我国监狱的危机管理体系研究
摘要
人类社会进入21世纪,受金融危机、恐怖主义的影响,社会活动发生重大变化,国际国内形势更加复杂多变。与之相对应,当前犯罪现象日趋多样化、智能化、国际化,监狱工作面临的形势更加复杂多变,这对监狱系统的安全稳定提出了更新更高的要求。随着我国经济、社会的进步,我国监狱系统在惩罚和改造罪犯工作中取得了举世瞩目的成就,监狱的建设不断取得进步,然而监狱危机却并没有因为我国监狱系统的不断发展而消失,呼和浩特第二监狱暴动越狱案等一系列危机时刻提醒我们,监狱系统的安全稳定关系着国家的长治久安,关系到社会的和谐。监狱危机管理能力的高低已经成为衡量我国监狱管理水平的一项重要指标,开展监狱危机管理体系的研究对于促进我国监狱系统的安全稳定,丰富我国监狱系统理论研究具有十分重要的现实意义和理论价值。
本文从分析监狱危机与危机管理的概念性问题入手,选取了“4R模型”、“五阶段模型”及“RHED”理论分别作为本文所论述的监狱危机管理的理论基础与主要体系。运用比较分析法,通过分析美国在监狱危机管理方面的经验及不足进行比较分析,进而引出监狱危机管理体系存在重心前移、决策层由大而全转向小而精、常态化三个监狱危机管理体系发展趋势。
本文通过对呼和浩特第二监狱“10.17”暴动越狱案的反思以及并运用半结构性访谈法进行的实证调查和分析,认为当前我国监狱危机管理存在着理念落后、缺乏法律和制度保障、缺乏常态化、运转有效的领导和执行机构、与普通大众信息沟通的深度与广度不够等问题,这些问题的存在制约着我国监狱危机管理的发展。而半结构性访谈研究表明:目前有很多监狱人民警察将监狱危机管理与突发事件的应对对等的现象,对于危机管理的理论学习上主动性不高,特别是从事基层工作的干警主动性更不高。对于监狱危机管理体系的构建已经形成了比较好的想法,但这些想法大部分只是局部性的、分散的。建立监狱系统危机管理体系需要强大的人力、财力做后盾。可喜的是,监狱危机管理理论被越来越多的监狱人民警察接受。这也印证了当前我国监狱危机管理体系存在的问题是客观存在的。
根据“4R模型”以及“RHED理论”,本文认为为当前我国监狱危机管理体系就是缩减阶段、预备阶段、反应阶段和恢复阶段的整合。
监狱系统在缩减阶段主要从危机管理制度的制定和危机意识的增强等方面进行危机管理,将危机发生的概率降至最低,在预备阶段主要是进行危机控制,监狱系统应该侧重建立预警信息系统、决策核心、执行机构、危机管理预案等基础设施,当然这些基础设施的建立离不开强大的人力和财力支持,因此,确保监狱危机管理的物质基础和监狱人民警察危机管理培训制度也是十分重要的。当监狱危机的发生不可避免时,监狱危机管理体系就进入反应阶段,在此阶段的主要工作是进行危机处置。监狱系统在此阶段主要从建立和完善新闻发言人制度及快速反应机制入手,对监狱危机进行有效的处置。对监狱危机处置完毕后,监狱危机管理体系进入恢复阶段,也就是进行危机善后。通过成立专家委员会对监狱危机管理的缩减、预备、反应三个阶段进行总结和学习,如果存在监狱人民警察渎职、玩忽职守等现象,必须进行责任追究。
With human society entering into 21st century, the situation in our country and overseas has become complex and diverse which is companied by some transformation of social activities. Therefore,crime is developing into the behavior characteristic with multiple, intellectual and international, which require higher standard with safety and stability of the jail organs. With the advancement of our economy and society has made, our jail organs have also attained enormous achievement in the fields of punishing and reconstructing criminals which indicate that the jail organs have made great progress. Whereas, the jail crisis has not faded away. Take Huhhot, a city in china for instance, the second jail in the city has experienced the violent jailbeak, which reminds us that the safety and stability of the jail organ insure a long, peaceful and harmonious reign in the country. The capacity of jail crisis management has become an important index of the levels of jail management as a whole. Research on pattern of jail crisis management has actual and academic significance which could boost the safety and stability of our country’s jail organ and enrich the related theoretical research.
