樟树缺铁成因及其矫治技术研究
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摘要
樟树为中亚热带常绿阔叶林的代表树种,是中国南方珍贵用材和经济树种,分布广泛,是城乡园林绿化、用材、药材和生物化工原料重要来源。樟树喜欢湿润肥沃的微酸性土壤、不耐干旱和瘠薄,而市区土壤瘠薄,污染严重,特别是在滨海地区的市区难以获得适宜的生存条件,致使黄化现象普遍而严重,从而导致巨大的经济和生态损失。本研究以樟树为供试材料,通过室内研究和实地调查,对樟树黄化成因作了分析,并提出有效的防治措施,结果如下：
1.对位于钱塘江北岸杭州市经济技术开发区六号路两旁黄化和正常樟树叶片和土壤因子年周期变化规律进行了研究,得出黄化樟树立地土壤pH、HCO3-、磷浓度都较高,有效铁浓度和有机质含量较低,有效磷、pH和HCO3-与有效铁为拮抗作用,且拮抗性差异不大,有机质与有效铁表现为增效作用；黄化叶片磷浓度明显高于正常叶片,而叶绿素计读数(SPAD值)、活性铁、全铁、氮、钾、过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶活性明显低于正常叶片,磷与活性铁之间表现为拮抗作用,其余营养元素与活性铁之间表现为增效作用。4个取样时期樟树黄化从轻到重顺序依次为2007-08、2007-06、2007-03和2006-10,路南比路北黄化程度要轻,表层土质差。并在此基础上对樟树施肥提出建议,为预防和治理樟树黄化提供新的依据。
2.砂培条件下,对不同磷酸根和碳酸氢根浓度对樟树幼苗吸收铁、锰和锌的影响进行了研究,从樟树幼苗生长及对铁、锰和锌吸收等方面分析,其生长最适PO43-浓度为0.1 mmol L-1,适宜PO43-浓度为0.1 mmol L-1-1 mmol L-1,大于1mmol L-1的PO43-浓度对生长有一定的抑制作用,当浓度达到10 mmol L-1时这种抑制作用已相当明显；HCO3-浓度为10 mmol L-1时,樟树幼苗生长基本不受影响,20 mmol L-1时有一定程度的抑制作用,30 mmol L-1时这种抑制作用已相当明显。
3.砂培条件下对樟树幼苗缺铁矫治技术进行了研究,提出樟树高效铁肥配方及其用量。从樟树幼苗生长及对铁锰锌方面分析,最佳铁肥种类是Fe2 (NH4) 2(SO4)3,其最佳施用浓度为0.2克/盆,Fe2(NH4)2(SO4)3的最佳的配料为H3BO3,其最佳施用浓度为0.5克/盆。
4.通过对杭州市钱塘江北岸滨海地区黄化樟树使用长效复合铁肥,研究了樟树立地土壤主要理化性质和叶片主要因子变化规律及其变化规律的原因。结果表明,施长效铁肥均减少了土壤的pH值、HCO3-和有效磷,HCO3-减少的最多,有效磷次之,pH值最少,增加了土壤其余养分,增加次序为有机质>有效铁>速效钾>水解氮>有效铜>有效锌>有效锰；施长效铁肥均减少了叶片的磷浓度,增加叶片的过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶、SPAD值、活性铁、全铁、氮和钾的浓度,增加高低顺序为活性铁>过氧化氢酶>过氧化物酶>钾>SPAD值>全铁>氮。5kg铁肥和7.5 kg铁肥两处理发挥肥效迅速,5 kg铁肥+25kg红壤和7.5 kg铁肥+25kg红壤两处理次之,5kg铁肥+50 kg红壤和7.5 kg铁肥+50 kg红壤两处理肥效发挥的最持久,在条件允许下,红壤用量越多越好。土壤的pH值、HCO3-、有效磷和叶片的磷浓度均为5 kg铁肥>7.5kg铁肥,5kg铁肥+25 kg红壤>7.5kg铁肥+25 kg红壤,5kg铁肥+50kg红壤>7.5kg铁肥+50 kg红壤,其余养分正好相反,在适宜的施肥量下,铁肥越多,效果越好。不同取样时间规律性不强,仅叶片SPAD值和活性铁,土壤有机质和水解氮、土壤有效铜和有效锌变化规律一致,多数养分在8月较高；不同处理叶片养分变化规律性不强,仅活性铁和过氧化氢酶、SPAD值和氮变化规律一致,土壤养分变化规律性较强,有机质、水解性氮、速效钾与有效铁,pH值和HCO3-变化规律均一致；叶片磷与活性铁之间表现为拮抗作用,其余营养元素与活性铁之间表现为增效作用,土壤pH、HCO3-、有效磷与有效铁之间表现为拮抗作用,其余养分与有效铁之间表现为增效作用。
5.通过对杭州市钱塘江北岸滨海地区黄化樟树喷施不同铁肥,研究樟树叶片主要因子变化规律。结果表明,叶片的磷浓度为对照>FeCl3>FeSO4·7H2O>FeC6H5O7> FeEDTA>Fe2 (NH4) 2(SO4)3,活性铁、过氧化物酶、全铁、钾、氮、过氧化氢酶和SPAD值正好相反。各铁肥均减少了叶片的磷浓度,增加叶片其余养分和生理指标活性,增加高低顺序为活性铁>过氧化物酶>全铁>钾>氮=过氧化氢酶>SPAD值。不同取样时间养分变化规律性较强,SPAD值、过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶、氮和钾变化规律一致,均随取样时间呈逐渐增加的趋势；不同处理养分变化规律性也较强,活性铁、全铁、SPAD值、过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶、氮和钾变化规律一致；磷与活性铁之间表现为拮抗作用,其余养分和生理指标活性与活性铁之间表现为增效作用。
6.对不同碳酸钙浓度施入铁肥后红壤的养分变化作了研究。结果表明,不同碳酸钙浓度各土壤pH值、水解氮、有效磷、速效钾、有效钙和有效镁均有所增加,增加次序为有效镁>有效磷>速效钾>有效钙>pH值>水解氮；减少了有机质、有效铁、有效锰、有效铜和有效锌浓度,减少次序为有效铁>有效铜>有效锌>有效锰>有机质；不同碳酸钙浓度各土壤因子规律性较强,有效铁、有效锰、有效铜与有效锌,有效磷、有效钙与有效镁,水解性氮与速效钾变化规律均一致；pH值、有效磷、速效钾、有效钙和有效镁与有效铁之间表现为拮抗作用,有机质、水解性氮、有效锰、有效铜和有效锌与有效铁之间表现为增效作用。结果还表明,结果还表明,随碳酸钙浓度增加樟树幼苗地上部和地下部铁锰锌浓度呈下降趋势；地上部、地下部和植株的鲜重干重,鲜基干基的根冠比均呈先增加后减少的趋势；地上部、地下部和植株的含水量呈先降低后增加的趋势。
