煤矿企业安全文化系统研究
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摘要
煤矿企业安全文化是煤矿安全管理的重要内容。当前,我国煤矿安全形势较为严峻,煤矿企业安全文化系统的影响因素和形成机理是什么,煤矿企业安全文化体系如何构建,对安全文化水平如何评价是目前亟待解决的重大问题。
在对安全文化与安全氛围,安全文化与企业文化,安全文化与安全管理等相关概念逻辑关系进行辨析的基础上,对煤矿企业安全文化系统的内涵做了界定,指出煤矿企业安全文化是企业以最大限度地减少生产事故、保障企业安全生产为目的,在长期生产经营活动中逐渐形成的或有目的的人为塑造的,为企业全体员工所认同、接受和遵循的安全生产价值观、安全理念、安全生产相关制度、安全生产行为准则及具有特色的安全生产行为方式与安全生产物质表现的总称。煤矿企业安全文化是煤矿企业生产运营的主导,它着眼于观念文化,以其为核心辐射行为文化、制度文化和物态文化等载体的一个系统,从而实现煤矿企业安全生产系统全方位、立体式地协调管理。
在理论分析的基础上,首先以神华集团和徐矿集团有关数据为样本,采用多元回归及因子分析方法对其安全文化系统的影响因素做了探索性分析,得出:员工安全需要、安全意识、社会安全价值观、沟通系统、社会安全需要、教育培训系统、安全事故、行业特点、国家安全法规、管理参与、奖惩系统、组织承诺、生产力发展水平、社会经济文化对煤矿企业安全文化系统均有显著的正向影响,作用效力分别为0.7147,0.6458,0.6692,0.713,0.7150,0.6975 ,0.5226,0.5034 ,0.5614,0.6290,0.5517,0.6505,0.6728和0.5716;而员工授权对煤矿企业安全文化系统无显著影响。然后,基于控制论和自组织理论研究了煤矿企业安全文化的形成机理,分析了煤矿企业安全文化系统构成要素及其相互关系,从内外因和演化路径出发,对煤矿企业安全文化形成机理进行了深入剖析。得出:煤矿企业安全文化系统演化的核心是观念文化;强制演化和自然演化的根本区别在于先确定强制安全观念还是最后自然形成安全观念。煤矿企业安全文化水平的提升核心是安全观念体系的演化,安全观念水平的提升。安全制度水平、安全行为水平和安全物态水平围绕安全观念水平相互影响,最终提升煤矿企业安全文化水平。
在影响因素研究基础上,通过构建系统动力学模型进行仿真发现:安全文化水平越高,进一步提升的难度越大。具体来讲,同期内,安全文化水平的四个构成要素中安全物态水平提升最为容易,安全制度水平和安全行为水平其次,安全观念水平提升难度最大。调高安全观念水平对管理者安全意识的影响系数后,安全文化水平、安全观念水平、安全制度水平和安全物态水平的前期都有提升;当加入企业的组织承诺度和管理参与度后,安全文化水平、安全制度水平、安全物态水平在短期内都有上升。有鉴于此,煤矿企业安全文化建设要考虑增强安全观念水平对企业管理者安全意识的影响、提高组织承诺度和管理参与度,以促使企业安全文化水平短期内获得较快提升,并且建立一套切实可行的长效机制促使企业安全文化持续改进。
煤矿企业安全文化体系的持续运行需要内外部环境和条件的支持和保障。从外部来看,要加大政府监管力度、加强专家咨询体系的作用;从内部来看,需要建设面向安全文化的人力资源管理系统,建立安全文化体系运行的PDCA体系。此外,要建立煤矿安全文化建设责任制和诚信机制,从而有效保障煤矿企业安全文化体系持续、良好地运行,并促进企业长远发展。此外,客观定位煤矿企业安全文化水平,对于发现不足,不断改进安全文化体系建设具有重要意义。基于此,遵循系统性、引导性等原则构建了煤矿企业安全文化综合评价的指标体系,利用网络层次分析法确定了各指标的权重,得出了煤矿企业安全文化水平的等级评判标准。即当总分大于0.95时为第五级,处于最高级别层,安全文化应该保持;总分在0.85-0.95时,为第四级别,安全级别较高,安全文化还能改善;总分在0.75-0.85时,为第三级别,属中等安全级别,安全文化需要发展;总分在0.60-0.75之间时,为第二级别,属较低级别,安全文化需要建设;而总分小于0.6时,为安全文化第一级别,属最低级别,安全文化亟待提高。
为明确煤矿企业安全文化系统的有效性及实践操作性,以企业安全文化现状的评价为基点,对徐州矿务集团的张双楼矿和夹河矿进行了对比分析,分别从两矿安全文化总体水平、不同职务成员对本企业安全文化水平评价、同一煤矿企业中不同主体对该企业安全文化水平评价三方面对两矿的安全文化水平进行了比较分析,得出:张双楼矿的安全文化水平较高,处于安全文化主动管理阶段的中间水平。夹河矿的安全文化水平较低,处于安全文化管理阶段的较低水平。建议张双楼矿从提高安全制度文化水平和安全物态文化水平、加强安全观念文化建设两个层面着手,提高安全文化水平;而夹河矿应完善组织承诺、教育培训、奖惩系统等层面的相关措施,改善企业的安全管理水平和基础设施和硬件环境,??安全文化水平。
Safety culture in coal mining enterprises constitutes a significant part of safety management in coal mining. At present, the national safety situation in coal mining is rather complicated. In current condition, what are the influencing factors and formation mechanism of the safety culture system in coal mining enterprises? How do we judge objectively the safety culture level in coal mining enterprises? How do we evaluate reasonably the safety culture in coal mining enterprise according to the result of measurement? All of these questions are major issues requiring immediate solution.
