生长猪热应激反应模型及适宜监测指标筛选
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摘要
为给猪热应激监测提供科学依据，本研究利用人工气候舱，模拟典型的热应激环境，探讨高温应激对生长猪的血液生理生化指标的影响模型，并从中筛选可作为监测热应激的敏感指标，为动物生产中的福利和应激监测提供方法。
选择12头体重接近(25±1.12kg)、遗传基础相似的的健康安装颈静脉血导管的杜×长×大三元杂交阉公猪，首先研究某些生理生化指标和分子生物学指标的日变化规律，然后进行短期急性高温热应激和持续日变高温热应激试验测定这些指标变化规律，以期得到热应激监测的适宜指标。结果为：
(一)、血液生理生化指标日变化规律
生长猪在18℃-26℃，相对湿度(RH)保持在50％-60％环境条件下的日变化规律测定结果表明：钾离子、氯离子在一昼夜内不同时间采样所测值差异显著(P＜0.05)：钙离子、磷离子、镁离子、GPT、GOT、LDH、CPK、COR、INS、T_3、T_4等在一昼夜内不同时间所测值差异未呈显著水平(P＞0.05)。但从测值看除INS、T_3、T_4、HSP70外血液生理生化指标测值的日变化似存在，而且以8：00和16：00测值较高，其他时间点测值较低。在自然日变温条件下(18℃-26℃，相对湿度(RH)保持在50％-60％)INS、T_3、T_4、HSP70测值基本稳定，变异很小。
(二)短期急性热应激
在半小时内温度从19℃升至40℃并保持3小时之后迅速降至19℃，相对湿度(RH)保持在50％-60％环境条件下短期急性热应激实验表明：
(1)、生长猪血液无机离子中钾离子对短期急性热应激比较敏感，K~+在升温半小时后即有明显降低(P＜0.01)，直到降温后3天后仍低于升温前(P＜0.05)。热应激对钙、磷、镁、氯等离子浓度测值的影响未达显著水平(P＞0.05)，但从测值平均值看也表现出与钾离子相似的变化趋势。
(2)、生长猪血液中GOT、LDH、CPK等酶对短期急性热应激比较敏感，CPK尤为敏感。GOT在升高温度1小时后即有显著升高(P＜0.05)，最高时达应激前的1.79倍(P＜0.05)：LDH、CPK在升高温度1小时后即有升高(P＜0.01)，至2小时达最高，分别是应激前的1.80倍(P＜0.01)和2.39倍(P＜0.01)；降温后逐渐下降恢复，但降温4小时后，CPK的活性还明显高于升温前(P＜0.05)。
(3)、生长猪血液几种激素中以COR对短期急性热应激比较敏感。COR在升高温度后即有升高(P＜0.05)，1小时后升至最高(P＜0.01)；随后逐渐降低，降温4小时后，即恢复正常。表明COR测值可以及时反映热应激源的存在状况。
(4)、生长猪血液中HSP测值对短期急性热应激比较敏感，而且反应延续时间长。生长猪血液HSP在短期急性高温条件下，有升高趋势，在升高温度后立即升高(P＜0.01)，降温5日后仍明显高于升温前(P＜0.01)。表明分子生物学指标HSP不仅能反映猪受热应激的状况，而且还能反映猪受热应激的后续效应。
(三)、持续日变高温热应激
对照组温度18℃一26℃日变，实验组25℃一37℃日变，相对湿度(RH)都保持在50%条
件下进行两周实验表明:
(1)、持续日变高温条件下，生长猪血液中钙、磷、镁、钾、抓等离子浓度无明显变化，
在持续高温开始至实验结束与对照组相比都无显著差异(乃0.05)。表明从猪血液中电解质
离子浓度角度看，该强度的热应激源对实验猪没有产生明显应激。并且表明血液中离子浓度
不是反映猪受长期中低强度热应激的敏感指标。
(2)、持续高温条件下，生长猪血液中GPT、Gor、LDH、CPK等酶的活性明显升高，均随热
应激时间延长而升高(只0.01)。并且与对照组相比差异达显著(只0.05)或极显著水平
(只0.01):表明血液中各项酶指标测值都能较敏感地反映猪受热应激的状况，并且随应激
时间延长各指标测值累进升高.
