星地激光通信中非柯尔莫哥洛夫湍流影响研究
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摘要
卫星激光通信技术是卫星通信领域的高新技术,与传统的卫星微波通信相比,具有传输数据率高、通信容量大、抗干扰性能强、信息安全性高、设备体积小、重量轻、功耗低、不需要无线电频率使用许可等诸多优点。自二十世纪六十年代以来,美国、欧洲各国以及日本等发达国家甚至包括一些发展中国家都先后投入了大量的人力和物力进行卫星激光通信技术的研究和开发。经过半个多世纪的努力,卫星激光通信技术的研究已经进入到了空间实验阶段,并已成功地进行了多次星地和星间激光通信实验,正在向商业化和应用化方向发展。
在卫星激光通信的诸多链路中,星地链路作为其主干链路尤其受到关注并得到广泛研究。对于星地激光通信而言,由于地球大气层是其通信信道的一部分,因此大气湍流会对激光通信链路的建立和保持及其性能产生影响。进行大气湍流对星地激光通信影响的研究,对卫星激光通信的系统设计、在轨试验以及实际应用都具有重要的指导意义。
迄今为止,大气湍流对星地激光通信影响的研究主要考虑的是柯尔莫哥洛夫(Kolmogorov)湍流,因为这一模型不仅简单,而且在边界层有大量的实验支持。然而,大气湍流的实测却表明对流层的大气湍流是Kolmogorov湍流,平流层(包括对流顶层)的大气湍流却是另外一种湍流存在,即非柯尔莫哥洛夫(Non-Kolmogorov)湍流;同时理论研究的结果也表明Kolmogorov湍流不是大气中唯一可能的湍流模型,Non-Kolmogorov湍流在大气中是存在的。因此,对于星地链路而言,将整个链路的大气湍流都作Kolmogorov湍流处理显然已经不符合星地链路大气湍流的实际情况。那么,根据星地链路大气湍流的实际情况研究大气湍流效应,进而研究大气湍流对星地激光通信的影响就成为了一个需要解决的科学问题。
本论文基于大气湍流效应和大气湍流对星地激光通信影响的研究现状,主要进行了以下两个方面的研究工作:
1. Non-Kolmogorov大气湍流效应研究基于Non-Kolmogorov湍流折射率起伏功率谱密度,对Non-Kolmogorov大气湍流效应进行了理论研究,主要包括以下几方面的内容:
1)建立了Non-Kolmogorov大气湍流光束漂移方差的理论模型,利用几何光学近似方法,给出了弱起伏条件下准直光束和聚焦光束光束漂移方差的解析表达式。
2)建立了弱起伏条件下Non-Kolmogorov大气湍流到达角起伏的理论模型,包括三方面的内容:
(1)研究了Non-Kolmogorov大气湍流的到达角起伏,利用谱分析法,给出了弱起伏条件下平面波和球面波到达角起伏方差的解析表达式;
(2)研究了Non-Kolmogorov大气湍流到达角起伏的外尺度效应,利用谱分析法,给出了弱起伏条件下平面波和球面波包含内外尺度的到达角起伏方差的解析表达式,这些表达式具有更大的适用范围;
(3)研究了Non-Kolmogorov大气湍流到达角起伏的时间变化特征,给出了弱起伏条件下平面波和球面波到达角起伏时间频率谱的解析表达式。
3)建立了弱起伏条件下Non-Kolmogorov大气湍流振幅(光强)起伏的理论模型,包括两个方面的内容:
(1)研究了Non-Kolmogorov大气湍流高斯光束的振幅起伏,给出了弱起伏条件下高斯光束对数振幅方差的解析表达式;并在此解析表达式基础上,针对不同的光束类型,给出了准直光束、聚焦光束和会聚光束对数振幅方差的解析表达式。
(2)研究了Non-Kolmogorov大气湍流光强起伏的时间变化特征,给出了弱起伏条件下平面波和球面波光强起伏时间频率谱的解析表达式。
2. Non-Kolmogorov大气湍流对星地激光通信影响研究建立了星地激光通信的联合大气湍流光波传输理论模型,利用一个星地链路联合大气湍流模型,研究了对流层Kolmogorov湍流和平流层Non-Kolmogorov湍流对卫星激光通信的联合影响,对上行链路和下行链路的长期光束扩展、闪烁指数以及误码率等进行了分析。
本论文的研究工作是关于大气湍流效应及其对星地激光通信影响的应用基础研究。基于星地链路大气湍流的实际情况,通过理论分析和数值仿真方法研究了大气湍流对星地激光通信的影响,为星地激光通信系统的设计提供依据。本论文的研究成果不仅进一步充实了大气湍流光波传输理论,而且对卫星激光通信技术的发展具有重要的指导意义,必将推动星地激光通信技术的发展。
Satellite laser communication is a new and advanced technology of satellite communication, which has some potential advantages, including higher data rates, larger communication capability, better anti-disturbance, low probability of intercept, less volume, less mass, lower power consumption, no restrictions for frequency use, and so on. Owing to these advantages, since 1960s, some developed countries, such as America, many member countries in Europe, Japan, etc., and some developing countries have begun to investigate and develop the technology of satellite laser communication. By persisting work for half of a century, spatial experiments of inter-satellite and ground-satellite laser communications have successfully performed. And now, based on the achievements of the space experiments, these countries are preparing to promote this technology to practical and commercial applications.