Based on the analysis of the logical connection between some relevant concepts, this thesis defines the essence of safety culture system in coal mining enterprises, pointing out that safety culture in coal mining enterprises aims at minimizing accidents and ensuring safety production. On a regular basis, safety culture is formed gradually or intentionally in the process of production, which embodies such unanimously accepted factors as safety production value, safety concept, some related safety production system, safety production code, safety production means and materials with distinctive features. It is the core of the operation and production in coal mining enterprises and concentrates on the concept culture. Orienting from this concept culture, safety culture exerts its influence on behavior culture, system culture and material culture, thus achieving an all-round and three-dimensional harmonious management of safety production in coal mining enterprises.
Based on the theoretical analysis, this thesis takes Shenhua Mining Group and Xuzhou Mining Group as samples, explores their influencing factors by employing multiple regression and factor analysis, and arrives at the following conclusion: staff safety, safety awareness, social safety values, communication systems, social safety, education and training systems, safety accidents, industry characteristics, the national safety laws and regulations, management participation, incentive systems, organizational commitment, productivity levels of development, socio-economic and cultural safety of the cultural system of coal mining enterprises have a positive impact on the safety culture system in coal mining enterprises, which effectiveness is respectively 0.7147,0.6458,0.6692,0.713,0.7150,0.6975,0.5226,0.5034,0.5614,0.6290,0.5517,0.6505,0.6728 and 0.5716;and that authorized employees of safety culture system in coal mining enterprises have no significant effect. Based on control theory and self-organization theory, this thesis studies the formation mechanism of safety culture in coal mining enterprises, analyzes the constituent elements that contribute to the safety culture and their inter-relationship, and probes into the formation mechanism of safety culture in coal mining enterprises. The conclusion is: the core of safety culture evolution in coal mining enterprises is the concept culture; the fundamental difference between mandatory evolution and natural evolution is the evolution of safety concept system and the improvement of safety concept level. Centering on the safety concept level, such levels as safety system level, safety behavior level and safety material level exert influences to one another, so as to enhance the safety culture level in coal mining enterprises.
Based on the research of influencing factors, by simulating the system dynamics modeling, this thesis discovers that the higher the safety culture level is, the greater the difficulty is to further enhance itself. To illustrate, within the same period, the improvement of material safety level ranks the easiest factor among the four elements that contribute to the safety culture level. Safety system level and safety behavior level rank the second, and safety concept level proves out to be the hard nut. After regulating safety concept level to a higher degree, such factors as safety culture level, safety concept level, safety system level and safety material level all gain a chance to enhance them during the initial period. After the organizational commitment and the managerial embeddedness of the enterprises involves in, safety culture level, safety system level and safety material level all gain a boom within a short period. In view of this, the construction of safety culture in coal mining enterprises needs to consider how to emphasize the influence of safety concept level among enterprise management and how to enhance the organizational commitment and the managerial embeddedness of the enterprises, so as to guarantee the improvement of safety culture level in coal mining enterprises within a short period. Moreover, it also needs to establish a set of practical long-term mechanism to promote the continuous improvement of safety culture.
