七带石斑鱼繁育生物学与波纹唇鱼组织学的研究
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摘要
试验一
研究了不同盐度和温度下七带石斑鱼(Epinephelus septemfasciatus)精子的活力和低温保存下精子的寿命,以及七带石斑鱼精子的超低温保存。结果表明,七带石斑鱼精子活力最强时的最适盐度为30,最适温度为22.8℃,激烈运动时间最长为33.99 min;精子涡动时间和总活动时间与盐度和温度的关系均为二次函数关系;15以下的低盐度水和淡水对七带石斑鱼精子活力具有可逆的抑制作用。精子在4℃下低温保存1周以上能保持较强活力。超低温保存精子解冻后的存活率为10%以上,其最适激活盐度为25。
试验二
利用透射电子显微镜技术研究了七带石斑鱼(Epinephelus septemfasciatus)精子的超微结构,结果发现:七带石斑鱼精子由头部和尾部(鞭毛)两部分组成,没有明显的中片,头部前段无顶体,主要有高电子密度的球形细胞核,核中主要是致密的染色质,还分布有一些核泡,核外由核膜包围,将核与细胞质分隔开,核膜最前端紧贴质膜,核后端有植入窝,近端中心粒和中心粒间体位于其中。头部后端为袖套结构,由质膜包围的袖套结构延伸到后部,使整个头部呈椭球形,质膜后端沿鞭毛形成一个袖套腔,袖套结构中分布有中心粒复合体、线粒体以及囊泡等。精子细胞的细胞膜不光滑,呈现小的皱折。七带石斑鱼精子的尾部细长,紧接于头部细胞核,穿过袖套腔,通过基体与核紧密结合,中心粒复合体也位于此,且近端中心粒和远端中心粒呈钝角,鞭毛的轴丝由此形成,基体与鞭毛间的过渡区轴丝无中央微管,呈“9+0”型。尾部的主要结构为轴丝,其轴丝为典型的“9+2”结构,其起始端开始于前端基体,轴丝外仅有少许细胞质。
试验三
2009年7月-8月对七带石斑鱼人工繁殖和育苗过程的早期发育阶段的形态特征进行了观察、测量和描述。结果发现:初孵仔鱼全长为(1.3606±0.0091) mm,卵黄囊大、呈椭圆形,长径为(0.8602±0.0151) mm,短径为:(0.5814±0.0162) mm,油球为圆球形,直径为:(0.1258±0.0065) mm。在盐度为29-31,水温为23.0-26.5℃的条件下,4日龄时卵黄囊完全消失,并开始摄食;4-12 d仔鱼生长缓慢,主要是器官开始发育的阶段;12 d后生长明显加快,到21 d后快速生长。19日龄长出背棘第二棘和腹棘,背棘和腹棘的出现与收回是七带石斑鱼早期发育过程中的一个显著特征。全长、体长、体高、肛前长、眼径、体重与日龄呈明显的指数函数关系,体高与全长的比值开始略有波动,后趋于稳定。
试验四
对波纹唇鱼(Cheilinus undulates)的外周血细胞进行计数,并以Wright′s和Giemsa双重染色法对外周血细胞的形态进行了显微观察研究,测定了各类血细胞的大小及血液的生化指标。结果显示血浆中红细胞的浓度为(3.15±0.79)×10~(12)/L,白细胞为(1.42±0.71)×10~(10)/L,红细胞数远远多于白细胞。血涂片观察发现:波纹唇鱼的外周血细胞可分为红细胞、嗜中性粒细胞、单核细胞、淋巴细胞、血栓细胞等5种血细胞,未观察到嗜碱性粒细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞。在外周血液中还观察到核影、正在分裂的红细胞、幼稚红细胞和降解的红细胞。各类血细胞胞体由大到小的次序依次为:单核细胞、嗜中性粒细胞、红细胞、大淋巴细胞、血栓细胞、小淋巴细胞。发现其多项生化指标和其他硬骨鱼类相比基本相似。
试验五
应用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜对波纹唇鱼(Cheilinus undulatus)鳃的组织结构、表面形态特征及鳃小片超微结构进行了观察。结果表明,波纹唇鱼有3对全鳃,1对半鳃和1对伪鳃,鳃丝呈梳状紧密排列在鳃弓上,鳃小片紧密地镶嵌排列在鳃丝两侧,入鳃动脉、出鳃动脉和鳃小片毛细血管网组成鳃的血液系统。鳃丝非呼吸区分布有沟、坑、孔等结构,呼吸区较为平滑。鳃丝表面多为上皮细胞,但形态有所差别,非呼吸区上皮细胞有较规则的指纹状微嵴;而呼吸区上皮细胞表面无微嵴,呈皱褶状;在呼吸区和非呼吸区之间的过渡区上皮细胞有不规则指纹状微嵴,融合现象明显。非呼吸区有氯细胞、黏液细胞游离端向外的开口。氯细胞主要分布在鳃小片基部,胞内有大量线粒体和排泄小泡。鳃小片由上皮细胞、基膜、内皮细胞和柱细胞构成,形成特殊的水/血屏障双层结构,内部为发达的毛细血管网,充满血液。本文还探讨了波纹唇鱼鳃的结构与其功能的密切关系。
试验六
通过形态解剖、组织切片和光镜技术对波纹唇鱼消化道的形态学和组织学进行了研究。结果发现,波纹唇鱼消化道分为口咽腔、食道、胃和肠。口咽腔较大,颌齿和咽骨齿均发达,具有多种类型齿;食道粗而短;鳃耙仅有3对半,较长、粗且稀少;“I”型胃,盲囊部不明显;无幽门盲囊;肠管粗短,可分为前肠、后肠和直肠三部分,肠道系数约为3.05。从食道开始整个消化道管腔有密集的绒毛,消化道管壁的组织结构由粘膜层、粘膜下层、肌肉层和浆膜层构成。消化道上皮为单层柱状细胞,其间分布有较多杯状细胞,杯状细胞有明显的开口。粘膜下层为疏松结缔组织。肌肉层致密,内层为环肌外层为纵肌,二者间分布有神经丛。浆膜层极薄,覆盖于整个消化道的外层。这些特征使波纹唇鱼具有典型的肉食性鱼类的特征和习性,便于咬破和磨碎食物坚硬的外壳,使食物在消化道中停留的时间较短、能够快速通过消化道,在肠道中迅速消化吸收,然后排出体外。
