石油勘探国际合作产品分成模式研究
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摘要
国际油气勘探开发项目中，承包商与资源国之间建立的合作经济关系，即合同模式，在很大程度上制约着项目的运作效果。目前国际上主要的合同模式有租让制合同，产品分成合同，技术服务合同和回购合同。产品分成合同模式为主流合同模式，为大多数资源国所应用。在石油合同执行过程中的产品分成模式是合作各方利益分配的核心，是合作各方最关心的问题。论文在以我国石油勘探国际合作产品分成合同为例，对目前流行的石油勘探国际合作产品分成合同(PSC)，外国承包商的收益分析过程中发现，石油勘探合国际合作产品分成模式对原油价格变化的适应性较差，在原油价格高出“决策价格”较多时，外国承包商将获得巨大的超额利润，造成资源国的利益受到伤害，资源流失。
论文主要采用技术经济学内部收益率分析法和图示分析法，以我国HGO石油勘探国际合作项目为例，对我国现行石油勘探国际合作产品分成模式进行分析。找出原油价格对外国承包商内部收益率的影响规律，及产生这种规律的主要影响因素，这些因素有费用油回收比例、产品分成率。通过分析石油勘探国际合作项目的投资、生产成本的规律，选择控制外国承包商内部收益率的因子，并构建新的产品分成模式。通过实际项目数据对新的产品分成模式进行检验，比较分析，验证新模式对原油价格波动适应性，对资源国资源的保护程度。
In the international oil and gas exploration and development projects, the economic cooperation relationship established between the contractor and the host country, contract model, to a great extent, determine the effect of the operation of the project. Presently, there are mainly four contract models internationally, namely concession, PSC, service and buy back contracts. Among them, PSC is the primary one, adopted by the majority of host countries. The production sharing model of the contract is the core part of the sharing of benefits among the parties[1], mostly concern the parties. In this article, the instances of petroleum exploration international cooperation PSC contract were taken to be analyzed and was discovered that the contract is not flexible on varying oil prices. When the price is high above the "decision price", the foreign contractor is going to gain huge amount of profit, causing harm to the host country and drainage of resources.
Mainly using IRR analysis and graphical analysis of technical economics, the article take H GO p etroleum international c ooperation o f C hina p reject as example, analyzed the current using petroleum exploration international cooperation PSC contract model. The law as well as the reasons behind it of the effect caused by the oil price on IRR were found out. The factors include cost oil recovery ratio, production sharing ratio. Through the analysis on the law investment and production cost of the international exploration petroleum project, the factors controlling the foreign contractor were selected, new PSC model were constructed and verified by actual project data, to test the adaptation of the new model to oil price and the extent of the protection to the host country.
论文主要采用技术经济学内部收益率分析法和图示分析法，以我国HGO石油勘探国际合作项目为例，对我国现行石油勘探国际合作产品分成模式进行分析。找出原油价格对外国承包商内部收益率的影响规律，及产生这种规律的主要影响因素，这些因素有费用油回收比例、产品分成率。通过分析石油勘探国际合作项目的投资、生产成本的规律，选择控制外国承包商内部收益率的因子，并构建新的产品分成模式。通过实际项目数据对新的产品分成模式进行检验，比较分析，验证新模式对原油价格波动适应性，对资源国资源的保护程度。
In the international oil and gas exploration and development projects, the economic cooperation relationship established between the contractor and the host country, contract model, to a great extent, determine the effect of the operation of the project. Presently, there are mainly four contract models internationally, namely concession, PSC, service and buy back contracts. Among them, PSC is the primary one, adopted by the majority of host countries. The production sharing model of the contract is the core part of the sharing of benefits among the parties[1], mostly concern the parties. In this article, the instances of petroleum exploration international cooperation PSC contract were taken to be analyzed and was discovered that the contract is not flexible on varying oil prices. When the price is high above the "decision price", the foreign contractor is going to gain huge amount of profit, causing harm to the host country and drainage of resources.
Mainly using IRR analysis and graphical analysis of technical economics, the article take H GO p etroleum international c ooperation o f C hina p reject as example, analyzed the current using petroleum exploration international cooperation PSC contract model. The law as well as the reasons behind it of the effect caused by the oil price on IRR were found out. The factors include cost oil recovery ratio, production sharing ratio. Through the analysis on the law investment and production cost of the international exploration petroleum project, the factors controlling the foreign contractor were selected, new PSC model were constructed and verified by actual project data, to test the adaptation of the new model to oil price and the extent of the protection to the host country.
