[15]Hasan, R. Text in the Systemic-Functional Model [M]. In W.U. Dressler (ed.).Current Trends in Text Linguistics. Berlin: de Gruyter.1978.
[16]Hasan, R. The Structure of a Text [M]. In F. Christie, Language, Context and Text:Aspects of Language in a Social-semiotic Perspective. Oxford: Oxford UniversityPress.1989.
[17]Heather, K, Dudley-Evans, T. Genre: what teachers think [J]. ELT Journal.199852(4):308-214.
[18]Hopkins, A, Dudley-Evans, T. A genre-based investigation of the discussionsections in articles and dissertations [J]. English for Specific Purposes(7).1988,113-121.
[19]Hyon, S. Genre in Three Traditions [G]. TESOL Quarterly.1996,30(4):643-716.
[20]James Porter. Audience and Rhetoric: An Archaeological Composition of theDiscourse Community [M]. New Jersy: Prentice Hall.1992.
[21]Martin J R. Language, Register and Genre [M]. In F. Christie (ed.) ChildrenWriting: Reader Geeloup [C]. Victoria: Deakin University Press,1984.
[22]Martin, J R. English Text: System and Structure [M]. Amsterdam: Benjamins.1992.
[23]Martin, J R, David Rose. Working with Discourse: Meaning beyond the Clause[M]. London: Continuum.2003.
[24]Martin, J R, White, P R R. The Language of Evaluation: Appraisal in English [M].London: Palgrave.2005.
[25]Miller, C. Genre as a social action [J]. Quarterly Journal of Speech.1984.70:151-167.
[26]Nobel Banquet Speeches: http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/
[27]Nwogu, K N, The Structure of Science Popularizations: a Genre-analysisApproach to the Schema of Popularized Medical Texts [J]. English for SpecificPurposes10.1991,111-123.
[28]Nwogu, K N. The Medical Research Papers; Structure and Function [J]. Englishfor Specific Purposes (16).1997,119-138
[29]Seliger, W, Shohamy, E. Second Language Research Methods [M]. Oxford:Oxford University Press.1989.
[30]Sinclair, J M, Coulthard, R M. Towards an Analysis of Discourse [M]. Oxford:Oxford University Press.1975.
[31]Swales, J M. Aspects of article introductions [M]. Birmingham, UK: TheUniversity of Aston Language Studies Unit.1981
[32]Swales, J M. Genre Analysis: English in Academic and Research Settings [M].Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.1990.
[33]Swales, J M. Genre Analysis: English in Academic and Research Settings [M].Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Press.2001.(2nd)
[34]Tompson, G. Introducing Functional Grammar [M]. Beijing: Foreign LanguageTeaching and Research Press.2000.
[35]Widdowson, H G. The theory and practice of critical discourse analysis [J].Applied Linguistics.1998,19/1:136-151.
[36]Yang Ruiying. A Genre analysis of research articles in applied linguistics [D].PhD Thesis, National University of Singapore.2001.
[37]陈坚林.现代外语教学研究理论与方法[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社.2005.
[38]方琰. Hasan的“语体结构潜势”理论及其对语篇分析的贡献[J].外语学刊.1995(1):33-39.
[39]方琰.浅谈语类[J].外国语.1998(1):17-22.
[40]方琰.以语类为基础的应用文英语写作教学模式[J].外语与外语教学.2002(1):33-36.
[41]方琰.语篇语类研究[J].清华大学学报.2002(1):15-21.
[42]胡壮麟.语言学教程[M].北京大学出版社.2002.
[43]黄国文，语篇分析概要[M].湖南教育出版社.2001.
[44]李美霞.西方语言学界话语类型研究述评[J].外语教学.2004,25(1):5-9.
[45]李晓燕.新闻访谈的语类分析[D].广东：广东外语外贸大学.2006.
[46]梁文花，秦洪武.我国近十年“体裁理论”研究概观[J].200930(1):44-48.
[47]庞继贤，叶宁.西方语类理论比较分析[J].浙江大学学报.2010:13-21.
[48]秦秀白.“体裁分析”概说[J].外国语.1997(6):8-15.
[49]秦秀白.体裁教学述评[J].外语教学与研究.2000,32(1):42-46.
[50]秦秀白.语篇的体裁分析[J].华南理工大学学报1997(11):6-11.
[51]张德禄，语类研究理论框架探索[J].外语教学与研究.2002，5
[52]张德禄，语类研究概览[J],外国语,2002，4.
[2] Berkenkotter, C, Huckin T. Genre Knowledge in Disciplinary Communication:Cognition, Culture, Power [M]. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.Publishers.1995.
[3] Bhatia, V K, Analyzing Genre: Language Use in Professional Settings [M].London: Longman.1993
[4] Bhatia, V K, Genre-Mixing in Academic Introductions [J]. English for SpecificPurposes16.1997,181-195.
[5] Bhatia, V K, A Generic View of Academic Discourse [M]. In Flowerdew (ed.)Academic Discourse. New York: Longman.2002.
[6] Bhatia, V K, Applied genre analysis: a multi-perspective model [J]. IBERICA.2002.3-19.
[7] Dudley-Evans, T. Genre analysis: a key to a theory of ESP [J].http://www.aelfe.org/documents/text2-Dudley.pdf.2000.