(3)、持续高温条件下，生长猪血掖中COR测值先升后降，在持续高温开始第1日明显高
于对照组(代0.05)，随后逐渐下降，至第4日后降至低于对照组的水平，表明coR在持续
应激的条件下有耗竭的趋势。
(4)、持续高温条件下，与对照组相比生长猪血液中HsP明显升高(只0.05)，但在持续
高温试验期内各次测值相对恒定，绝对值与短期急性热应激时侧值接近，表明”SP是一项定
性监测动物受应橄与否的指标，而不能敏感地反映受应激的程度。
动物生理生化指标测值的日变化是客观存在的，同时由于应激监测指标的测值本身受多
种因素的影响变异较大，因此研究应激反应模型，应激监测时采样时间点的控制十分重要。
血液中GPT、GOT、LDll、CPK等酶指标，COR等激素指标和HSP70等指标都能敏感的反
映猪受热应激的状况，但各项指标的生物学表征意义有很大差别.其中GPT、GOT、LDH、C滩
等酶指标能反映动物体受应傲源刺傲的累进程度，但应激源消失后，其测值迅速恢复正常，、
Gor、LDll、CPK等是即时监测应激源及其刺激强度的敏感指标.而分子生物学指标HSP70测
值却较为恒定，它能较准确反映动物受应激的状态，且应激源消失后仍保持较高的测值，因
此HsP70是一种监测动物是否受过应激的良好指标。
12 duroc Iandrace yorkshare crossbred barrow pigs was fed in artificial climate chamber to study effects of heat stress on anhnal physiological and biochemical parameters, which expect to pick out the sensitive indexes to monitor status of heat stress for pig, and provide scientific bases for animal welfare. Three experiments were conducted after pigs were arranged into three groups at random after blood Cathers was surgically installed in the juguar vein for each pig.
In Exp. 1 .physiological and biochemical parameters in a day were continuously determined during the experiment. Air temperature inside artificial climate chamber varied from 18 C to 26 C, and Relative humidity (RH) varied from 50% to 60%. The result showed that K+, Cl- changed significantly. Other parameters included, Ca2+ P, CL- Mg2+,Creatine PhosphoKinase, (CPK) .Glutamic-Pyruric Transaminase (GPT), Glutamic -Oxalacetic Transaminase (GOT), Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH), Triodothyronime (T3), Thyroxine (T4), Cortisol (COR), Insulin(INS),Heat Shock Protein (HSP) did not change significantly in this experiment. However, these parameters maybe numerically have a diurnal variation except the. INS, T3, T4, HSP.
In Exp.2, the effect of a short-term acute heat shock on pigs was studied by determining the physiological and biochemical parameters. The result showed that K+ decreased significantly after half an hour (p<0.01) and lasted up to 3 days (p<0.05), the effects on Ca2+,P,CL~ ,Mg2+ were not significant. But it had the same tendency with K+. GOT, which increased significantly as well as LDH and CPK after one hour (p<0.01). As the chamber temperature cooling down, then LDH and CPK gradually decreased except that CPK was still higher than previous value before the temperature elevated. COR increased after half an hour and reach peak value after one hour, then it gradually decreased. It restored to normal after cooling down in 4 hours. These results suggested that heat stress appeared under different chamber temperature and relative humidity.
Serum HSP70 was quite sensitive to short time heat stress, and increased immediately once heat stress appeared (p<0.01). The duration of HSP70 change longed for 5 days when exposed to high temperature (p<0.05).
In Exp.3, Diumal high temperature lasted 14 days were respectively assigned to 30 C-38 C and 18-23 C. Samples of plasma were taken on day1, day2, day4, day7, day10, and day14. The result showed that K+, C1-, Ca2+, P and Mg2+ did not change significantly in this experiment. With the heat stress going on, the activity of serum GPT, GOT, LDH, CPK increased significantly (p<0.01), this lasted up to 14 days. It can be sensitively reflected the state of the stress. COR in the duration heat stress group was higher than which in contrast group on dayl (p<0.05), then it gradually decreased up to day4. It was lower than which in contrast group. Serum HSP70 content of pigs in the duration heat stress increased significantly and was higher than which in contrast group(p<0.05). but it didn't change significantly between 14days. It can be a preferable heat stress
monitoring index but it can not reflect the extent of the heat stress.