The continuous operation of safety culture system in coal mining enterprises requires support and protection from both inside and outside. From the outside, it needs to emphasize government supervision and to strengthen expert advisory system; from the inside, it needs to construct human resource management system which targets at safety culture and PDCA system that helps the operation of safety culture system. In addition, it needs to establish responsibility system and integrity system for coal mining safety, so as to ensure the continuous and smooth operation of safety culture system in coal mining enterprises, thus promoting the long-term development of these enterprises. Moreover, judging objectively the safety culture level in coal mining enterprises will exert profound influence on the discovery of inadequacy and continuous improvement of safety culture system construction. Based on this, this thesis constructs the evaluation system of safety culture level in coal mining enterprises by following the systematic and guiding principles, which weighs the importance of each standard by employing analytic network process, thus arriving at the assessment standards concerning safety culture level in coal mining enterprises. More specifically, when the total score is above 0.95, it belongs to the fifth grade as well as the highest grade, which means the safety culture should be maintained. When the total score is between 0.85-0.95, it belongs to the fourth grade, which means the safety grade is relatively high and safety culture has room to be improved. When the total score is between 0.75-0.85, it belongs to the third grade, which means the safety grade is medium and requires improvement. When the total score is between 0.60-0.75, it belongs to the second grade, which means a relatively low grade and safety culture wants development. When the total score is below 0.6, it belongs to the first grade of safety culture, which means it is the lowest grade and safety culture needs desperately an improvement.
In order to define the effectiveness and operational practice of safety culture system in coal mining enterprises, this thesis sets safety culture evaluation as its foundation, contrasting Zhangshuanglou Mine and Jiahe Mine of Xuzhou Mining Group; it compares from the overall level of safety culture within the two mines, the evaluation of safety culture level of one’s enterprise from staff with different posts, the evaluation of safety culture level from different parties within one coal mining enterprise, arriving at the following conclusion: the safety culture level of Zhangshuanglou Mine is relatively higher, which belongs to the medium level in the operation of safety culture; the safety culture level of Jiahe Mine is relatively lower, which belongs to the lower level in the operation of safety culture. Consequently, this thesis suggests that Zhangshuanglou Mine enhance its safety culture level from two aspects, namely, improving safety system level and safety material level as well as stressing safety concept construction; it also suggests that Jiahe Mine improve its organizational commitment, education training, reward and punishment system, thus improving its safety management level, infrastructure and hardware environment, so as to enhance its safety culture level.