引文
[1] [美]Daniel Johnston. International Petroleum Fiscal Systems and Production sharing Contract. OK. Pennwell Pub; November 1994: 5-9
[2] Petrolum Taxation/legislation Report. OPEC Exploration Incentives 2002. Barrows company Inc. March～April 2002
[3] 胡乃人．对外合作开采陆上石油资源与石油合同．北京：石油管理干部学院，1998．10：P160-166(内部培训资料)
[4] 冯国栋．国际石油合作项目经济评价分析研究．对外合作开发论文集，中国石油对外合作经理部，2000．7：P160-166
[5] 赖豪奎，赵东合作区滩海油田经济评价方法，对外合作开发论文集，中国石油对外合作经理部，2000．7：P150-153
[6] 中国石油天然气股份有限公司规划计划部，规划总院主编．建设项目经济评价方法与参数．北京：2001．12：P58-60
[7] 国家税务局1990年2月14日发布的《关于外国企业在华开采陆上石油资源税收问题的通知》
[8] 财政部，国家税务总局，财税字(1995)63号(关于修订《中外合作开采陆上石油资源缴纳矿区使用费暂行规定》的通知)
[9] 王雪梅，何艳青．国外大石油公司勘探开发成本分析．北京：石油工业出版社，1998：20-25
[10] 胡荣，吕宁．中国石化网．http://www. spc. com. cn．国际原油价格预测因素探讨
[11] OPEC网站，http://www. opec. org/homepage/frame. htm. OPEC Annual Statistical Bulletion 2001
[12] 刘广生 孙瑞华．油气勘探开发投资绩效评价的指标选择，石油化工技术经济网
[13] 罗东昆．石油勘探开发投资经济评价指标分析．国际石油经济，2001．10：40-44
[14] 武春友，张米尔。技术经济学(第3版)．大连：大连理工大学出版社，2001：58-59
[15] HGO Block JSA Final Report, Volume Ⅱ, Field Development. STATOIL Inc. 1999: APP B: 1-9(内部资料)
[16] [美]H．Cris Petersen，W．Cris Lewis著，吴德庆译校．管理经济学(第三版)．北京：中国人民大学出版社 1998．10：79-81
[17] 荆克尧，刘会友，熊国明，经济评价中“决策油价”确定方法的探讨，石油化工技术经济，2001年第17卷第2期
[18] Kuihuadao Block JSA Final Report, PIONEER NATURAL RESOURCES USA. INC. 1999: 5-7
[19] 海南区块可行性研究报告，香港天时公司 2002，7：105～110
[20] 美国WTG经济网http://www. wtrg. com/prices. htm. Oil Price History and Analysis
[21] OPEC 网站，http://www. opec. org/homepage/frame. htm, OPEC Annual Statistical Bulletion 2002
[22] 王乃举．中国油藏开发模式总论．北京：石油工业出版社．1999．12．7-9
[23] 孙东明．油气勘探投资效益评价方法．油气勘探经营管理论文集．北京：石油工业出版社．1999
[24] 王春鹏，马玉龙，时庚戌．辽河油田开发实践．北京：石油工业出版社．2002．2：15-17
[25] 韩显卿．提高采收率原理．北京，石油工业出版社，1998：98-100
[26] 张洪亮，郑俊德等．油气田开发与开采，石油工业出版社．1983：109-123
[27] 辽河油田GSE油田开采作业成本曲线(内部资料)2003，6
[28] Mohan Kelkar. Petroleum Economic Evaluation and Risk Assessment. The university of Tulsa, 1994(3)95—115
[2] Petrolum Taxation/legislation Report. OPEC Exploration Incentives 2002. Barrows company Inc. March～April 2002
[3] 胡乃人．对外合作开采陆上石油资源与石油合同．北京：石油管理干部学院，1998．10：P160-166(内部培训资料)
[4] 冯国栋．国际石油合作项目经济评价分析研究．对外合作开发论文集，中国石油对外合作经理部，2000．7：P160-166
[5] 赖豪奎，赵东合作区滩海油田经济评价方法，对外合作开发论文集，中国石油对外合作经理部，2000．7：P150-153
[6] 中国石油天然气股份有限公司规划计划部，规划总院主编．建设项目经济评价方法与参数．北京：2001．12：P58-60
[7] 国家税务局1990年2月14日发布的《关于外国企业在华开采陆上石油资源税收问题的通知》
[8] 财政部，国家税务总局，财税字(1995)63号(关于修订《中外合作开采陆上石油资源缴纳矿区使用费暂行规定》的通知)
[9] 王雪梅，何艳青．国外大石油公司勘探开发成本分析．北京：石油工业出版社，1998：20-25
[10] 胡荣，吕宁．中国石化网．http://www. spc. com. cn．国际原油价格预测因素探讨
[11] OPEC网站，http://www. opec. org/homepage/frame. htm. OPEC Annual Statistical Bulletion 2001
[12] 刘广生 孙瑞华．油气勘探开发投资绩效评价的指标选择，石油化工技术经济网
[13] 罗东昆．石油勘探开发投资经济评价指标分析．国际石油经济，2001．10：40-44
[14] 武春友，张米尔。技术经济学(第3版)．大连：大连理工大学出版社，2001：58-59
[15] HGO Block JSA Final Report, Volume Ⅱ, Field Development. STATOIL Inc. 1999: APP B: 1-9(内部资料)
[16] [美]H．Cris Petersen，W．Cris Lewis著，吴德庆译校．管理经济学(第三版)．北京：中国人民大学出版社 1998．10：79-81
[17] 荆克尧，刘会友，熊国明，经济评价中“决策油价”确定方法的探讨，石油化工技术经济，2001年第17卷第2期
[18] Kuihuadao Block JSA Final Report, PIONEER NATURAL RESOURCES USA. INC. 1999: 5-7
[19] 海南区块可行性研究报告，香港天时公司 2002，7：105～110
[20] 美国WTG经济网http://www. wtrg. com/prices. htm. Oil Price History and Analysis
[21] OPEC 网站，http://www. opec. org/homepage/frame. htm, OPEC Annual Statistical Bulletion 2002
[22] 王乃举．中国油藏开发模式总论．北京：石油工业出版社．1999．12．7-9
[23] 孙东明．油气勘探投资效益评价方法．油气勘探经营管理论文集．北京：石油工业出版社．1999
[24] 王春鹏，马玉龙，时庚戌．辽河油田开发实践．北京：石油工业出版社．2002．2：15-17
[25] 韩显卿．提高采收率原理．北京，石油工业出版社，1998：98-100
[26] 张洪亮，郑俊德等．油气田开发与开采，石油工业出版社．1983：109-123
[27] 辽河油田GSE油田开采作业成本曲线(内部资料)2003，6
[28] Mohan Kelkar. Petroleum Economic Evaluation and Risk Assessment. The university of Tulsa, 1994(3)95—115