Satellite-to-ground link is a primary one for satellite communication network. Therefore satellite-ground laser communication has been widely and deeply researched. Since the atmosphere is one part of its commnication channel for satellite-to-ground laser communication, atmospheric turbulence must give an effect on the performance of its systems and the establishment and stability of the links. It is significant to investigate the atmospheric turbulent effects and their influence on satellite laser communication for the design of satellite laser communication systems, experiments on the track, and practical applications.
To date, most studies on the atmospheric turbulent effects and their influence on satellite laser communciation systems are concerned with the Kolmogorov turbulence, because this model is very simple and has been confirmed in the boundary layer by a bulk of experiments. However, the measurements for atmospheric turbulce have shown that the atmospheric turbulence in the troposphere is the Kolmogorov turbulence, while the atmospheric turbulence in the stratosphere (including the tropopause) is another one, namely non-Kolmogorov turbulence. At the same time, the theoretical investigations have also shown that the Kolmogorov turbulence is not the only possible turbulent model in the atmosphere, where Non-Kolmogorov turbulence exists. Therefore, it does not accord with the practical situation of turbulence in the satellite-ground link to consider the turbulenc in the whole link as the Kolmogorov turbulence. Naturally, it becomes a scientific problem solved urgently to investigate the atmospheric turbulent effects and their influence on satellite laser communication based on the practical situation of the atmospheric turbulence in the satellite-ground link.
In this dissertation, according to the research status of the atmospheric turbulent effects and their influence on satellite laser communication, non-Kolmogorov turbulent effects and the influence of practical turbulence in the satellite-ground link on satellite laser communication are systematically studied, which includes the following aspects:
1. Theoretical research on Non-Kolmogorov atmospheric turbulent effect Based on a Non-Kolmogorov turbulent refractive-index fluctuations power spectrum density, the influence of non-Kolmogorov turbulence on optical wave is studied, which includes the following three aspects:
1) Established the theoretical model for the variance of beam wander of laser beam propagating in non-Kolmogorov turbulence. Using geometric optics approximation, the variances of beam wander for collimated and convergent beams in the weak-fluctuation regime have been derived and the analytical expressions have been obtained.
2) Established the theoretical model of angle-of-arrival fluctuations for optical wave propagating in the weak non-Kolmogorov turbulence, which includes the following three aspects:
(1) Using the spectrum analytical mothed, the variances of angle-of-arrival fluctuations for plane and spherical waves propagating in non-Kolmogorov turbulence have been investigated and the analytical expressions have been obtained.