Experiment 1: Effects of environmental factors on the spermatozoa vitality of Epinephelus septemfasciatus
The effects of salinities and temperatures on the spermatozoa vitality, and cryopreservation of the spermatozoa of Epinephelus septemfasciatus were investigated. The results showed that the spermatozoa vitality was highest under the condition of salinity 30 and water temperature of 22.8℃, with the longest eddying time of 33.99 min. Quadratic function correlations were found between eddying time of spermatozoa and both salinity and temperature, as well as between total active time and both that. The motility of spermatozoa were inhibited reversibly in low-salinity (<15 ppt) and freshwater. Strong vitality of spermatozoa was kept for longer than one week preserved in low temperature below 4℃. Survival rate of spermatozoa cryopreservation were over 10% with the optimal activated salinity of 25.
Experiment 2: Ultrastructure of spermatozoa in Epinephelus septemfasciatus
Ultrastructure of spermatozoa of E. septemfasciatus was investigated using transmission electron microscopes. The spermatozoa consists of two parts: the head and the tail (flagellum), no mid-piece. The spermatozoa of E. septemfasciatus are acrosome less. A large spherical nucleus, covered with nuclear membrane, is located at the front part of the head and about its 1/3. The high electron density chromatin are the main components of nucleus, with several low electron density vesicles in it. There is little space between the plasma membrane and nuclear membrane at the front part of head. The implantation fossa is located in the posterior end of the nucleus. Proximal centriole and intercentriolar body are located in implantation fossa. The posterior end of the head is a large sleeve, which is about 2/3 of the head. The sleeve contains centriolar complex, several mitochondria and vesicles. At the mid-part of the sleeve, there is a sleeve carve, out of which the thin and long tail stretches. The tail with only a little cytoplasm is thin and long. The axoneme between the end of the base body and the head of the tail is“9+0”.The 9 doublet of the axoneme, the central structure of the tail, is connected to the 9 strips of the posterior end of the basal body. The flagellar tail is the conventional“9+2”axoneme.