Start with the conception of jail crisis and crisis management, take some theories and modes as support for the essay, such as“4R”matrix,“5 phase”model and“RHED”pattern. Comparative analysis are exerted which compare the experiences and shortages in jail management. After that, the three evolution trends have been elicited of barycenter put forward, decision-making hierarchy turned into refined and normalized.
This essay not only reviews the Hohhot Second Prison’s“10.17”violent prison break, but employ the semi-structured interviews to do the Empirical analysis as well. After the above procedures, some problems related with our country’s jail crisis management are figured out, such as Philosophy behind, lack of Legal and institutional guarantees, lack of governing and executive bodies with normalized and effective-operated features and not to enough degree for the purposes of range and depth when involving in communication with the public, all of which could restrict the development of jail crisis management in our country. The research of semi-structured interviews indicates that nowadays a lot of jail police equal jail crisis management to dealing with emergencies. On top of that, many jail police especially those work in grassroots take less initiative in learning theories on crisis management. Some thoughts have been formed on constructing system of jail crisis management which are topical and disperse. To erect a systematic system of jail crisis management requires powerful human and financial backup force. The good news is that the theories of jail crisis management are being accepted by more and more jail police, which confirm that some problems do exist in regard to the systems of jail crisis management in our country at present.
According to“4R”matrix and“RHED”theory, the viewpoint of how to erect the jail crisis system of our country has been put forward.It includes four phases: curtailment, preparation, reaction and recovery.
In curtailment phase, the establishment of crisis management rules and the enforcement of crisis consciousness should be highlighted, which help to the least probability of occurrence of crisis. In preparation phase, the control of crisis bursting should be a main task, which involves in setting up presentiment information systems and the infrastructure including decision-making nucleus, executive organs and contingency plan which ensured by powerful human and financial backup. Therefore, the assurance of substantial supply and crisis management training course is of great importance. When the jail crisis bursting out, it comes to the reaction phase, which relates to dealing with crisis. In this phase, the jail organ should emphases on establishing and improving two system——the news spokesman and rapid reaction mechanism. After the above effective disposition, it comes in the recovery phase, which refers to dealing with problems arising from the crisis. The committee of experts should be set up in order to summarize and learning from the three phase——curtailment, preparation and reaction. Besides, any misbehaviour such as dereliction of duty occurs, the accountability should be called.
本文从分析监狱危机与危机管理的概念性问题入手,选取了“4R模型”、“五阶段模型”及“RHED”理论分别作为本文所论述的监狱危机管理的理论基础与主要体系。运用比较分析法,通过分析美国在监狱危机管理方面的经验及不足进行比较分析,进而引出监狱危机管理体系存在重心前移、决策层由大而全转向小而精、常态化三个监狱危机管理体系发展趋势。
本文通过对呼和浩特第二监狱“10.17”暴动越狱案的反思以及并运用半结构性访谈法进行的实证调查和分析,认为当前我国监狱危机管理存在着理念落后、缺乏法律和制度保障、缺乏常态化、运转有效的领导和执行机构、与普通大众信息沟通的深度与广度不够等问题,这些问题的存在制约着我国监狱危机管理的发展。而半结构性访谈研究表明:目前有很多监狱人民警察将监狱危机管理与突发事件的应对对等的现象,对于危机管理的理论学习上主动性不高,特别是从事基层工作的干警主动性更不高。对于监狱危机管理体系的构建已经形成了比较好的想法,但这些想法大部分只是局部性的、分散的。建立监狱系统危机管理体系需要强大的人力、财力做后盾。可喜的是,监狱危机管理理论被越来越多的监狱人民警察接受。这也印证了当前我国监狱危机管理体系存在的问题是客观存在的。
根据“4R模型”以及“RHED理论”,本文认为为当前我国监狱危机管理体系就是缩减阶段、预备阶段、反应阶段和恢复阶段的整合。
监狱系统在缩减阶段主要从危机管理制度的制定和危机意识的增强等方面进行危机管理,将危机发生的概率降至最低,在预备阶段主要是进行危机控制,监狱系统应该侧重建立预警信息系统、决策核心、执行机构、危机管理预案等基础设施,当然这些基础设施的建立离不开强大的人力和财力支持,因此,确保监狱危机管理的物质基础和监狱人民警察危机管理培训制度也是十分重要的。当监狱危机的发生不可避免时,监狱危机管理体系就进入反应阶段,在此阶段的主要工作是进行危机处置。监狱系统在此阶段主要从建立和完善新闻发言人制度及快速反应机制入手,对监狱危机进行有效的处置。对监狱危机处置完毕后,监狱危机管理体系进入恢复阶段,也就是进行危机善后。通过成立专家委员会对监狱危机管理的缩减、预备、反应三个阶段进行总结和学习,如果存在监狱人民警察渎职、玩忽职守等现象,必须进行责任追究。