(2) Using the spectrum analytical mothed, the influence of outer scale of non-Kolmogorov turbulence on angle-of-arrival fluctuations for plane and spherical waves propagating in non-Kolmogorov turbulence have been investigated and the analytical expressions containing the inner and outer scales of non-Kolmogorov turbulence have been obtained.
(3) The temporal characteristics of angle-of-arrival fluctuation for plane and spherical waves propagating in non-Kolmogorov turbulence have been investigated. The temporal frequency spectra for plane and spherical waves have been derived and the analytical expressions have been obtained.
3) Established the theoretical model for amplitude or irradiance fluctuations for optical wave propagating in the weak non-Kolmogorov turbulence, which includes the following two aspects:
(1) The log-amplitude variance for a Gaussian-beam wave propagating in non-Kolmogorov turbulence are derived and the analytic expressions have been obtained. Then, for the special beam form, for instance, a collimated beam, a convergent beam, and a divergent beam, more tractable analytic expressions have been obtained respectively.
(2) The temporal characteristics of irradiance fluctuations for plane and spherical wave propagating in non-Kolmogorov turbulence has been studied. The temporal frequency spectra have been derived and the analytic expressions have been obtained.
2. Research on the influence of Non-Kolmogorov turbulence on satellite laser communications for satellite-ground links
The theoretical model for optical wave propagation in combined atmospheric turbulence for ground-satellite laser communication is established.
Using a combined atmospheric turbulent model for the refractive-index fluctuations, the combined influences of the Kolmogorov turbulence in the troposphere and non-Kolmogorov turbulence in the stratosphere on satellite laser communication are studied, and the long-term beam spread, scintillation index, and error bit rate for the uplink and downlink channels are analyzed respectively.
In this dissertation, our works are a basic applicable investigation concerned with the influence of atmospheric turbulence on satellite laser communication. By theoretical analyses and numerical simulations, the influence of atmospheric turbulence on satellite based on the practical situations of atmospheric turbulence in the satellite-ground link is studied to provide the foundation of satellite laser communication system design. Therefore, the results of this dissertation will not only develop and enrich the theory of optical wave propagation in the atmospheric turbulence but also contribute the development of satellite-ground laser communication.
在卫星激光通信的诸多链路中,星地链路作为其主干链路尤其受到关注并得到广泛研究。对于星地激光通信而言,由于地球大气层是其通信信道的一部分,因此大气湍流会对激光通信链路的建立和保持及其性能产生影响。进行大气湍流对星地激光通信影响的研究,对卫星激光通信的系统设计、在轨试验以及实际应用都具有重要的指导意义。