Experiment 3: Morphological development of larvae and juvenile Epinephelus septemfasciatus
The morphological characteristics of early development of Epinephelus septemfascitus were observed, surveyed and described during July and August 2009. The results showed that the total length of newly hatched larvae was (1.3606±0.0091) mm. A large yolk sac of newly hatched larvae, located at the abdomen, was elliptic, and its major axis was (0.8602±0.0151) mm, minor axis (0.5814±0.0162) mm. The diameter of the spherical oil droplet was (0.1258±0.0065) mm. At the water salinity of 29-31 and temperature of 23.0-26.5℃, the yolk sac of the larvae was disappeared 4days after hatching, and the larvae began to eat. It was the time for beginning to the development of organs during 4-12 days after hatching, and at that time the larvae grew very slowly, the larvae grew fast obviously 21 days after hatching. The second spine of dorsal fin and the first spine of ventral fin appeared at 19 days after hatching. The growth and configuration of the second spine of dorsal fin and the first spine of ventral fin is the most remarkable characteristics during early development of E. septemfaciatus. Highly significant exponential function correlated between days after hatching and total length, body length, body height, pre-anal length, eye diameter, weight. The ratio of body length to height was undulated slightly, a few days latter after hatching the ratio kept stable.
Experiment 4: Microstructure of peripheral blood cells and biochemical indices of Cheilinus undulatus
The peripheral blood cells of C. undulatus were morphologically described used the double dyed method of Wright’s and Giemsa. The serum biochemical indices of C. undulatus were also studied. The results shows that the erythrocyte and leucocyte concentration in the blood were (3.15±0.79)×10~(12)/L and (1.42±0.71)×10~(10)/L, respectively. The number of erythrocyte was much larger than the leucocyte in the blood. The sizes of the different type blood cells were also measured. On the stained smears, five major cell types were recognized: erythrocyte, neutrophil, monocyte, lymphocyte and thrombocyte. The eosinophilic granulocyte and basophilic granulocyte were not found in smears, instead, some nuclear shadow of erythrocytes, immature erythrocytes, direct dividing and dissolving erythrocytes were easily found. Among these cells, the size from large to small follows the order of monocyte, neutrophil, erythrocyte, large lymphocyte, thrombocyte and small lymphlcyte. The most of the indices were different from the normal ranges of human, but it’s recently the same as other teleosteans. Experiment 5: Light, Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopical Observation of Gill Filaments of Cheilinus undulatus
The histological, surface and internal fine structures of gill filaments of Cheilinus undulatus were investigated using light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that there were 3 pairs of holobranch,1 pair of hemibranch and 1 pair of pseudobranchia. The comb primary filaments lined on the gill arches closely. Many secondary gill lamellae arranged closely on two sides of each filament, and inlaid each other. The blood system of filament was consisted by afferent artery, efferent artery and capillary vessel nets. Various features such as indentations, micropits and crevices were present on non-respiratory surface of filaments. The respiratory surface of filaments were fold. The filaments were covered by epithelia cells, which had different surface features in different areas. It had regular fingerprint shape microridges in non-respiratory surface, no microridge but folded surface in respiratory area and irregular microredges in the transition region. There were many holes among the non-respiratory surface. Chloride cells and mucous cells were observed and many mitochondria and excretion vesicles distributed in chloride cells. Secondary filaments was consisted by epithelia cells, basement membranes, endothelial cells and pillar cells. These structures formed the water-blood barrier. The close relationship between the structure of fish gill and its function were discussed.
Experiment 6: Morphology and histology of the digestive tract in Cheilinus undulatus
The morphology and histology of the digestive tract of Cheilinus undulatus were investigated by the methods of anatomy, tissue sections and optical microscopy. The results showed that the digestive tract of C. undulatus was composed of buccal-pharynx cavity, esophagus, stomach and intestine. There were jaw teeth and pharyngeal teeth in the large buccal-pharynx cavity. The esophagus was very coarse and short. The stomach shaped as“I”and swelled. There was no pyloric caeca at the pyloric stomach. The intestine was very short, and it included anterior intestine, posterior intestine and rectum. The intestinal coefficient was about 3.05. It was full of microvilli in the cavity all over the digestive tract. The wall of the digestive divided into four layers: mucosa, submucosa, muscle layer and serosa. The epithelium of the digestive tract was composed of simple columnar cells, in which goblet cells were distributed. It was loose connective tissue in the submucosa. It was circular layers of striated muscle in the inner layer of muscle, the outer layer was longitudinal layers of striated muscle. The nerve plexuses distributed in the muscle layer between the circular layer and the longitudinal layer. The outer surface of the digestive tract was covered by a thin layer of serosa.
