重型柴油机SCR系统尿素喷射控制策略研究
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摘要
面对越来越严格的排放法规，重型柴油机SCR后处理技术已成为满足日益严格的排放法规的主流技术路线。本文针对SCR后处理系统中的核心技术——尿素喷射策略进行了深入研究，设计了SCR控制系统软件构架，分别提出了基于标定脉谱和SCR模型的尿素喷射策略并进行了实验验证。
设计了基于标定脉谱的尿素喷射控制策略，并通过软件仿真进行了验证。其中包括带瞬态修正的发动机的NOx原始排放估算算法；NOx的最大转化效率脉谱选择；尿素喷射量计算算法，及利用温度、储氨、老化等参数对喷射量进行修正的算法；以上算法功能都通过MATLAB/SIMULINK软件进行了验证。
基于化学动力学及传热学原理，设计了SCR模型，并提出了基于模型的尿素喷射控制策略。该策略利用观测器计算SCR催化器内部的储氨及温度，根据状态观测器的结果及目标NH3的泄露浓度反推尿素喷射量，从而实现基于模型的前馈算法，仿真结果表明该算法可以更为有效的控制系统的NH3泄露。
为了对算法进行实验验证，本文根据国内外文献设计了一套SCR系统管理软件。该管理软件分三个层次：上层状态机模块、中层状态迁移监控模块和底层设备控制模块。状态机模块控制SCR系统不同的工作状态；状态迁移监控模块负责采集底层设备模块处理好的各种信息，并将这些信息整合提供给上层状态机，同时根据上层状态机的状态控制底层设备动作；底层硬件设备模块主要是进行传感器的信号调理和执行器驱动；喷射策略只在系统计量喷射状态下有效。
为了验证算法的有效性，本文搭建了发动机试验台架，将SCR尿素喷射控制策略及软件管理系统下载到dSPACE快速原型中，旁路原有ECU中的后处理算法，驱动后处理系统中的部件。ESC稳态测试循环和ETC瞬态测试循环实验结果表明，应用本文提出的尿素喷射策略的后处理系统SCR下游NOx及NH3浓度都得到了很好的控制，达到国Ⅴ排放法规的要求。
As the emission regulation becomes more and more strict, The Selective CatalystReduction of the heavy-duty diesel engine has become the main stream of the after-treatmenttechnique to meet increasingly stringent emissions regulations. The paper is based on theresearch of the SCR urea dosing control strategy, which is the core of the SCR technology. Itgives a design of control system of the SCR manage software, it also has accomplished theurea dosing strategy on calibration of the map and the SCR model,as well as experimentalverification on test bed.
A control strategy based on the map has been designed and were verified throughsoftware simulation.,which including the estimation of the original NOx emission withtransient correction of the algorithm, the design of the NOx conversion efficiency Map; thecalculation algorithm of the urea injection, and the correction algorithm of temperature,storage ammonia,aging parameters on the injection quantity, The above dosing strategyarithmetic verified by MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
The paper also designed a model of catalytic converter on the basis of the chemicalkinetics and heat transfer theory,and also given a model based urea dosing controlstrategy.The strategy takes advantage of the observer to calculate the internal storage ofammonia and temperature of the SCR model, obtains the amount of the urea injectionaccording to the results of the state observer and the target of NH3concentration to achievemodel-based feedforward algorithm, the simulation results show that the algorithm can bemore effective on the leak of NH3.
In order to verify the algorithm on test bed, The SCR management software system hasbeen designed based on the documentations from home and abroad. The system is consistedof three layers: the upper is the state machine module, the middle is the monitoringcomponent module and the lower is equipment control module. The state machine modulecontrols the the SCR system under different states.The monitoring component module is responsible for the collecting the variety of message from the lower equipment module,assembling them as the prerequisite of the state transformation, at the same time controllingthe actions of the lower equipment module according to the state of the state machinemodule.The lower equipment control module mainly drives the actuator, and adjusts sensorsignal. According to the calculated amount of urea injection control strategy it controls thedosing system on the urea dose volume in meteringcontrol state.
In order to testify the effectiveness of the algorithm, the engine test bench was set up.the SCR urea dosing control strategy and software management system were downloadedinto RCP based on the dSPACE. And the RCP was taken as the DUC instead of the originalECU to control the SCR components. The ESC steady-state test cycling and ETC transienttest cycling were carried out respectively. The results show that the concentration of NOxand NH3on the SCR downstream have been well controlled with the application of the ureadosing strategy system proposed here, and it can meet the requirements of State Ⅴemission regulations.
