用于深度冷冻的混合制冷剂吸收式制冷循环的理论与实验研究
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摘要
吸收式制冷作为一种可由低品位热源驱动的制冷方式,在当前能源紧张与环境危机的背景下愈来愈得到各国政府及相关研究人员的重视,具有重要的研究意义和实用价值。传统的吸收式制冷装置,如LiBr/H2O吸收式制冷机和NH3/H20吸收式制冷机等,已经在工业生产和国民生活领域内得到广泛应用；但是受吸收式工质及循环特性的限制,制冷温度不够低,使吸收式制冷技术在许多存在大量余热、废热同时又需要深度冷冻的应用领域中无法得到有效的利用。为此,本文将混合制冷剂应用于吸收式制冷循环,在对循环的运行特点和规律,以及流程形式的选择等研究基础上,提出了一种可应用于深度冷冻领域的新型混合制冷剂吸收式制冷循环。
基于吸收式制冷循环的运行机理与吸收式工质相平衡性质,详细分析了混合制冷剂吸收式制冷循环的运行特点。研究结果显示,混合制冷剂应用于吸收式制冷循环时,将具有更多的约束条件。这不仅强化了各运行参数间的相互约束程度,同时也限制了循环流程形式的合理选择。
基于混合制冷剂吸收式制冷循环的运行特点,提出了定运行高压(发生压力和冷凝压力)的分析和优化方法,大大减少了相应计算过程的工作量,有助于深入了解压力参数对循环性能的影响,把握各种循环的内部规律。基于此方法,深入研究了吸收式工质组成、发生温度、冷凝温度、吸收温度等关键运行参数对传统循环与自复叠循环性能的影响规律；从COP的优化角度出发,给出了设定工况下最优发生压力的确定方法。
在对不同流程形式的循环性能比较的基础上,揭示了自复叠循环性能提高的内在机理,阐明了自复叠模块在混合制冷剂吸收式制冷循环中所起作用的物理本质,验证了吸收式工质在吸收式制冷循环的性能和流程形式的选择上起主导作用。
基于混合制冷剂吸收式制冷循环的特点及实际运行中各工况参数间的相互约束关系,提出了一种新型混合制冷剂吸收式制冷循环。新循环采用两级串联吸收方式,降低了混合制冷剂的蒸发压力,从循环机理上确保系统在低品位热源驱动下可获得更低的制冷温度；通过热力分析,理论研究了关键运行参数对新循环的性能的影响规律,并在相同工况下将新循环与传统循环以及自复叠循环等进行了热力性能的比较。
自行设计并搭建了混合制冷剂吸收式制冷装置的实验平台,对吸收式工质组成和关键运行参数对新循环、传统循环和自复叠循环等3种不同流程形式循环的性能的影响规律进行了实验研究。实验结果表明,新循环在相同的工况参数下更利于实现深度冷冻；采用新循环的装置,在以R23+R134a/DMF为吸收式工质,发生温度为184.4℃,冷凝温度为18.8℃,低压级和高压级的吸收温度分别为26.4℃和28.5℃时,实现了-62.3℃的制冷温度和0.023的循环COP。
Under the background of energy and environmental crisis, more and more attention has been put into the development of the absorption refrigeration which is a refrigeration technology driven by low grade thermal energy by the governments and researchers, and the absorption refrigeration is more worthy to be researched and put into the application. Traditional absorption refrigerators, such as LiBr/H2O absorption refrigerator and NH3/H2O absorption refrigerator, etc, have been widely used in the industrial process and living fields, however, they are very hard to be gotten the lower refrigeration temperature due to the properties of the selected working fluids and the cycle configuration, which limits the application of the absorption refrigerator in the deep freezing fields even where has a lot of waste heat to be released simultaneously. In this thesis, mixed refrigerants are used in the absorption refrigeration cycle, and a new mixed refrigerants absorption refrigeration cycle is proposed based on the study of the operating features and rules, and the influence of the configuration on the performance of the absorption refrigeration cycle using mixed refrigerants.