迄今为止,大气湍流对星地激光通信影响的研究主要考虑的是柯尔莫哥洛夫(Kolmogorov)湍流,因为这一模型不仅简单,而且在边界层有大量的实验支持。然而,大气湍流的实测却表明对流层的大气湍流是Kolmogorov湍流,平流层(包括对流顶层)的大气湍流却是另外一种湍流存在,即非柯尔莫哥洛夫(Non-Kolmogorov)湍流;同时理论研究的结果也表明Kolmogorov湍流不是大气中唯一可能的湍流模型,Non-Kolmogorov湍流在大气中是存在的。因此,对于星地链路而言,将整个链路的大气湍流都作Kolmogorov湍流处理显然已经不符合星地链路大气湍流的实际情况。那么,根据星地链路大气湍流的实际情况研究大气湍流效应,进而研究大气湍流对星地激光通信的影响就成为了一个需要解决的科学问题。
本论文基于大气湍流效应和大气湍流对星地激光通信影响的研究现状,主要进行了以下两个方面的研究工作:
1. Non-Kolmogorov大气湍流效应研究基于Non-Kolmogorov湍流折射率起伏功率谱密度,对Non-Kolmogorov大气湍流效应进行了理论研究,主要包括以下几方面的内容:
1)建立了Non-Kolmogorov大气湍流光束漂移方差的理论模型,利用几何光学近似方法,给出了弱起伏条件下准直光束和聚焦光束光束漂移方差的解析表达式。
2)建立了弱起伏条件下Non-Kolmogorov大气湍流到达角起伏的理论模型,包括三方面的内容:
(1)研究了Non-Kolmogorov大气湍流的到达角起伏,利用谱分析法,给出了弱起伏条件下平面波和球面波到达角起伏方差的解析表达式;
(2)研究了Non-Kolmogorov大气湍流到达角起伏的外尺度效应,利用谱分析法,给出了弱起伏条件下平面波和球面波包含内外尺度的到达角起伏方差的解析表达式,这些表达式具有更大的适用范围;
(3)研究了Non-Kolmogorov大气湍流到达角起伏的时间变化特征,给出了弱起伏条件下平面波和球面波到达角起伏时间频率谱的解析表达式。
3)建立了弱起伏条件下Non-Kolmogorov大气湍流振幅(光强)起伏的理论模型,包括两个方面的内容:
(1)研究了Non-Kolmogorov大气湍流高斯光束的振幅起伏,给出了弱起伏条件下高斯光束对数振幅方差的解析表达式;并在此解析表达式基础上,针对不同的光束类型,给出了准直光束、聚焦光束和会聚光束对数振幅方差的解析表达式。
(2)研究了Non-Kolmogorov大气湍流光强起伏的时间变化特征,给出了弱起伏条件下平面波和球面波光强起伏时间频率谱的解析表达式。
2. Non-Kolmogorov大气湍流对星地激光通信影响研究建立了星地激光通信的联合大气湍流光波传输理论模型,利用一个星地链路联合大气湍流模型,研究了对流层Kolmogorov湍流和平流层Non-Kolmogorov湍流对卫星激光通信的联合影响,对上行链路和下行链路的长期光束扩展、闪烁指数以及误码率等进行了分析。
本论文的研究工作是关于大气湍流效应及其对星地激光通信影响的应用基础研究。基于星地链路大气湍流的实际情况,通过理论分析和数值仿真方法研究了大气湍流对星地激光通信的影响,为星地激光通信系统的设计提供依据。本论文的研究成果不仅进一步充实了大气湍流光波传输理论,而且对卫星激光通信技术的发展具有重要的指导意义,必将推动星地激光通信技术的发展。
Satellite laser communication is a new and advanced technology of satellite communication, which has some potential advantages, including higher data rates, larger communication capability, better anti-disturbance, low probability of intercept, less volume, less mass, lower power consumption, no restrictions for frequency use, and so on. Owing to these advantages, since 1960s, some developed countries, such as America, many member countries in Europe, Japan, etc., and some developing countries have begun to investigate and develop the technology of satellite laser communication. By persisting work for half of a century, spatial experiments of inter-satellite and ground-satellite laser communications have successfully performed. And now, based on the achievements of the space experiments, these countries are preparing to promote this technology to practical and commercial applications.
Satellite-to-ground link is a primary one for satellite communication network. Therefore satellite-ground laser communication has been widely and deeply researched. Since the atmosphere is one part of its commnication channel for satellite-to-ground laser communication, atmospheric turbulence must give an effect on the performance of its systems and the establishment and stability of the links. It is significant to investigate the atmospheric turbulent effects and their influence on satellite laser communication for the design of satellite laser communication systems, experiments on the track, and practical applications.