在对安全文化与安全氛围,安全文化与企业文化,安全文化与安全管理等相关概念逻辑关系进行辨析的基础上,对煤矿企业安全文化系统的内涵做了界定,指出煤矿企业安全文化是企业以最大限度地减少生产事故、保障企业安全生产为目的,在长期生产经营活动中逐渐形成的或有目的的人为塑造的,为企业全体员工所认同、接受和遵循的安全生产价值观、安全理念、安全生产相关制度、安全生产行为准则及具有特色的安全生产行为方式与安全生产物质表现的总称。煤矿企业安全文化是煤矿企业生产运营的主导,它着眼于观念文化,以其为核心辐射行为文化、制度文化和物态文化等载体的一个系统,从而实现煤矿企业安全生产系统全方位、立体式地协调管理。
在理论分析的基础上,首先以神华集团和徐矿集团有关数据为样本,采用多元回归及因子分析方法对其安全文化系统的影响因素做了探索性分析,得出:员工安全需要、安全意识、社会安全价值观、沟通系统、社会安全需要、教育培训系统、安全事故、行业特点、国家安全法规、管理参与、奖惩系统、组织承诺、生产力发展水平、社会经济文化对煤矿企业安全文化系统均有显著的正向影响,作用效力分别为0.7147,0.6458,0.6692,0.713,0.7150,0.6975 ,0.5226,0.5034 ,0.5614,0.6290,0.5517,0.6505,0.6728和0.5716;而员工授权对煤矿企业安全文化系统无显著影响。然后,基于控制论和自组织理论研究了煤矿企业安全文化的形成机理,分析了煤矿企业安全文化系统构成要素及其相互关系,从内外因和演化路径出发,对煤矿企业安全文化形成机理进行了深入剖析。得出:煤矿企业安全文化系统演化的核心是观念文化;强制演化和自然演化的根本区别在于先确定强制安全观念还是最后自然形成安全观念。煤矿企业安全文化水平的提升核心是安全观念体系的演化,安全观念水平的提升。安全制度水平、安全行为水平和安全物态水平围绕安全观念水平相互影响,最终提升煤矿企业安全文化水平。
在影响因素研究基础上,通过构建系统动力学模型进行仿真发现:安全文化水平越高,进一步提升的难度越大。具体来讲,同期内,安全文化水平的四个构成要素中安全物态水平提升最为容易,安全制度水平和安全行为水平其次,安全观念水平提升难度最大。调高安全观念水平对管理者安全意识的影响系数后,安全文化水平、安全观念水平、安全制度水平和安全物态水平的前期都有提升;当加入企业的组织承诺度和管理参与度后,安全文化水平、安全制度水平、安全物态水平在短期内都有上升。有鉴于此,煤矿企业安全文化建设要考虑增强安全观念水平对企业管理者安全意识的影响、提高组织承诺度和管理参与度,以促使企业安全文化水平短期内获得较快提升,并且建立一套切实可行的长效机制促使企业安全文化持续改进。
煤矿企业安全文化体系的持续运行需要内外部环境和条件的支持和保障。从外部来看,要加大政府监管力度、加强专家咨询体系的作用;从内部来看,需要建设面向安全文化的人力资源管理系统,建立安全文化体系运行的PDCA体系。此外,要建立煤矿安全文化建设责任制和诚信机制,从而有效保障煤矿企业安全文化体系持续、良好地运行,并促进企业长远发展。此外,客观定位煤矿企业安全文化水平,对于发现不足,不断改进安全文化体系建设具有重要意义。基于此,遵循系统性、引导性等原则构建了煤矿企业安全文化综合评价的指标体系,利用网络层次分析法确定了各指标的权重,得出了煤矿企业安全文化水平的等级评判标准。即当总分大于0.95时为第五级,处于最高级别层,安全文化应该保持;总分在0.85-0.95时,为第四级别,安全级别较高,安全文化还能改善;总分在0.75-0.85时,为第三级别,属中等安全级别,安全文化需要发展;总分在0.60-0.75之间时,为第二级别,属较低级别,安全文化需要建设;而总分小于0.6时,为安全文化第一级别,属最低级别,安全文化亟待提高。
为明确煤矿企业安全文化系统的有效性及实践操作性,以企业安全文化现状的评价为基点,对徐州矿务集团的张双楼矿和夹河矿进行了对比分析,分别从两矿安全文化总体水平、不同职务成员对本企业安全文化水平评价、同一煤矿企业中不同主体对该企业安全文化水平评价三方面对两矿的安全文化水平进行了比较分析,得出:张双楼矿的安全文化水平较高,处于安全文化主动管理阶段的中间水平。夹河矿的安全文化水平较低,处于安全文化管理阶段的较低水平。建议张双楼矿从提高安全制度文化水平和安全物态文化水平、加强安全观念文化建设两个层面着手,提高安全文化水平;而夹河矿应完善组织承诺、教育培训、奖惩系统等层面的相关措施,改善企业的安全管理水平和基础设施和硬件环境,??安全文化水平。
Safety culture in coal mining enterprises constitutes a significant part of safety management in coal mining. At present, the national safety situation in coal mining is rather complicated. In current condition, what are the influencing factors and formation mechanism of the safety culture system in coal mining enterprises? How do we judge objectively the safety culture level in coal mining enterprises? How do we evaluate reasonably the safety culture in coal mining enterprise according to the result of measurement? All of these questions are major issues requiring immediate solution.
Based on the analysis of the logical connection between some relevant concepts, this thesis defines the essence of safety culture system in coal mining enterprises, pointing out that safety culture in coal mining enterprises aims at minimizing accidents and ensuring safety production. On a regular basis, safety culture is formed gradually or intentionally in the process of production, which embodies such unanimously accepted factors as safety production value, safety concept, some related safety production system, safety production code, safety production means and materials with distinctive features. It is the core of the operation and production in coal mining enterprises and concentrates on the concept culture. Orienting from this concept culture, safety culture exerts its influence on behavior culture, system culture and material culture, thus achieving an all-round and three-dimensional harmonious management of safety production in coal mining enterprises.