研究了不同盐度和温度下七带石斑鱼(Epinephelus septemfasciatus)精子的活力和低温保存下精子的寿命,以及七带石斑鱼精子的超低温保存。结果表明,七带石斑鱼精子活力最强时的最适盐度为30,最适温度为22.8℃,激烈运动时间最长为33.99 min;精子涡动时间和总活动时间与盐度和温度的关系均为二次函数关系;15以下的低盐度水和淡水对七带石斑鱼精子活力具有可逆的抑制作用。精子在4℃下低温保存1周以上能保持较强活力。超低温保存精子解冻后的存活率为10%以上,其最适激活盐度为25。
试验二
利用透射电子显微镜技术研究了七带石斑鱼(Epinephelus septemfasciatus)精子的超微结构,结果发现:七带石斑鱼精子由头部和尾部(鞭毛)两部分组成,没有明显的中片,头部前段无顶体,主要有高电子密度的球形细胞核,核中主要是致密的染色质,还分布有一些核泡,核外由核膜包围,将核与细胞质分隔开,核膜最前端紧贴质膜,核后端有植入窝,近端中心粒和中心粒间体位于其中。头部后端为袖套结构,由质膜包围的袖套结构延伸到后部,使整个头部呈椭球形,质膜后端沿鞭毛形成一个袖套腔,袖套结构中分布有中心粒复合体、线粒体以及囊泡等。精子细胞的细胞膜不光滑,呈现小的皱折。七带石斑鱼精子的尾部细长,紧接于头部细胞核,穿过袖套腔,通过基体与核紧密结合,中心粒复合体也位于此,且近端中心粒和远端中心粒呈钝角,鞭毛的轴丝由此形成,基体与鞭毛间的过渡区轴丝无中央微管,呈“9+0”型。尾部的主要结构为轴丝,其轴丝为典型的“9+2”结构,其起始端开始于前端基体,轴丝外仅有少许细胞质。
试验三
2009年7月-8月对七带石斑鱼人工繁殖和育苗过程的早期发育阶段的形态特征进行了观察、测量和描述。结果发现:初孵仔鱼全长为(1.3606±0.0091) mm,卵黄囊大、呈椭圆形,长径为(0.8602±0.0151) mm,短径为:(0.5814±0.0162) mm,油球为圆球形,直径为:(0.1258±0.0065) mm。在盐度为29-31,水温为23.0-26.5℃的条件下,4日龄时卵黄囊完全消失,并开始摄食;4-12 d仔鱼生长缓慢,主要是器官开始发育的阶段;12 d后生长明显加快,到21 d后快速生长。19日龄长出背棘第二棘和腹棘,背棘和腹棘的出现与收回是七带石斑鱼早期发育过程中的一个显著特征。全长、体长、体高、肛前长、眼径、体重与日龄呈明显的指数函数关系,体高与全长的比值开始略有波动,后趋于稳定。
试验四
对波纹唇鱼(Cheilinus undulates)的外周血细胞进行计数,并以Wright′s和Giemsa双重染色法对外周血细胞的形态进行了显微观察研究,测定了各类血细胞的大小及血液的生化指标。结果显示血浆中红细胞的浓度为(3.15±0.79)×10~(12)/L,白细胞为(1.42±0.71)×10~(10)/L,红细胞数远远多于白细胞。血涂片观察发现:波纹唇鱼的外周血细胞可分为红细胞、嗜中性粒细胞、单核细胞、淋巴细胞、血栓细胞等5种血细胞,未观察到嗜碱性粒细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞。在外周血液中还观察到核影、正在分裂的红细胞、幼稚红细胞和降解的红细胞。各类血细胞胞体由大到小的次序依次为:单核细胞、嗜中性粒细胞、红细胞、大淋巴细胞、血栓细胞、小淋巴细胞。发现其多项生化指标和其他硬骨鱼类相比基本相似。
试验五
应用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜对波纹唇鱼(Cheilinus undulatus)鳃的组织结构、表面形态特征及鳃小片超微结构进行了观察。结果表明,波纹唇鱼有3对全鳃,1对半鳃和1对伪鳃,鳃丝呈梳状紧密排列在鳃弓上,鳃小片紧密地镶嵌排列在鳃丝两侧,入鳃动脉、出鳃动脉和鳃小片毛细血管网组成鳃的血液系统。鳃丝非呼吸区分布有沟、坑、孔等结构,呼吸区较为平滑。鳃丝表面多为上皮细胞,但形态有所差别,非呼吸区上皮细胞有较规则的指纹状微嵴;而呼吸区上皮细胞表面无微嵴,呈皱褶状;在呼吸区和非呼吸区之间的过渡区上皮细胞有不规则指纹状微嵴,融合现象明显。非呼吸区有氯细胞、黏液细胞游离端向外的开口。氯细胞主要分布在鳃小片基部,胞内有大量线粒体和排泄小泡。鳃小片由上皮细胞、基膜、内皮细胞和柱细胞构成,形成特殊的水/血屏障双层结构,内部为发达的毛细血管网,充满血液。本文还探讨了波纹唇鱼鳃的结构与其功能的密切关系。
试验六
通过形态解剖、组织切片和光镜技术对波纹唇鱼消化道的形态学和组织学进行了研究。结果发现,波纹唇鱼消化道分为口咽腔、食道、胃和肠。口咽腔较大,颌齿和咽骨齿均发达,具有多种类型齿;食道粗而短;鳃耙仅有3对半,较长、粗且稀少;“I”型胃,盲囊部不明显;无幽门盲囊;肠管粗短,可分为前肠、后肠和直肠三部分,肠道系数约为3.05。从食道开始整个消化道管腔有密集的绒毛,消化道管壁的组织结构由粘膜层、粘膜下层、肌肉层和浆膜层构成。消化道上皮为单层柱状细胞,其间分布有较多杯状细胞,杯状细胞有明显的开口。粘膜下层为疏松结缔组织。肌肉层致密,内层为环肌外层为纵肌,二者间分布有神经丛。浆膜层极薄,覆盖于整个消化道的外层。这些特征使波纹唇鱼具有典型的肉食性鱼类的特征和习性,便于咬破和磨碎食物坚硬的外壳,使食物在消化道中停留的时间较短、能够快速通过消化道,在肠道中迅速消化吸收,然后排出体外。