[8] Dudley-Evans, T, St. Jones. Development in ESP: A Multi-disciplinary Approach[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1998.
[9] Eggins, S. An Introduction to Systemic-Functional Linguistics [M]. London:Pinter.1994.
[10]Fowler, A. Kinds of Literature: An introduction to the theory of genre and modes[M]. Oxford: Clarendon Press.1982.
[11]Freedman, A, P. Medway. Genre and the New Rhetoric [M]. London: Taylor andFrancis.1994.
[12]Gillian Brown, George Yule. Discourse Analysis [M]. Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press.2000. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.2011.
[13]Halliday, M A K. Language as a Social Semiotic: the social interpretation oflanguage and meaning [M]. London: Edward Arnold.1978.
[14]Halliday, M A K, Hasan R. Language, Context and Text [M]. Australia: DeakinUniversity Press.1985/1989.
[15]Hasan, R. Text in the Systemic-Functional Model [M]. In W.U. Dressler (ed.).Current Trends in Text Linguistics. Berlin: de Gruyter.1978.
[16]Hasan, R. The Structure of a Text [M]. In F. Christie, Language, Context and Text:Aspects of Language in a Social-semiotic Perspective. Oxford: Oxford UniversityPress.1989.
[17]Heather, K, Dudley-Evans, T. Genre: what teachers think [J]. ELT Journal.199852(4):308-214.
[18]Hopkins, A, Dudley-Evans, T. A genre-based investigation of the discussionsections in articles and dissertations [J]. English for Specific Purposes(7).1988,113-121.
[19]Hyon, S. Genre in Three Traditions [G]. TESOL Quarterly.1996,30(4):643-716.
[20]James Porter. Audience and Rhetoric: An Archaeological Composition of theDiscourse Community [M]. New Jersy: Prentice Hall.1992.
[21]Martin J R. Language, Register and Genre [M]. In F. Christie (ed.) ChildrenWriting: Reader Geeloup [C]. Victoria: Deakin University Press,1984.
[22]Martin, J R. English Text: System and Structure [M]. Amsterdam: Benjamins.1992.
[23]Martin, J R, David Rose. Working with Discourse: Meaning beyond the Clause[M]. London: Continuum.2003.
[24]Martin, J R, White, P R R. The Language of Evaluation: Appraisal in English [M].London: Palgrave.2005.
[25]Miller, C. Genre as a social action [J]. Quarterly Journal of Speech.1984.70:151-167.
[26]Nobel Banquet Speeches: http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/
[27]Nwogu, K N, The Structure of Science Popularizations: a Genre-analysisApproach to the Schema of Popularized Medical Texts [J]. English for SpecificPurposes10.1991,111-123.
[28]Nwogu, K N. The Medical Research Papers; Structure and Function [J]. Englishfor Specific Purposes (16).1997,119-138
[29]Seliger, W, Shohamy, E. Second Language Research Methods [M]. Oxford:Oxford University Press.1989.
[30]Sinclair, J M, Coulthard, R M. Towards an Analysis of Discourse [M]. Oxford:Oxford University Press.1975.
[31]Swales, J M. Aspects of article introductions [M]. Birmingham, UK: TheUniversity of Aston Language Studies Unit.1981
[32]Swales, J M. Genre Analysis: English in Academic and Research Settings [M].Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.1990.
[33]Swales, J M. Genre Analysis: English in Academic and Research Settings [M].Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Press.2001.(2nd)
[34]Tompson, G. Introducing Functional Grammar [M]. Beijing: Foreign LanguageTeaching and Research Press.2000.
[35]Widdowson, H G. The theory and practice of critical discourse analysis [J].Applied Linguistics.1998,19/1:136-151.
[36]Yang Ruiying. A Genre analysis of research articles in applied linguistics [D].PhD Thesis, National University of Singapore.2001.
[37]陈坚林.现代外语教学研究理论与方法[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社.2005.
[38]方琰. Hasan的“语体结构潜势”理论及其对语篇分析的贡献[J].外语学刊.1995(1):33-39.
[39]方琰.浅谈语类[J].外国语.1998(1):17-22.
[40]方琰.以语类为基础的应用文英语写作教学模式[J].外语与外语教学.2002(1):33-36.
[41]方琰.语篇语类研究[J].清华大学学报.2002(1):15-21.
[42]胡壮麟.语言学教程[M].北京大学出版社.2002.
[43]黄国文，语篇分析概要[M].湖南教育出版社.2001.
[44]李美霞.西方语言学界话语类型研究述评[J].外语教学.2004,25(1):5-9.
[45]李晓燕.新闻访谈的语类分析[D].广东：广东外语外贸大学.2006.
[46]梁文花，秦洪武.我国近十年“体裁理论”研究概观[J].200930(1):44-48.
[47]庞继贤，叶宁.西方语类理论比较分析[J].浙江大学学报.2010:13-21.
[48]秦秀白.“体裁分析”概说[J].外国语.1997(6):8-15.
[49]秦秀白.体裁教学述评[J].外语教学与研究.2000,32(1):42-46.
[50]秦秀白.语篇的体裁分析[J].华南理工大学学报1997(11):6-11.
[51]张德禄，语类研究理论框架探索[J].外语教学与研究.2002，5
[52]张德禄，语类研究概览[J],外国语,2002，4.