设计了基于标定脉谱的尿素喷射控制策略，并通过软件仿真进行了验证。其中包括带瞬态修正的发动机的NOx原始排放估算算法；NOx的最大转化效率脉谱选择；尿素喷射量计算算法，及利用温度、储氨、老化等参数对喷射量进行修正的算法；以上算法功能都通过MATLAB/SIMULINK软件进行了验证。
基于化学动力学及传热学原理，设计了SCR模型，并提出了基于模型的尿素喷射控制策略。该策略利用观测器计算SCR催化器内部的储氨及温度，根据状态观测器的结果及目标NH3的泄露浓度反推尿素喷射量，从而实现基于模型的前馈算法，仿真结果表明该算法可以更为有效的控制系统的NH3泄露。
为了对算法进行实验验证，本文根据国内外文献设计了一套SCR系统管理软件。该管理软件分三个层次：上层状态机模块、中层状态迁移监控模块和底层设备控制模块。状态机模块控制SCR系统不同的工作状态；状态迁移监控模块负责采集底层设备模块处理好的各种信息，并将这些信息整合提供给上层状态机，同时根据上层状态机的状态控制底层设备动作；底层硬件设备模块主要是进行传感器的信号调理和执行器驱动；喷射策略只在系统计量喷射状态下有效。
为了验证算法的有效性，本文搭建了发动机试验台架，将SCR尿素喷射控制策略及软件管理系统下载到dSPACE快速原型中，旁路原有ECU中的后处理算法，驱动后处理系统中的部件。ESC稳态测试循环和ETC瞬态测试循环实验结果表明，应用本文提出的尿素喷射策略的后处理系统SCR下游NOx及NH3浓度都得到了很好的控制，达到国Ⅴ排放法规的要求。
As the emission regulation becomes more and more strict, The Selective CatalystReduction of the heavy-duty diesel engine has become the main stream of the after-treatmenttechnique to meet increasingly stringent emissions regulations. The paper is based on theresearch of the SCR urea dosing control strategy, which is the core of the SCR technology. Itgives a design of control system of the SCR manage software, it also has accomplished theurea dosing strategy on calibration of the map and the SCR model,as well as experimentalverification on test bed.
A control strategy based on the map has been designed and were verified throughsoftware simulation.,which including the estimation of the original NOx emission withtransient correction of the algorithm, the design of the NOx conversion efficiency Map; thecalculation algorithm of the urea injection, and the correction algorithm of temperature,storage ammonia,aging parameters on the injection quantity, The above dosing strategyarithmetic verified by MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
The paper also designed a model of catalytic converter on the basis of the chemicalkinetics and heat transfer theory,and also given a model based urea dosing controlstrategy.The strategy takes advantage of the observer to calculate the internal storage ofammonia and temperature of the SCR model, obtains the amount of the urea injectionaccording to the results of the state observer and the target of NH3concentration to achievemodel-based feedforward algorithm, the simulation results show that the algorithm can bemore effective on the leak of NH3.
In order to verify the algorithm on test bed, The SCR management software system hasbeen designed based on the documentations from home and abroad. The system is consistedof three layers: the upper is the state machine module, the middle is the monitoringcomponent module and the lower is equipment control module. The state machine modulecontrols the the SCR system under different states.The monitoring component module is responsible for the collecting the variety of message from the lower equipment module,assembling them as the prerequisite of the state transformation, at the same time controllingthe actions of the lower equipment module according to the state of the state machinemodule.The lower equipment control module mainly drives the actuator, and adjusts sensorsignal. According to the calculated amount of urea injection control strategy it controls thedosing system on the urea dose volume in meteringcontrol state.
In order to testify the effectiveness of the algorithm, the engine test bench was set up.the SCR urea dosing control strategy and software management system were downloadedinto RCP based on the dSPACE. And the RCP was taken as the DUC instead of the originalECU to control the SCR components. The ESC steady-state test cycling and ETC transienttest cycling were carried out respectively. The results show that the concentration of NOxand NH3on the SCR downstream have been well controlled with the application of the ureadosing strategy system proposed here, and it can meet the requirements of State Ⅴemission regulations.
引文
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[3]程强，张振东等.基于SCR技术的柴油机排放后处理的新技术[J].商用车与发动机，2010，(11)：60~62.