Experiment 1: Effects of environmental factors on the spermatozoa vitality of Epinephelus septemfasciatus
The effects of salinities and temperatures on the spermatozoa vitality, and cryopreservation of the spermatozoa of Epinephelus septemfasciatus were investigated. The results showed that the spermatozoa vitality was highest under the condition of salinity 30 and water temperature of 22.8℃, with the longest eddying time of 33.99 min. Quadratic function correlations were found between eddying time of spermatozoa and both salinity and temperature, as well as between total active time and both that. The motility of spermatozoa were inhibited reversibly in low-salinity (<15 ppt) and freshwater. Strong vitality of spermatozoa was kept for longer than one week preserved in low temperature below 4℃. Survival rate of spermatozoa cryopreservation were over 10% with the optimal activated salinity of 25.
Experiment 2: Ultrastructure of spermatozoa in Epinephelus septemfasciatus
Ultrastructure of spermatozoa of E. septemfasciatus was investigated using transmission electron microscopes. The spermatozoa consists of two parts: the head and the tail (flagellum), no mid-piece. The spermatozoa of E. septemfasciatus are acrosome less. A large spherical nucleus, covered with nuclear membrane, is located at the front part of the head and about its 1/3. The high electron density chromatin are the main components of nucleus, with several low electron density vesicles in it. There is little space between the plasma membrane and nuclear membrane at the front part of head. The implantation fossa is located in the posterior end of the nucleus. Proximal centriole and intercentriolar body are located in implantation fossa. The posterior end of the head is a large sleeve, which is about 2/3 of the head. The sleeve contains centriolar complex, several mitochondria and vesicles. At the mid-part of the sleeve, there is a sleeve carve, out of which the thin and long tail stretches. The tail with only a little cytoplasm is thin and long. The axoneme between the end of the base body and the head of the tail is“9+0”.The 9 doublet of the axoneme, the central structure of the tail, is connected to the 9 strips of the posterior end of the basal body. The flagellar tail is the conventional“9+2”axoneme.