The physiological and biochemical parameters of animals have a diurnal variation. The value of parameters was affected by many factors, so time of blood sampling has to be controlled in order to stud heat stress.
The indexes in blood included, GPT, GOT,LDH,CPK,COR,HSP can reflect the state of the stress sensitively, but the biological meaning varies between different index-GOT, LDH, CPK can represent the accumulation of the stress. As the stress disappeared, the value of these physiological and biochemical parameters restored rapidly, so it can be sensitive indexes to monitor the source and the intensity of stress. The value of serum HSP70 kept continuously higher although source of stress disappeared for a long time. Serum HSP70 can be a preferable monitoring index to the existence of heat stress.
选择12头体重接近(25±1.12kg)、遗传基础相似的的健康安装颈静脉血导管的杜×长×大三元杂交阉公猪，首先研究某些生理生化指标和分子生物学指标的日变化规律，然后进行短期急性高温热应激和持续日变高温热应激试验测定这些指标变化规律，以期得到热应激监测的适宜指标。结果为：
(一)、血液生理生化指标日变化规律
生长猪在18℃-26℃，相对湿度(RH)保持在50％-60％环境条件下的日变化规律测定结果表明：钾离子、氯离子在一昼夜内不同时间采样所测值差异显著(P＜0.05)：钙离子、磷离子、镁离子、GPT、GOT、LDH、CPK、COR、INS、T_3、T_4等在一昼夜内不同时间所测值差异未呈显著水平(P＞0.05)。但从测值看除INS、T_3、T_4、HSP70外血液生理生化指标测值的日变化似存在，而且以8：00和16：00测值较高，其他时间点测值较低。在自然日变温条件下(18℃-26℃，相对湿度(RH)保持在50％-60％)INS、T_3、T_4、HSP70测值基本稳定，变异很小。
(二)短期急性热应激
在半小时内温度从19℃升至40℃并保持3小时之后迅速降至19℃，相对湿度(RH)保持在50％-60％环境条件下短期急性热应激实验表明：
(1)、生长猪血液无机离子中钾离子对短期急性热应激比较敏感，K~+在升温半小时后即有明显降低(P＜0.01)，直到降温后3天后仍低于升温前(P＜0.05)。热应激对钙、磷、镁、氯等离子浓度测值的影响未达显著水平(P＞0.05)，但从测值平均值看也表现出与钾离子相似的变化趋势。
(2)、生长猪血液中GOT、LDH、CPK等酶对短期急性热应激比较敏感，CPK尤为敏感。GOT在升高温度1小时后即有显著升高(P＜0.05)，最高时达应激前的1.79倍(P＜0.05)：LDH、CPK在升高温度1小时后即有升高(P＜0.01)，至2小时达最高，分别是应激前的1.80倍(P＜0.01)和2.39倍(P＜0.01)；降温后逐渐下降恢复，但降温4小时后，CPK的活性还明显高于升温前(P＜0.05)。
(3)、生长猪血液几种激素中以COR对短期急性热应激比较敏感。COR在升高温度后即有升高(P＜0.05)，1小时后升至最高(P＜0.01)；随后逐渐降低，降温4小时后，即恢复正常。表明COR测值可以及时反映热应激源的存在状况。
(4)、生长猪血液中HSP测值对短期急性热应激比较敏感，而且反应延续时间长。生长猪血液HSP在短期急性高温条件下，有升高趋势，在升高温度后立即升高(P＜0.01)，降温5日后仍明显高于升温前(P＜0.01)。表明分子生物学指标HSP不仅能反映猪受热应激的状况，而且还能反映猪受热应激的后续效应。
(三)、持续日变高温热应激
对照组温度18℃一26℃日变，实验组25℃一37℃日变，相对湿度(RH)都保持在50%条
件下进行两周实验表明:
(1)、持续日变高温条件下，生长猪血液中钙、磷、镁、钾、抓等离子浓度无明显变化，
在持续高温开始至实验结束与对照组相比都无显著差异(乃0.05)。表明从猪血液中电解质
离子浓度角度看，该强度的热应激源对实验猪没有产生明显应激。并且表明血液中离子浓度
不是反映猪受长期中低强度热应激的敏感指标。
(2)、持续高温条件下，生长猪血液中GPT、Gor、LDH、CPK等酶的活性明显升高，均随热
应激时间延长而升高(只0.01)。并且与对照组相比差异达显著(只0.05)或极显著水平
(只0.01):表明血液中各项酶指标测值都能较敏感地反映猪受热应激的状况，并且随应激
时间延长各指标测值累进升高.