The operating characteristics of the absorption refrigeration cycle using mixed refrigerants are analyzed based on the operation principle of the absorption refrigeration cycle and the phase equilibrium properties of the refrigerant-absorbent pairs The results show that it has more constraints when mixed refrigerants are used in the absorption refrigeration cycle, which not only strengthens the interaction constraints among the various operating parameters, but also limits the exertion of the features of different configurations of cycles.
A method with constant high pressure of the cycle (generating pressure and condensing pressure) is proposed to be applied through the analysis and optimization of the absorption refrigeration cycle using mixed refrigerants based on the operating characteristics of the absorption refrigeration cycle using the mixed refrigerant, which can simplify the calculation of the cycle, and is helpful to the deep investigation in the influence of the pressure variable on the features of cycles as well as the natures of different cycles. Based on this method the influence of the key operating parameters, such as the composition of the refrigerant-absorbent working fluids, generation temperature, condensing temperature and absorption temperature, on the performance of cycles of traditional flow type and auto-cascade flow type as well as the rules of the influence have been investigate. And from the optimized COP of these cycles, the method of the optimized generating pressure is obtained at the given working condition.
Based on the compared results from the performances of different cycles, the inherent mechanisms of the performance improvement of the auto-cascade absorption refrigeration cycle as well as the physical nature of the cascade module in the absorption refrigeration cycle using mixed refrigerants are revealed, and leading effect of the properties of the selected refrigerant-absorbent working fluid on the performance and flow type of the cycle has been validated.
A new absorption refrigeration cycle using mixed refrigerants is proposed based on the features of the absorption refrigeration cycle using the mixed refrigerants and the mutual constraint relationships among parameters of the working condition in the actual operation. The new cycle uses two-staged absorption in series to reduce the evaporation pressure of the mixed refrigerants which can ensure the absorption system driven by the low grade thermal energy to obtain the lower refrigeration temperature. By the detailed thermodynamic analysis, the influence of the key parameters on the performances of the new cycle are analyzed and discussed. And the comparison of the thermodynamic performance the traditional absorption refrigeration cycle, the auto-cascade absorption refrigeration cycle and the new absorption refrigeration cycle is conducted under the same working condition.
A experiment setup is built for investigating the influence of the key operating parameters on the operating performance of the traditional absorption refrigeration cycle, the auto-cascade refrigeration cycle and the new proposed cycle. The experimental results show that the new cycle can make the refrigeration at lower temperatures under the same working condition, and the refrigeration temperature of the new cycle can reach to-62.3℃with the COP of0.023, when generation temperature is184.4℃, the condensing temperature is18.8℃, and the absorption temperatures of the low-pressure absorber and high-pressure absorber are26.4℃, and28.5℃, respectively.
基于吸收式制冷循环的运行机理与吸收式工质相平衡性质,详细分析了混合制冷剂吸收式制冷循环的运行特点。研究结果显示,混合制冷剂应用于吸收式制冷循环时,将具有更多的约束条件。这不仅强化了各运行参数间的相互约束程度,同时也限制了循环流程形式的合理选择。
基于混合制冷剂吸收式制冷循环的运行特点,提出了定运行高压(发生压力和冷凝压力)的分析和优化方法,大大减少了相应计算过程的工作量,有助于深入了解压力参数对循环性能的影响,把握各种循环的内部规律。基于此方法,深入研究了吸收式工质组成、发生温度、冷凝温度、吸收温度等关键运行参数对传统循环与自复叠循环性能的影响规律；从COP的优化角度出发,给出了设定工况下最优发生压力的确定方法。
在对不同流程形式的循环性能比较的基础上,揭示了自复叠循环性能提高的内在机理,阐明了自复叠模块在混合制冷剂吸收式制冷循环中所起作用的物理本质,验证了吸收式工质在吸收式制冷循环的性能和流程形式的选择上起主导作用。
基于混合制冷剂吸收式制冷循环的特点及实际运行中各工况参数间的相互约束关系,提出了一种新型混合制冷剂吸收式制冷循环。新循环采用两级串联吸收方式,降低了混合制冷剂的蒸发压力,从循环机理上确保系统在低品位热源驱动下可获得更低的制冷温度；通过热力分析,理论研究了关键运行参数对新循环的性能的影响规律,并在相同工况下将新循环与传统循环以及自复叠循环等进行了热力性能的比较。
自行设计并搭建了混合制冷剂吸收式制冷装置的实验平台,对吸收式工质组成和关键运行参数对新循环、传统循环和自复叠循环等3种不同流程形式循环的性能的影响规律进行了实验研究。实验结果表明,新循环在相同的工况参数下更利于实现深度冷冻；采用新循环的装置,在以R23+R134a/DMF为吸收式工质,发生温度为184.4℃,冷凝温度为18.8℃,低压级和高压级的吸收温度分别为26.4℃和28.5℃时,实现了-62.3℃的制冷温度和0.023的循环COP。