Camphor-tree is a large, tall, evergreen broad-leaved tree which is a representative species in subtropical forests. It is widely distributed in southern China. It has high timber value and considered as special economic species. These trees are not only an important component of urban and rural landscape, but also a source of medicine and biochemical raw materials. Camphor-trees are adapted well to slightly acidic, moist fertile soil and intolerant of drought and infertile soil condition. But urban soil is barren and seriously polluted. So, camphor-trees in the urban areas especially coastal urban areas do not get appropriate living conditions, which results widespread severe chlorosis, leading to an enormous economic and ecological losses. Therefore, studying on reasons for chlorosis of camphor-trees may contribute to figure out remedial measueres. In this study, through laboratory research and field surveys, the reasons for chlorosis were ascertained, and effective control measures were figured out. The results were as follows:
1) Year-cycle changes in soil and leaf nutrient factors of normal and chlorotic camphor-trees grown in calcareous soil were surveyed on both sides of the 6th road of Hangzhou economic and technological development zone located in the north shore of the Qiantang River. The results indicated that soil pH value、HCO3- and available P contents of chlorotic trees were higher than normal trees, while its available Fe and organic matter contents were lower; leaf P content of chlorotic trees were higher than normal trees, while active Fe, total Fe, N and K contents, SPAD value, peroxidase and catalase activity were lower. The results also showed that soil pH value, HCO3- and available P contents were antagonistic to effective Fe content, while organic matter content were synergy; leaf P content was antagonistic to active Fe content, while the remaining element contents and physiological index activity were synergistic. Among four sampling times, the degree of chlorosis from low to high was August in 2007> June in 2007> March in 2007> October in 2006. The results also showed that the chlorosis from south side of the road was lesser than north side, topsoil quality was worse. Under this circumstances, a new fertilizing method of camphor-trees was recommended as treatment and prevention for camphor-trees chlorosis.