[4]楼狄明，马滨等.后处理技术降低柴油机NOx排放的研究进展[J].小型内燃机与摩托车，2010，39(2)：70~74.
[5]罗晶.尿素—SCR系统优化及催化器的研究探讨[D].江苏:江苏大学能源与动力工程系,2009.
[6]G. Pontikakis, G. Konstantas, and A. Stamatelos. Three way Catalytic Converter Modelingas a Modern Engineering Design Tool[J]. ASME Journal of Engineering for GasTurbines and Power.2004:906–923.
[7]D. Upadhyay and M.J. van Nieuwstadt. Modeling of a Urea-SCR Catalyst withAutomotive Applications[J]. ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress andExposition.2002IMECE2002-32104.
[8]覃军.降低柴油机NOx排放的SCR系统控制策略研究[D].湖北：武汉理工大学能源与动力工程学院，2007.
[9]佟德辉.降低车用柴油机NOx排放的SCR技术控制策略研究[D].山东:山东大学热能工程系，2009.
[10]Frank Willems,Robert Cloudt,Edwin van den Eijnden et al. Is closed-loop SCR controlrequired to meet future emission targets?[J]. SAE paper,2007-01-1574.
[11]胡静，赵彦光，陈婷等.重型柴油机尿素SCR后处理系统的控制策略研究[J].内燃机工程，2011,32（2）：1-5.
[12] Maruthi Devarakonda, Gordon Parker and John H. Johnson. Model-Based Estimationand Control System Development in a Urea-SCR Aftertreatment System[J]. SAE paper,2008-01-1324.
[13]刘军，吴硕开，何国国等. SCR控制策略的研究[J].拖拉机与农用运输车，2010,37（3）,34-36.
[14]王洪荣，王永富，欧祖方. SCR控制策略研究[J].汽车工程学报，2011,1（3），204-209.
[15]佟德辉，李国祥，陶建忠.利用SCR技术降低车用柴油机NOx排放的控制策略研究[J].车用发动机，2009（5）,39-43.
[16]C. M. Sch r, C. H. Onder and H. P. Geering. Control-Oriented Model of an SCR atalyticConverter System[J]. SAE paper,2004-01-0153.
[17]C. M. Sch r, C. H. Onder, and H. P. Geering. Control of an SCR Catalytic ConverterSystem for a Mobile Heavy-Duty Application[J]. IEEE transactions on control systemstechnology,2006,14(4):641~653.
[18]James C. Peyton Jones. Smart Sensing and Decomposition of NOx and NH3Componentsfrom Production NOx Sensor Signals[J]. SAE paper,2011-01-1157.
[19]Mark Shost, John Noetzel, Ming-Cheng Wu et al. Monitoring, Feedback and Control ofUrea SCR Dosing Systems for NOx Reduction: Utilizing an Embedded Model andAmmonia Sensing[J]. SAE paper,2008-01-1325.
[20]Andrew Herman, Ming-Cheng Wu, David Cabush et al. Model Based Control of SCRDosing and OBD Strategies with Feedback from NH3Sensors[J].,2009-01-0911.
[21] Da Yu Wang, Sheng Yao, Mark Shost et al. Ammonia Sensor for Closed-Loop SCRControl[J].2008-01-0919.
[22]国家环境保护总局.车用压燃式、气体燃料点燃式发动机与汽车排气污染物排放限值及测量方法. GB17691-2005.
[23] Song Q, Zhu G. Model-Based, Closed-Loop Control of Urea Scr Exhaust AftertreatmentSystem for Diesel Engine [J].2002-01-0287.
[24] Hsieh M F, Wang J. Nonlinear observer designs for diesel engine selective catalyticreduction (SCR) ammonia coverage ratio estimation [C]. Proceedings of the Decisionand Control,2009held jointly with the200928th Chinese Control ConferenceCDC/CCC2009Proceedings of the48th IEEE Conference on,2009:6596-6601.
[25]Hollauf B, Breitsch del B, Sacher T, Hülser H, Schüssler M. Highest NOx Conversionin SCR Catalysts through Model Based Control [J].2011.
[26]C. M. Sch r, C. H. Onder and H. P. Geering. Control of a Urea SCR Catalytic ConverterSystem for a Mobile Heavy Duty Diesel Engine[J].2003-01-0776.
[27]Maruthi Devarakonda, Gordon Parker and John H. Johnson. Adequacy of ReducedOrder Models for Model-Based Control in a Urea-SCR Aftertreatment System[J]. SAEpaper,2008-01-0617.
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