(3)、持续高温条件下，生长猪血掖中COR测值先升后降，在持续高温开始第1日明显高
于对照组(代0.05)，随后逐渐下降，至第4日后降至低于对照组的水平，表明coR在持续
应激的条件下有耗竭的趋势。
(4)、持续高温条件下，与对照组相比生长猪血液中HsP明显升高(只0.05)，但在持续
高温试验期内各次测值相对恒定，绝对值与短期急性热应激时侧值接近，表明”SP是一项定
性监测动物受应橄与否的指标，而不能敏感地反映受应激的程度。
动物生理生化指标测值的日变化是客观存在的，同时由于应激监测指标的测值本身受多
种因素的影响变异较大，因此研究应激反应模型，应激监测时采样时间点的控制十分重要。
血液中GPT、GOT、LDll、CPK等酶指标，COR等激素指标和HSP70等指标都能敏感的反
映猪受热应激的状况，但各项指标的生物学表征意义有很大差别.其中GPT、GOT、LDH、C滩
等酶指标能反映动物体受应傲源刺傲的累进程度，但应激源消失后，其测值迅速恢复正常，、
Gor、LDll、CPK等是即时监测应激源及其刺激强度的敏感指标.而分子生物学指标HSP70测
值却较为恒定，它能较准确反映动物受应激的状态，且应激源消失后仍保持较高的测值，因
此HsP70是一种监测动物是否受过应激的良好指标。
12 duroc Iandrace yorkshare crossbred barrow pigs was fed in artificial climate chamber to study effects of heat stress on anhnal physiological and biochemical parameters, which expect to pick out the sensitive indexes to monitor status of heat stress for pig, and provide scientific bases for animal welfare. Three experiments were conducted after pigs were arranged into three groups at random after blood Cathers was surgically installed in the juguar vein for each pig.
In Exp. 1 .physiological and biochemical parameters in a day were continuously determined during the experiment. Air temperature inside artificial climate chamber varied from 18 C to 26 C, and Relative humidity (RH) varied from 50% to 60%. The result showed that K+, Cl- changed significantly. Other parameters included, Ca2+ P, CL- Mg2+,Creatine PhosphoKinase, (CPK) .Glutamic-Pyruric Transaminase (GPT), Glutamic -Oxalacetic Transaminase (GOT), Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH), Triodothyronime (T3), Thyroxine (T4), Cortisol (COR), Insulin(INS),Heat Shock Protein (HSP) did not change significantly in this experiment. However, these parameters maybe numerically have a diurnal variation except the. INS, T3, T4, HSP.
In Exp.2, the effect of a short-term acute heat shock on pigs was studied by determining the physiological and biochemical parameters. The result showed that K+ decreased significantly after half an hour (p<0.01) and lasted up to 3 days (p<0.05), the effects on Ca2+,P,CL~ ,Mg2+ were not significant. But it had the same tendency with K+. GOT, which increased significantly as well as LDH and CPK after one hour (p<0.01). As the chamber temperature cooling down, then LDH and CPK gradually decreased except that CPK was still higher than previous value before the temperature elevated. COR increased after half an hour and reach peak value after one hour, then it gradually decreased. It restored to normal after cooling down in 4 hours. These results suggested that heat stress appeared under different chamber temperature and relative humidity.
Serum HSP70 was quite sensitive to short time heat stress, and increased immediately once heat stress appeared (p<0.01). The duration of HSP70 change longed for 5 days when exposed to high temperature (p<0.05).