2) Effect of different phosphate and bicarbonate concentrations on growth and Fe, Mn and Zn contents of camphor-tree seedlings was studied in sand culture experiment. Through the analysis of growth and Fe, Mn and Zn contents of camphor-tree seedlings, we found that optimal phosphate concentration for the growth of the camphor-tree seedlings was 0.1 mmol L-1, while suitable phosphate concentration for growth ranged from 0.1 mmol L-1 to 1 mmol L-1, the growth that had a certain degree of inhibition was observed when phosphate concentrations exceeded 1 mmol L"1, and this inhibition was very obvious at a concentration of 10 mmol L-1. In case of bicarbonate concentration, the growth was basically unaffected at 10 mmol L-1, while it showed a certain degree of inhibition at 20 mmol L-1 and at a concentration of 30 mmol L-1 this inhibition became quite obvious.
3) Correction technology on iron deficiency of camphor-tree seedlings was studied in sand culture experiment in order to screen for the Fe fertilizer, optimal concentration of the Fe fertilizer, material combined with the Fe fertilizer and material optimal concentration of camphor-tree seedlings. Analysis of growth and Fe, Mn and Zn contents of camphor-tree seedlings suggested that the best Fe fertilizer was ammonium ferrous sulfate and the most effective concentration of ammonium ferrous sulfate was 0.2 g in each pot. It also revealed that boric acid was the best material which was applied with ferrous ammonium sulfate and the best concentration of boric acid was 0.5 g in each pot。
4) The main leaf and soil factors change and reasons of chlorosis of camphor-trees were studied after applying a slow-releasing compound Fe fertilizer in the coastal region located in the north shore of the Qiantang River. Results indicated that compared to the experimental control, the application of the slow-releasing compound Fe fertilizer could reduce soil pH value, HCO3- and available P contents. Reduction of HCO3- content was the highest followed by available P content and pH value was the lowest; while it increased the remaining element contents, the increment order were organic matter> effective Fe> available K>hydrolysable N>effective Cu>effective Zn>effective Mn. At the same time, leaf P content was reduced and the remaining element contents were increased, the increased order was active Fe> catalase> peroxidase> K> SPAD value> total Fe> N. Again,5 kg and 7.5 kg fertilizer treatment were exerted rapidly, followed by 5 kg fertilizer mixing 25 kg red soil treatment and 7.5 kg fertilizer mixing 25 kg treatment red soil, while 5 kg fertilizer mixing 50 kg red soil treatment and 7.5 kg fertilizer mixing 50kg red soil treatment were highly persistent. In permitting conditions, the more red soil, the better effect. The order of soil pH value, HCO3-, available P and leaf P contents were 5 kg fertilizer>7.5 kg fertilizer,5 kg fertilizer mixing 25 kg red soil>7.5 kg fertilizer mixing 25 kg red soil,5 kg fertilizer mixing 50 kg red soil>7.5 kg fertilizer mixing 50kg red soil, while the remaining element contents were on the contrary. Suitable fertilizer amount was 5-7.5 kg, at appropriate scope, and the more fertilizer, the better effect. Rule of different sampling times were not evident, only soil organic matter and hydrolysable N contents, soil effective Cu and effective Zn contents, leaf active Fe content and SPAD value were unanimous, most of the element contents were high in August. Soil rule of different treatments were stronger, organic matter, hydrolysable N, available K and effective Fe contents, pH value and HCO3- content were consistent; while leaf rule of different treatments were not evident, only active Fe content and catalase activity, SPAD value and N content were the same. The results also showed that soil pH value, HCO3- and available P contents had antagonism with active Fe content, while the remaining element contents showed synergy; and leaf P content was antagonistic to active Fe content, while the remaining element contents were synergistic.