Based on the theoretical analysis, this thesis takes Shenhua Mining Group and Xuzhou Mining Group as samples, explores their influencing factors by employing multiple regression and factor analysis, and arrives at the following conclusion: staff safety, safety awareness, social safety values, communication systems, social safety, education and training systems, safety accidents, industry characteristics, the national safety laws and regulations, management participation, incentive systems, organizational commitment, productivity levels of development, socio-economic and cultural safety of the cultural system of coal mining enterprises have a positive impact on the safety culture system in coal mining enterprises, which effectiveness is respectively 0.7147,0.6458,0.6692,0.713,0.7150,0.6975,0.5226,0.5034,0.5614,0.6290,0.5517,0.6505,0.6728 and 0.5716;and that authorized employees of safety culture system in coal mining enterprises have no significant effect. Based on control theory and self-organization theory, this thesis studies the formation mechanism of safety culture in coal mining enterprises, analyzes the constituent elements that contribute to the safety culture and their inter-relationship, and probes into the formation mechanism of safety culture in coal mining enterprises. The conclusion is: the core of safety culture evolution in coal mining enterprises is the concept culture; the fundamental difference between mandatory evolution and natural evolution is the evolution of safety concept system and the improvement of safety concept level. Centering on the safety concept level, such levels as safety system level, safety behavior level and safety material level exert influences to one another, so as to enhance the safety culture level in coal mining enterprises.
Based on the research of influencing factors, by simulating the system dynamics modeling, this thesis discovers that the higher the safety culture level is, the greater the difficulty is to further enhance itself. To illustrate, within the same period, the improvement of material safety level ranks the easiest factor among the four elements that contribute to the safety culture level. Safety system level and safety behavior level rank the second, and safety concept level proves out to be the hard nut. After regulating safety concept level to a higher degree, such factors as safety culture level, safety concept level, safety system level and safety material level all gain a chance to enhance them during the initial period. After the organizational commitment and the managerial embeddedness of the enterprises involves in, safety culture level, safety system level and safety material level all gain a boom within a short period. In view of this, the construction of safety culture in coal mining enterprises needs to consider how to emphasize the influence of safety concept level among enterprise management and how to enhance the organizational commitment and the managerial embeddedness of the enterprises, so as to guarantee the improvement of safety culture level in coal mining enterprises within a short period. Moreover, it also needs to establish a set of practical long-term mechanism to promote the continuous improvement of safety culture.
The continuous operation of safety culture system in coal mining enterprises requires support and protection from both inside and outside. From the outside, it needs to emphasize government supervision and to strengthen expert advisory system; from the inside, it needs to construct human resource management system which targets at safety culture and PDCA system that helps the operation of safety culture system. In addition, it needs to establish responsibility system and integrity system for coal mining safety, so as to ensure the continuous and smooth operation of safety culture system in coal mining enterprises, thus promoting the long-term development of these enterprises. Moreover, judging objectively the safety culture level in coal mining enterprises will exert profound influence on the discovery of inadequacy and continuous improvement of safety culture system construction. Based on this, this thesis constructs the evaluation system of safety culture level in coal mining enterprises by following the systematic and guiding principles, which weighs the importance of each standard by employing analytic network process, thus arriving at the assessment standards concerning safety culture level in coal mining enterprises. More specifically, when the total score is above 0.95, it belongs to the fifth grade as well as the highest grade, which means the safety culture should be maintained. When the total score is between 0.85-0.95, it belongs to the fourth grade, which means the safety grade is relatively high and safety culture has room to be improved. When the total score is between 0.75-0.85, it belongs to the third grade, which means the safety grade is medium and requires improvement. When the total score is between 0.60-0.75, it belongs to the second grade, which means a relatively low grade and safety culture wants development. When the total score is below 0.6, it belongs to the first grade of safety culture, which means it is the lowest grade and safety culture needs desperately an improvement.
In order to define the effectiveness and operational practice of safety culture system in coal mining enterprises, this thesis sets safety culture evaluation as its foundation, contrasting Zhangshuanglou Mine and Jiahe Mine of Xuzhou Mining Group; it compares from the overall level of safety culture within the two mines, the evaluation of safety culture level of one’s enterprise from staff with different posts, the evaluation of safety culture level from different parties within one coal mining enterprise, arriving at the following conclusion: the safety culture level of Zhangshuanglou Mine is relatively higher, which belongs to the medium level in the operation of safety culture; the safety culture level of Jiahe Mine is relatively lower, which belongs to the lower level in the operation of safety culture. Consequently, this thesis suggests that Zhangshuanglou Mine enhance its safety culture level from two aspects, namely, improving safety system level and safety material level as well as stressing safety concept construction; it also suggests that Jiahe Mine improve its organizational commitment, education training, reward and punishment system, thus improving its safety management level, infrastructure and hardware environment, so as to enhance its safety culture level.
引文
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