Under the background of energy and environmental crisis, more and more attention has been put into the development of the absorption refrigeration which is a refrigeration technology driven by low grade thermal energy by the governments and researchers, and the absorption refrigeration is more worthy to be researched and put into the application. Traditional absorption refrigerators, such as LiBr/H2O absorption refrigerator and NH3/H2O absorption refrigerator, etc, have been widely used in the industrial process and living fields, however, they are very hard to be gotten the lower refrigeration temperature due to the properties of the selected working fluids and the cycle configuration, which limits the application of the absorption refrigerator in the deep freezing fields even where has a lot of waste heat to be released simultaneously. In this thesis, mixed refrigerants are used in the absorption refrigeration cycle, and a new mixed refrigerants absorption refrigeration cycle is proposed based on the study of the operating features and rules, and the influence of the configuration on the performance of the absorption refrigeration cycle using mixed refrigerants.
The operating characteristics of the absorption refrigeration cycle using mixed refrigerants are analyzed based on the operation principle of the absorption refrigeration cycle and the phase equilibrium properties of the refrigerant-absorbent pairs The results show that it has more constraints when mixed refrigerants are used in the absorption refrigeration cycle, which not only strengthens the interaction constraints among the various operating parameters, but also limits the exertion of the features of different configurations of cycles.
A method with constant high pressure of the cycle (generating pressure and condensing pressure) is proposed to be applied through the analysis and optimization of the absorption refrigeration cycle using mixed refrigerants based on the operating characteristics of the absorption refrigeration cycle using the mixed refrigerant, which can simplify the calculation of the cycle, and is helpful to the deep investigation in the influence of the pressure variable on the features of cycles as well as the natures of different cycles. Based on this method the influence of the key operating parameters, such as the composition of the refrigerant-absorbent working fluids, generation temperature, condensing temperature and absorption temperature, on the performance of cycles of traditional flow type and auto-cascade flow type as well as the rules of the influence have been investigate. And from the optimized COP of these cycles, the method of the optimized generating pressure is obtained at the given working condition.
Based on the compared results from the performances of different cycles, the inherent mechanisms of the performance improvement of the auto-cascade absorption refrigeration cycle as well as the physical nature of the cascade module in the absorption refrigeration cycle using mixed refrigerants are revealed, and leading effect of the properties of the selected refrigerant-absorbent working fluid on the performance and flow type of the cycle has been validated.
A new absorption refrigeration cycle using mixed refrigerants is proposed based on the features of the absorption refrigeration cycle using the mixed refrigerants and the mutual constraint relationships among parameters of the working condition in the actual operation. The new cycle uses two-staged absorption in series to reduce the evaporation pressure of the mixed refrigerants which can ensure the absorption system driven by the low grade thermal energy to obtain the lower refrigeration temperature. By the detailed thermodynamic analysis, the influence of the key parameters on the performances of the new cycle are analyzed and discussed. And the comparison of the thermodynamic performance the traditional absorption refrigeration cycle, the auto-cascade absorption refrigeration cycle and the new absorption refrigeration cycle is conducted under the same working condition.
A experiment setup is built for investigating the influence of the key operating parameters on the operating performance of the traditional absorption refrigeration cycle, the auto-cascade refrigeration cycle and the new proposed cycle. The experimental results show that the new cycle can make the refrigeration at lower temperatures under the same working condition, and the refrigeration temperature of the new cycle can reach to-62.3℃with the COP of0.023, when generation temperature is184.4℃, the condensing temperature is18.8℃, and the absorption temperatures of the low-pressure absorber and high-pressure absorber are26.4℃, and28.5℃, respectively.
引文
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