In Exp.3, Diumal high temperature lasted 14 days were respectively assigned to 30 C-38 C and 18-23 C. Samples of plasma were taken on day1, day2, day4, day7, day10, and day14. The result showed that K+, C1-, Ca2+, P and Mg2+ did not change significantly in this experiment. With the heat stress going on, the activity of serum GPT, GOT, LDH, CPK increased significantly (p<0.01), this lasted up to 14 days. It can be sensitively reflected the state of the stress. COR in the duration heat stress group was higher than which in contrast group on dayl (p<0.05), then it gradually decreased up to day4. It was lower than which in contrast group. Serum HSP70 content of pigs in the duration heat stress increased significantly and was higher than which in contrast group(p<0.05). but it didn't change significantly between 14days. It can be a preferable heat stress
monitoring index but it can not reflect the extent of the heat stress.
The physiological and biochemical parameters of animals have a diurnal variation. The value of parameters was affected by many factors, so time of blood sampling has to be controlled in order to stud heat stress.
The indexes in blood included, GPT, GOT,LDH,CPK,COR,HSP can reflect the state of the stress sensitively, but the biological meaning varies between different index-GOT, LDH, CPK can represent the accumulation of the stress. As the stress disappeared, the value of these physiological and biochemical parameters restored rapidly, so it can be sensitive indexes to monitor the source and the intensity of stress. The value of serum HSP70 kept continuously higher although source of stress disappeared for a long time. Serum HSP70 can be a preferable monitoring index to the existence of heat stress.
引文
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10．黄昌澍 主编．家畜气候学．南京：江苏科学技术出版社，1989
11．金惠铭．病理生理学[M]．北京：人民卫生出版社，1996．108-109
12．李芳生，张秀芳．克山病心肌线粒体氧化损伤的实验研究．生物化学杂志．1992，8(6)：950—955
13．李震钟．吴庆鹉．王新谋等．家畜环境生理学．北京：中国农业出版社，1999．71-72
14．梁孙义．李建生等．产蛋鸡对夏季高温环境的应激反应及其缓解剂应用效果，福建农学院学报，1990
15．林海，杜荣，顾宪红，张子仪．1996．肉鸡实感温度的确定的方法学研究．动物营养代谢研究(1995—1996)论文集．188-193