To date, most studies on the atmospheric turbulent effects and their influence on satellite laser communciation systems are concerned with the Kolmogorov turbulence, because this model is very simple and has been confirmed in the boundary layer by a bulk of experiments. However, the measurements for atmospheric turbulce have shown that the atmospheric turbulence in the troposphere is the Kolmogorov turbulence, while the atmospheric turbulence in the stratosphere (including the tropopause) is another one, namely non-Kolmogorov turbulence. At the same time, the theoretical investigations have also shown that the Kolmogorov turbulence is not the only possible turbulent model in the atmosphere, where Non-Kolmogorov turbulence exists. Therefore, it does not accord with the practical situation of turbulence in the satellite-ground link to consider the turbulenc in the whole link as the Kolmogorov turbulence. Naturally, it becomes a scientific problem solved urgently to investigate the atmospheric turbulent effects and their influence on satellite laser communication based on the practical situation of the atmospheric turbulence in the satellite-ground link.
In this dissertation, according to the research status of the atmospheric turbulent effects and their influence on satellite laser communication, non-Kolmogorov turbulent effects and the influence of practical turbulence in the satellite-ground link on satellite laser communication are systematically studied, which includes the following aspects:
1. Theoretical research on Non-Kolmogorov atmospheric turbulent effect Based on a Non-Kolmogorov turbulent refractive-index fluctuations power spectrum density, the influence of non-Kolmogorov turbulence on optical wave is studied, which includes the following three aspects:
1) Established the theoretical model for the variance of beam wander of laser beam propagating in non-Kolmogorov turbulence. Using geometric optics approximation, the variances of beam wander for collimated and convergent beams in the weak-fluctuation regime have been derived and the analytical expressions have been obtained.
2) Established the theoretical model of angle-of-arrival fluctuations for optical wave propagating in the weak non-Kolmogorov turbulence, which includes the following three aspects:
(1) Using the spectrum analytical mothed, the variances of angle-of-arrival fluctuations for plane and spherical waves propagating in non-Kolmogorov turbulence have been investigated and the analytical expressions have been obtained.
(2) Using the spectrum analytical mothed, the influence of outer scale of non-Kolmogorov turbulence on angle-of-arrival fluctuations for plane and spherical waves propagating in non-Kolmogorov turbulence have been investigated and the analytical expressions containing the inner and outer scales of non-Kolmogorov turbulence have been obtained.
(3) The temporal characteristics of angle-of-arrival fluctuation for plane and spherical waves propagating in non-Kolmogorov turbulence have been investigated. The temporal frequency spectra for plane and spherical waves have been derived and the analytical expressions have been obtained.
3) Established the theoretical model for amplitude or irradiance fluctuations for optical wave propagating in the weak non-Kolmogorov turbulence, which includes the following two aspects:
(1) The log-amplitude variance for a Gaussian-beam wave propagating in non-Kolmogorov turbulence are derived and the analytic expressions have been obtained. Then, for the special beam form, for instance, a collimated beam, a convergent beam, and a divergent beam, more tractable analytic expressions have been obtained respectively.
(2) The temporal characteristics of irradiance fluctuations for plane and spherical wave propagating in non-Kolmogorov turbulence has been studied. The temporal frequency spectra have been derived and the analytic expressions have been obtained.
2. Research on the influence of Non-Kolmogorov turbulence on satellite laser communications for satellite-ground links
The theoretical model for optical wave propagation in combined atmospheric turbulence for ground-satellite laser communication is established.
Using a combined atmospheric turbulent model for the refractive-index fluctuations, the combined influences of the Kolmogorov turbulence in the troposphere and non-Kolmogorov turbulence in the stratosphere on satellite laser communication are studied, and the long-term beam spread, scintillation index, and error bit rate for the uplink and downlink channels are analyzed respectively.
In this dissertation, our works are a basic applicable investigation concerned with the influence of atmospheric turbulence on satellite laser communication. By theoretical analyses and numerical simulations, the influence of atmospheric turbulence on satellite based on the practical situations of atmospheric turbulence in the satellite-ground link is studied to provide the foundation of satellite laser communication system design. Therefore, the results of this dissertation will not only develop and enrich the theory of optical wave propagation in the atmospheric turbulence but also contribute the development of satellite-ground laser communication.
引文
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