Experiment 3: Morphological development of larvae and juvenile Epinephelus septemfasciatus
The morphological characteristics of early development of Epinephelus septemfascitus were observed, surveyed and described during July and August 2009. The results showed that the total length of newly hatched larvae was (1.3606±0.0091) mm. A large yolk sac of newly hatched larvae, located at the abdomen, was elliptic, and its major axis was (0.8602±0.0151) mm, minor axis (0.5814±0.0162) mm. The diameter of the spherical oil droplet was (0.1258±0.0065) mm. At the water salinity of 29-31 and temperature of 23.0-26.5℃, the yolk sac of the larvae was disappeared 4days after hatching, and the larvae began to eat. It was the time for beginning to the development of organs during 4-12 days after hatching, and at that time the larvae grew very slowly, the larvae grew fast obviously 21 days after hatching. The second spine of dorsal fin and the first spine of ventral fin appeared at 19 days after hatching. The growth and configuration of the second spine of dorsal fin and the first spine of ventral fin is the most remarkable characteristics during early development of E. septemfaciatus. Highly significant exponential function correlated between days after hatching and total length, body length, body height, pre-anal length, eye diameter, weight. The ratio of body length to height was undulated slightly, a few days latter after hatching the ratio kept stable.
Experiment 4: Microstructure of peripheral blood cells and biochemical indices of Cheilinus undulatus
The peripheral blood cells of C. undulatus were morphologically described used the double dyed method of Wright’s and Giemsa. The serum biochemical indices of C. undulatus were also studied. The results shows that the erythrocyte and leucocyte concentration in the blood were (3.15±0.79)×10~(12)/L and (1.42±0.71)×10~(10)/L, respectively. The number of erythrocyte was much larger than the leucocyte in the blood. The sizes of the different type blood cells were also measured. On the stained smears, five major cell types were recognized: erythrocyte, neutrophil, monocyte, lymphocyte and thrombocyte. The eosinophilic granulocyte and basophilic granulocyte were not found in smears, instead, some nuclear shadow of erythrocytes, immature erythrocytes, direct dividing and dissolving erythrocytes were easily found. Among these cells, the size from large to small follows the order of monocyte, neutrophil, erythrocyte, large lymphocyte, thrombocyte and small lymphlcyte. The most of the indices were different from the normal ranges of human, but it’s recently the same as other teleosteans. Experiment 5: Light, Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopical Observation of Gill Filaments of Cheilinus undulatus
The histological, surface and internal fine structures of gill filaments of Cheilinus undulatus were investigated using light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that there were 3 pairs of holobranch,1 pair of hemibranch and 1 pair of pseudobranchia. The comb primary filaments lined on the gill arches closely. Many secondary gill lamellae arranged closely on two sides of each filament, and inlaid each other. The blood system of filament was consisted by afferent artery, efferent artery and capillary vessel nets. Various features such as indentations, micropits and crevices were present on non-respiratory surface of filaments. The respiratory surface of filaments were fold. The filaments were covered by epithelia cells, which had different surface features in different areas. It had regular fingerprint shape microridges in non-respiratory surface, no microridge but folded surface in respiratory area and irregular microredges in the transition region. There were many holes among the non-respiratory surface. Chloride cells and mucous cells were observed and many mitochondria and excretion vesicles distributed in chloride cells. Secondary filaments was consisted by epithelia cells, basement membranes, endothelial cells and pillar cells. These structures formed the water-blood barrier. The close relationship between the structure of fish gill and its function were discussed.
Experiment 6: Morphology and histology of the digestive tract in Cheilinus undulatus
The morphology and histology of the digestive tract of Cheilinus undulatus were investigated by the methods of anatomy, tissue sections and optical microscopy. The results showed that the digestive tract of C. undulatus was composed of buccal-pharynx cavity, esophagus, stomach and intestine. There were jaw teeth and pharyngeal teeth in the large buccal-pharynx cavity. The esophagus was very coarse and short. The stomach shaped as“I”and swelled. There was no pyloric caeca at the pyloric stomach. The intestine was very short, and it included anterior intestine, posterior intestine and rectum. The intestinal coefficient was about 3.05. It was full of microvilli in the cavity all over the digestive tract. The wall of the digestive divided into four layers: mucosa, submucosa, muscle layer and serosa. The epithelium of the digestive tract was composed of simple columnar cells, in which goblet cells were distributed. It was loose connective tissue in the submucosa. It was circular layers of striated muscle in the inner layer of muscle, the outer layer was longitudinal layers of striated muscle. The nerve plexuses distributed in the muscle layer between the circular layer and the longitudinal layer. The outer surface of the digestive tract was covered by a thin layer of serosa.
引文
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