16．刘春燕，刘风英，曹志亭等．梯度高温对蛋鸡血清酶的影响．莱阳农学院学报．2000，17(2)：142-144
17．刘定发译．应激及其对养猪生产的影响．国外畜牧学—饲料．1998，6
18．刘士蒙．赛里应激学说概要．上海科技出版社．1963
19．刘学剑．高温对生长肥育猪生产性能的影响．养猪，1996(3)：34～35
20．刘铀，林红英，罗东君．刘艳芬．热应激对肉仔鸡血液生化指标及内分泌机能的影响．湛江海洋大学学报，1999，19(1)：61-64
21．刘雨龙．应激反应在养禽业中的应用．畜牧与兽医，1983：(4)：20～22
22．卢峰．畜禽环境与营养调控．家畜生态．1996：4：44～46．
23．陆应林，杜文兴．鸡的热应激及预防．黑龙江畜牧兽医，1999，6：37-39
24．穆淑琴，李干军．家禽热应激及预防措施．中国饲料．1996，8：26—27
25．帅素容．猪应激综合症及其检测方法(综述)．养猪．1998(3)：32-33
26．谭云清．猪禽热应激期间的营养调整．四川畜牧兽医，19 9 1：(3)：37～38
27．王鹏举，吴展元．热休克蛋白70及其抗体与实验性自身免疫性内耳病[J]．中华耳鼻咽喉科杂志，2000，1：10～13
28．王新谋，李芙等．高温对产蛋鸡蛋品质的影响[J]北京农业大学学报．1993，19(4)：78-83
29．汪莉，苏军．应激与现代养猪生产[J]家畜生态，2000，21(8)：27-32
30．汪琳仙．1993．动物内分泌学．农业出版社
31．邬堂春，吴扬，张伟，贺涵贞，张国高．1997．免疫印迹法检测高温作业工人血清中热应激蛋白70ku抗原和抗体方法的研究．1997．同济医科大学学报．26(5)：351—354
32．熊一力，邬堂春．高温对大鼠热应激蛋白的影响．中华航空医学杂志．1995，6(4)：202-204
33．许振英，1993．环境温度与畜牧生产，现代化畜牧生产的环境与环境管理(一)．家畜环境研究会，中国农业科技出版社．1-16
34．杨琳．环境温度对鸡饲料代谢能测值及甲状腺激素浓度的影响．动物营养代谢研究论文集，北京农业大学出版社．1995，163-167
35．姚浪群，霍启光．畜禽应激与抗应激的研究进展．饲料营养研究进展，1999
36．余德谦．林映才，蒋宗勇等．热应激对肥育猪的影响及添加抗应激剂的效果．养猪．1999(2)：21-22
37．余振华译．家畜营养与环境．北京农业大学出版社，1988
38．张德福．热应激与猪的繁殖机能．猪与禽，1989，(5)：36～38
39 张宏福，卢庆萍，董红敏，顾宪红，李静，加强应激与环境控制基础研究，为集约化畜牧业健康发展提供理论支撑．中国农业科技导报．2003，5(4)：72-76
40．张敏红．畜禽应激与抗应激新技术．中国农业大学出版社．2000
41．张敏红．1997．环境高温对猪的铬代谢及生理生化反应的影响．中国农科院畜牧研究所博士毕业论文
42．张敏红，张卫红，张子仪．急性短期高温应激对猪的铬代谢及血液中激素含量的影响．中国农业科学，1998，31(1)：76-82
43．张伟力．季节和屠宰日对商品猪胴体和肉质性状的影响．中国畜牧杂志．1995，31：1-14
44．张学舜，周乃祥．畜禽时辰生理学和时辰生物化学昼夜节律研究中的数学模．中国牦牛．1989，4：6-8
45．张子仪．1993．规模化畜牧业的排污问题应及早解决．现代化畜牧生产的环境与环境管理(一)．家畜环境研究会，中国农业科技出版社．114-122
46．张子仪．我国养殖业在新世纪中的若干难题与对策争议[J]．国外畜牧科技，2001，28(1)：2-4
47．赵克森．金丽娟．病理生理学[M]．北京：人民军医出版社，1999，107～108
48．赵有璋．畜禽生态学．甘肃科学技术出版社，1989
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2．戴朝六．朱兴．热休克蛋白与肝脏缺血再灌注损伤．中国实用外科杂志，2000，(20)7，430—433
3．杜荣，顾宪红．环境温度对来航公鸡某些血液成分及酶类活性的影响．家畜生态．1997，18(3)1-5
4．范石军．韩友文．家禽热应激机理及其研究进展．饲料博览．1996 (8)，5
5．岗本正干．畜产研究．1964，40：30
6．高增兵，傅伟龙，蒋宗勇．高温环境对肉仔鸡生产性能和血浆甲状腺激素、胰岛素水平的影响．华南农业大学学报．1999．20(1)：26-31
7．顾宪红．家畜应激机理及其诊断．当代畜牧．1994，4
8．顾宪红，杜荣等．高温条件下湿度对肉仔鸡直肠温度和血浆三碘甲腺原氨酸、胰岛素水平的影响[J]中国农业科学，1999，32(1)：105-107
9．贺涵贞，邬堂春，潘秋萍，吴扬，龚小亮，吕裕强，陈德权，张国高．1998．热应激蛋白在热适应和热耐受中作用的研究．中华劳动卫生职业病杂志．16(2)：70—73
10．黄昌澍 主编．家畜气候学．南京：江苏科学技术出版社，1989