5) The changes of nutrient contents in the main leaf of chlorotic camphor-tree were studied after spraying Fe fertilizer in the coastal region located in the north shore of the Qiantang River. Results indicated that leaf P content was CK> FeCl3> FeSO4·7H2O> Iron citrate> FeEDTA> Ammonium ferrous sulfate, but SPAD value, peroxidase and catalase activity, active Fe, total Fe, K, N contents were on the contrary. Compared with the experimental control, all Fe fertilizers reduced leaf P content, but they increased the contents of remaining elements and activity of physiological indexes, the increased order were active Fe> peroxidase> total Fe> K >catalase= N> SPAD value. Rule of different sampling times were evident, SPAD value, catalase and peroxidase activity, N and K contents were unanimous, and it had a growing trend with the sampling time; Rule of different treatments were evident too, SPAD value, catalase and peroxidase activity, active Fe, total Fe, N and K contents were the same. The results also showed that P content was antagonistic to active Fe content, while the remaining element contents and physiological index activity were synergistic.
6) The main soil factors were investigated after applying different calcium carbonate concentrations into the Fe fertilizer in red soil. Results indicated that the application of different calcium carbonate concentrations into the Fe fertilizer increased soil pH value, hydrolysable N, available P, readily available K, available Ca and available Mg contents, with the increased order of available Mg>available P>readily available K>available Ca>pH value> hydrolysable N; but other soil factor contents redused in the order of available Fe>available Cu>available Zn>available Mn>organic matter. Rule of soil factor contents were evident in different calcium carbonate concentrations, available Fe, available Mn, available Cu and available Zn contents, available P, available Ca and available Mg contents, readily available K and hydrolysable N contents were the same; the results also showed that pH value, available P, readily available K, available Ca and available Mg contents were antagonistic to available Fe content, while organic matter, hydrolysable N, available Mn, available Cu and available Zn contents were synergistic to available Fe content. Meanwhile, with the increase of calcium carbonate concentration, Fe, Mn and Zn contents of shoot and root of camphor-tree seedlings were reduced; fresh and dry weight of shoot, root and plant, and root shoot ratio of fresh and dry condition were enhanced first and then declined; water contents of shoot, root and plant were reduced first and then raised.