With human society entering into 21st century, the situation in our country and overseas has become complex and diverse which is companied by some transformation of social activities. Therefore,crime is developing into the behavior characteristic with multiple, intellectual and international, which require higher standard with safety and stability of the jail organs. With the advancement of our economy and society has made, our jail organs have also attained enormous achievement in the fields of punishing and reconstructing criminals which indicate that the jail organs have made great progress. Whereas, the jail crisis has not faded away. Take Huhhot, a city in china for instance, the second jail in the city has experienced the violent jailbeak, which reminds us that the safety and stability of the jail organ insure a long, peaceful and harmonious reign in the country. The capacity of jail crisis management has become an important index of the levels of jail management as a whole. Research on pattern of jail crisis management has actual and academic significance which could boost the safety and stability of our country’s jail organ and enrich the related theoretical research.
Start with the conception of jail crisis and crisis management, take some theories and modes as support for the essay, such as“4R”matrix,“5 phase”model and“RHED”pattern. Comparative analysis are exerted which compare the experiences and shortages in jail management. After that, the three evolution trends have been elicited of barycenter put forward, decision-making hierarchy turned into refined and normalized.
This essay not only reviews the Hohhot Second Prison’s“10.17”violent prison break, but employ the semi-structured interviews to do the Empirical analysis as well. After the above procedures, some problems related with our country’s jail crisis management are figured out, such as Philosophy behind, lack of Legal and institutional guarantees, lack of governing and executive bodies with normalized and effective-operated features and not to enough degree for the purposes of range and depth when involving in communication with the public, all of which could restrict the development of jail crisis management in our country. The research of semi-structured interviews indicates that nowadays a lot of jail police equal jail crisis management to dealing with emergencies. On top of that, many jail police especially those work in grassroots take less initiative in learning theories on crisis management. Some thoughts have been formed on constructing system of jail crisis management which are topical and disperse. To erect a systematic system of jail crisis management requires powerful human and financial backup force. The good news is that the theories of jail crisis management are being accepted by more and more jail police, which confirm that some problems do exist in regard to the systems of jail crisis management in our country at present.
According to“4R”matrix and“RHED”theory, the viewpoint of how to erect the jail crisis system of our country has been put forward.It includes four phases: curtailment, preparation, reaction and recovery.
In curtailment phase, the establishment of crisis management rules and the enforcement of crisis consciousness should be highlighted, which help to the least probability of occurrence of crisis. In preparation phase, the control of crisis bursting should be a main task, which involves in setting up presentiment information systems and the infrastructure including decision-making nucleus, executive organs and contingency plan which ensured by powerful human and financial backup. Therefore, the assurance of substantial supply and crisis management training course is of great importance. When the jail crisis bursting out, it comes to the reaction phase, which relates to dealing with crisis. In this phase, the jail organ should emphases on establishing and improving two system——the news spokesman and rapid reaction mechanism. After the above effective disposition, it comes in the recovery phase, which refers to dealing with problems arising from the crisis. The committee of experts should be set up in order to summarize and learning from the three phase——curtailment, preparation and reaction. Besides, any misbehaviour such as dereliction of duty occurs, the accountability should be called.
引文
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