11．金惠铭．病理生理学[M]．北京：人民卫生出版社，1996．108-109
12．李芳生，张秀芳．克山病心肌线粒体氧化损伤的实验研究．生物化学杂志．1992，8(6)：950—955
13．李震钟．吴庆鹉．王新谋等．家畜环境生理学．北京：中国农业出版社，1999．71-72
14．梁孙义．李建生等．产蛋鸡对夏季高温环境的应激反应及其缓解剂应用效果，福建农学院学报，1990
15．林海，杜荣，顾宪红，张子仪．1996．肉鸡实感温度的确定的方法学研究．动物营养代谢研究(1995—1996)论文集．188-193
16．刘春燕，刘风英，曹志亭等．梯度高温对蛋鸡血清酶的影响．莱阳农学院学报．2000，17(2)：142-144
17．刘定发译．应激及其对养猪生产的影响．国外畜牧学—饲料．1998，6
18．刘士蒙．赛里应激学说概要．上海科技出版社．1963
19．刘学剑．高温对生长肥育猪生产性能的影响．养猪，1996(3)：34～35
20．刘铀，林红英，罗东君．刘艳芬．热应激对肉仔鸡血液生化指标及内分泌机能的影响．湛江海洋大学学报，1999，19(1)：61-64
21．刘雨龙．应激反应在养禽业中的应用．畜牧与兽医，1983：(4)：20～22
22．卢峰．畜禽环境与营养调控．家畜生态．1996：4：44～46．
23．陆应林，杜文兴．鸡的热应激及预防．黑龙江畜牧兽医，1999，6：37-39
24．穆淑琴，李干军．家禽热应激及预防措施．中国饲料．1996，8：26—27
25．帅素容．猪应激综合症及其检测方法(综述)．养猪．1998(3)：32-33
26．谭云清．猪禽热应激期间的营养调整．四川畜牧兽医，19 9 1：(3)：37～38
27．王鹏举，吴展元．热休克蛋白70及其抗体与实验性自身免疫性内耳病[J]．中华耳鼻咽喉科杂志，2000，1：10～13
28．王新谋，李芙等．高温对产蛋鸡蛋品质的影响[J]北京农业大学学报．1993，19(4)：78-83
29．汪莉，苏军．应激与现代养猪生产[J]家畜生态，2000，21(8)：27-32
30．汪琳仙．1993．动物内分泌学．农业出版社
31．邬堂春，吴扬，张伟，贺涵贞，张国高．1997．免疫印迹法检测高温作业工人血清中热应激蛋白70ku抗原和抗体方法的研究．1997．同济医科大学学报．26(5)：351—354
32．熊一力，邬堂春．高温对大鼠热应激蛋白的影响．中华航空医学杂志．1995，6(4)：202-204
33．许振英，1993．环境温度与畜牧生产，现代化畜牧生产的环境与环境管理(一)．家畜环境研究会，中国农业科技出版社．1-16
34．杨琳．环境温度对鸡饲料代谢能测值及甲状腺激素浓度的影响．动物营养代谢研究论文集，北京农业大学出版社．1995，163-167
35．姚浪群，霍启光．畜禽应激与抗应激的研究进展．饲料营养研究进展，1999
36．余德谦．林映才，蒋宗勇等．热应激对肥育猪的影响及添加抗应激剂的效果．养猪．1999(2)：21-22
37．余振华译．家畜营养与环境．北京农业大学出版社，1988
38．张德福．热应激与猪的繁殖机能．猪与禽，1989，(5)：36～38
39 张宏福，卢庆萍，董红敏，顾宪红，李静，加强应激与环境控制基础研究，为集约化畜牧业健康发展提供理论支撑．中国农业科技导报．2003，5(4)：72-76
40．张敏红．畜禽应激与抗应激新技术．中国农业大学出版社．2000
41．张敏红．1997．环境高温对猪的铬代谢及生理生化反应的影响．中国农科院畜牧研究所博士毕业论文
42．张敏红，张卫红，张子仪．急性短期高温应激对猪的铬代谢及血液中激素含量的影响．中国农业科学，1998，31(1)：76-82
43．张伟力．季节和屠宰日对商品猪胴体和肉质性状的影响．中国畜牧杂志．1995，31：1-14
44．张学舜，周乃祥．畜禽时辰生理学和时辰生物化学昼夜节律研究中的数学模．中国牦牛．1989，4：6-8
45．张子仪．1993．规模化畜牧业的排污问题应及早解决．现代化畜牧生产的环境与环境管理(一)．家畜环境研究会，中国农业科技出版社．114-122
46．张子仪．我国养殖业在新世纪中的若干难题与对策争议[J]．国外畜牧科技，2001，28(1)：2-4
47．赵克森．金丽娟．病理生理学[M]．北京：人民军医出版社，1999，107～108
48．赵有璋．畜禽生态学．甘肃科学技术出版社，1989
49. Achmadi, J. et al. 1993. Pancreatic insulin secretory response and insulin action in heat-exposed sheep given a concentrate or roughage diet. Domestic Animal Endocinology. 10(4): 279-287
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