1.对位于钱塘江北岸杭州市经济技术开发区六号路两旁黄化和正常樟树叶片和土壤因子年周期变化规律进行了研究,得出黄化樟树立地土壤pH、HCO3-、磷浓度都较高,有效铁浓度和有机质含量较低,有效磷、pH和HCO3-与有效铁为拮抗作用,且拮抗性差异不大,有机质与有效铁表现为增效作用；黄化叶片磷浓度明显高于正常叶片,而叶绿素计读数(SPAD值)、活性铁、全铁、氮、钾、过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶活性明显低于正常叶片,磷与活性铁之间表现为拮抗作用,其余营养元素与活性铁之间表现为增效作用。4个取样时期樟树黄化从轻到重顺序依次为2007-08、2007-06、2007-03和2006-10,路南比路北黄化程度要轻,表层土质差。并在此基础上对樟树施肥提出建议,为预防和治理樟树黄化提供新的依据。
2.砂培条件下,对不同磷酸根和碳酸氢根浓度对樟树幼苗吸收铁、锰和锌的影响进行了研究,从樟树幼苗生长及对铁、锰和锌吸收等方面分析,其生长最适PO43-浓度为0.1 mmol L-1,适宜PO43-浓度为0.1 mmol L-1-1 mmol L-1,大于1mmol L-1的PO43-浓度对生长有一定的抑制作用,当浓度达到10 mmol L-1时这种抑制作用已相当明显；HCO3-浓度为10 mmol L-1时,樟树幼苗生长基本不受影响,20 mmol L-1时有一定程度的抑制作用,30 mmol L-1时这种抑制作用已相当明显。
3.砂培条件下对樟树幼苗缺铁矫治技术进行了研究,提出樟树高效铁肥配方及其用量。从樟树幼苗生长及对铁锰锌方面分析,最佳铁肥种类是Fe2 (NH4) 2(SO4)3,其最佳施用浓度为0.2克/盆,Fe2(NH4)2(SO4)3的最佳的配料为H3BO3,其最佳施用浓度为0.5克/盆。
4.通过对杭州市钱塘江北岸滨海地区黄化樟树使用长效复合铁肥,研究了樟树立地土壤主要理化性质和叶片主要因子变化规律及其变化规律的原因。结果表明,施长效铁肥均减少了土壤的pH值、HCO3-和有效磷,HCO3-减少的最多,有效磷次之,pH值最少,增加了土壤其余养分,增加次序为有机质>有效铁>速效钾>水解氮>有效铜>有效锌>有效锰；施长效铁肥均减少了叶片的磷浓度,增加叶片的过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶、SPAD值、活性铁、全铁、氮和钾的浓度,增加高低顺序为活性铁>过氧化氢酶>过氧化物酶>钾>SPAD值>全铁>氮。5kg铁肥和7.5 kg铁肥两处理发挥肥效迅速,5 kg铁肥+25kg红壤和7.5 kg铁肥+25kg红壤两处理次之,5kg铁肥+50 kg红壤和7.5 kg铁肥+50 kg红壤两处理肥效发挥的最持久,在条件允许下,红壤用量越多越好。土壤的pH值、HCO3-、有效磷和叶片的磷浓度均为5 kg铁肥>7.5kg铁肥,5kg铁肥+25 kg红壤>7.5kg铁肥+25 kg红壤,5kg铁肥+50kg红壤>7.5kg铁肥+50 kg红壤,其余养分正好相反,在适宜的施肥量下,铁肥越多,效果越好。不同取样时间规律性不强,仅叶片SPAD值和活性铁,土壤有机质和水解氮、土壤有效铜和有效锌变化规律一致,多数养分在8月较高；不同处理叶片养分变化规律性不强,仅活性铁和过氧化氢酶、SPAD值和氮变化规律一致,土壤养分变化规律性较强,有机质、水解性氮、速效钾与有效铁,pH值和HCO3-变化规律均一致；叶片磷与活性铁之间表现为拮抗作用,其余营养元素与活性铁之间表现为增效作用,土壤pH、HCO3-、有效磷与有效铁之间表现为拮抗作用,其余养分与有效铁之间表现为增效作用。
5.通过对杭州市钱塘江北岸滨海地区黄化樟树喷施不同铁肥,研究樟树叶片主要因子变化规律。结果表明,叶片的磷浓度为对照>FeCl3>FeSO4·7H2O>FeC6H5O7> FeEDTA>Fe2 (NH4) 2(SO4)3,活性铁、过氧化物酶、全铁、钾、氮、过氧化氢酶和SPAD值正好相反。各铁肥均减少了叶片的磷浓度,增加叶片其余养分和生理指标活性,增加高低顺序为活性铁>过氧化物酶>全铁>钾>氮=过氧化氢酶>SPAD值。不同取样时间养分变化规律性较强,SPAD值、过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶、氮和钾变化规律一致,均随取样时间呈逐渐增加的趋势；不同处理养分变化规律性也较强,活性铁、全铁、SPAD值、过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶、氮和钾变化规律一致；磷与活性铁之间表现为拮抗作用,其余养分和生理指标活性与活性铁之间表现为增效作用。
6.对不同碳酸钙浓度施入铁肥后红壤的养分变化作了研究。结果表明,不同碳酸钙浓度各土壤pH值、水解氮、有效磷、速效钾、有效钙和有效镁均有所增加,增加次序为有效镁>有效磷>速效钾>有效钙>pH值>水解氮；减少了有机质、有效铁、有效锰、有效铜和有效锌浓度,减少次序为有效铁>有效铜>有效锌>有效锰>有机质；不同碳酸钙浓度各土壤因子规律性较强,有效铁、有效锰、有效铜与有效锌,有效磷、有效钙与有效镁,水解性氮与速效钾变化规律均一致；pH值、有效磷、速效钾、有效钙和有效镁与有效铁之间表现为拮抗作用,有机质、水解性氮、有效锰、有效铜和有效锌与有效铁之间表现为增效作用。结果还表明,结果还表明,随碳酸钙浓度增加樟树幼苗地上部和地下部铁锰锌浓度呈下降趋势；地上部、地下部和植株的鲜重干重,鲜基干基的根冠比均呈先增加后减少的趋势；地上部、地下部和植株的含水量呈先降低后增加的趋势。
Camphor-tree is a large, tall, evergreen broad-leaved tree which is a representative species in subtropical forests. It is widely distributed in southern China. It has high timber value and considered as special economic species. These trees are not only an important component of urban and rural landscape, but also a source of medicine and biochemical raw materials. Camphor-trees are adapted well to slightly acidic, moist fertile soil and intolerant of drought and infertile soil condition. But urban soil is barren and seriously polluted. So, camphor-trees in the urban areas especially coastal urban areas do not get appropriate living conditions, which results widespread severe chlorosis, leading to an enormous economic and ecological losses. Therefore, studying on reasons for chlorosis of camphor-trees may contribute to figure out remedial measueres. In this study, through laboratory research and field surveys, the reasons for chlorosis were ascertained, and effective control measures were figured out. The results were as follows:
1) Year-cycle changes in soil and leaf nutrient factors of normal and chlorotic camphor-trees grown in calcareous soil were surveyed on both sides of the 6th road of Hangzhou economic and technological development zone located in the north shore of the Qiantang River. The results indicated that soil pH value、HCO3- and available P contents of chlorotic trees were higher than normal trees, while its available Fe and organic matter contents were lower; leaf P content of chlorotic trees were higher than normal trees, while active Fe, total Fe, N and K contents, SPAD value, peroxidase and catalase activity were lower. The results also showed that soil pH value, HCO3- and available P contents were antagonistic to effective Fe content, while organic matter content were synergy; leaf P content was antagonistic to active Fe content, while the remaining element contents and physiological index activity were synergistic. Among four sampling times, the degree of chlorosis from low to high was August in 2007> June in 2007> March in 2007> October in 2006. The results also showed that the chlorosis from south side of the road was lesser than north side, topsoil quality was worse. Under this circumstances, a new fertilizing method of camphor-trees was recommended as treatment and prevention for camphor-trees chlorosis.
2) Effect of different phosphate and bicarbonate concentrations on growth and Fe, Mn and Zn contents of camphor-tree seedlings was studied in sand culture experiment. Through the analysis of growth and Fe, Mn and Zn contents of camphor-tree seedlings, we found that optimal phosphate concentration for the growth of the camphor-tree seedlings was 0.1 mmol L-1, while suitable phosphate concentration for growth ranged from 0.1 mmol L-1 to 1 mmol L-1, the growth that had a certain degree of inhibition was observed when phosphate concentrations exceeded 1 mmol L"1, and this inhibition was very obvious at a concentration of 10 mmol L-1. In case of bicarbonate concentration, the growth was basically unaffected at 10 mmol L-1, while it showed a certain degree of inhibition at 20 mmol L-1 and at a concentration of 30 mmol L-1 this inhibition became quite obvious.
3) Correction technology on iron deficiency of camphor-tree seedlings was studied in sand culture experiment in order to screen for the Fe fertilizer, optimal concentration of the Fe fertilizer, material combined with the Fe fertilizer and material optimal concentration of camphor-tree seedlings. Analysis of growth and Fe, Mn and Zn contents of camphor-tree seedlings suggested that the best Fe fertilizer was ammonium ferrous sulfate and the most effective concentration of ammonium ferrous sulfate was 0.2 g in each pot. It also revealed that boric acid was the best material which was applied with ferrous ammonium sulfate and the best concentration of boric acid was 0.5 g in each pot。
4) The main leaf and soil factors change and reasons of chlorosis of camphor-trees were studied after applying a slow-releasing compound Fe fertilizer in the coastal region located in the north shore of the Qiantang River. Results indicated that compared to the experimental control, the application of the slow-releasing compound Fe fertilizer could reduce soil pH value, HCO3- and available P contents. Reduction of HCO3- content was the highest followed by available P content and pH value was the lowest; while it increased the remaining element contents, the increment order were organic matter> effective Fe> available K>hydrolysable N>effective Cu>effective Zn>effective Mn. At the same time, leaf P content was reduced and the remaining element contents were increased, the increased order was active Fe> catalase> peroxidase> K> SPAD value> total Fe> N. Again,5 kg and 7.5 kg fertilizer treatment were exerted rapidly, followed by 5 kg fertilizer mixing 25 kg red soil treatment and 7.5 kg fertilizer mixing 25 kg treatment red soil, while 5 kg fertilizer mixing 50 kg red soil treatment and 7.5 kg fertilizer mixing 50kg red soil treatment were highly persistent. In permitting conditions, the more red soil, the better effect. The order of soil pH value, HCO3-, available P and leaf P contents were 5 kg fertilizer>7.5 kg fertilizer,5 kg fertilizer mixing 25 kg red soil>7.5 kg fertilizer mixing 25 kg red soil,5 kg fertilizer mixing 50 kg red soil>7.5 kg fertilizer mixing 50kg red soil, while the remaining element contents were on the contrary. Suitable fertilizer amount was 5-7.5 kg, at appropriate scope, and the more fertilizer, the better effect. Rule of different sampling times were not evident, only soil organic matter and hydrolysable N contents, soil effective Cu and effective Zn contents, leaf active Fe content and SPAD value were unanimous, most of the element contents were high in August. Soil rule of different treatments were stronger, organic matter, hydrolysable N, available K and effective Fe contents, pH value and HCO3- content were consistent; while leaf rule of different treatments were not evident, only active Fe content and catalase activity, SPAD value and N content were the same. The results also showed that soil pH value, HCO3- and available P contents had antagonism with active Fe content, while the remaining element contents showed synergy; and leaf P content was antagonistic to active Fe content, while the remaining element contents were synergistic.
5) The changes of nutrient contents in the main leaf of chlorotic camphor-tree were studied after spraying Fe fertilizer in the coastal region located in the north shore of the Qiantang River. Results indicated that leaf P content was CK> FeCl3> FeSO4·7H2O> Iron citrate> FeEDTA> Ammonium ferrous sulfate, but SPAD value, peroxidase and catalase activity, active Fe, total Fe, K, N contents were on the contrary. Compared with the experimental control, all Fe fertilizers reduced leaf P content, but they increased the contents of remaining elements and activity of physiological indexes, the increased order were active Fe> peroxidase> total Fe> K >catalase= N> SPAD value. Rule of different sampling times were evident, SPAD value, catalase and peroxidase activity, N and K contents were unanimous, and it had a growing trend with the sampling time; Rule of different treatments were evident too, SPAD value, catalase and peroxidase activity, active Fe, total Fe, N and K contents were the same. The results also showed that P content was antagonistic to active Fe content, while the remaining element contents and physiological index activity were synergistic.
6) The main soil factors were investigated after applying different calcium carbonate concentrations into the Fe fertilizer in red soil. Results indicated that the application of different calcium carbonate concentrations into the Fe fertilizer increased soil pH value, hydrolysable N, available P, readily available K, available Ca and available Mg contents, with the increased order of available Mg>available P>readily available K>available Ca>pH value> hydrolysable N; but other soil factor contents redused in the order of available Fe>available Cu>available Zn>available Mn>organic matter. Rule of soil factor contents were evident in different calcium carbonate concentrations, available Fe, available Mn, available Cu and available Zn contents, available P, available Ca and available Mg contents, readily available K and hydrolysable N contents were the same; the results also showed that pH value, available P, readily available K, available Ca and available Mg contents were antagonistic to available Fe content, while organic matter, hydrolysable N, available Mn, available Cu and available Zn contents were synergistic to available Fe content. Meanwhile, with the increase of calcium carbonate concentration, Fe, Mn and Zn contents of shoot and root of camphor-tree seedlings were reduced; fresh and dry weight of shoot, root and plant, and root shoot ratio of fresh and dry condition were enhanced first and then declined; water contents of shoot, root and plant were reduced first and then raised.
引文
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