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上海市辅读学校学生家长的心理健康及其相关因素的研究
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摘要
儿童的发展在很大程度上是由社会环境决定的。家长的心理健康作为弱智儿童家庭环境的重要方面,具有一定的研究价值。本研究的目的是探讨弱智儿童家长心理健康的差异以及相关因素。研究对象是上海市200名辅读学校学生的家长。本研究的研究工具采用心理测量量表,全部测验由症状自评量表(SCL-90)、子女教育心理控制源量表、残疾儿童父母心理压力问卷、YG性格测验、Achenbach儿童行为量表、应付方式问卷和生活质量综合评定问卷7个量表组成。研究结果发现:
     1.弱智儿童的家长的心理症状与普通儿童家长相比没有显著性差异,只是在平均值上比普通儿童家长的略高。弱智儿童家长的子女教育心理控制源与普通儿童家长相比有显著性差异。弱智儿童家长在子女对父母生活的控制和父母对命运/机遇的信念因素上,外控性明显比普通儿童家长高。说明由于儿童的缺陷,家长教育子女的积极性受到影响。弱智儿童家长的心理健康处于亚健康状态。
     2.弱智儿童的父、母亲虽然在心理健康症状、心理压力以及子女教育心理控制源的个别因素平均值上有高低的差别,但就总体来说,两者之间并没有明显的差异。以子女就读年级为维度将家长分组比较,在心理健康症状和子女教育心理控制源上几乎没有差异,但在家长心理压力的个别方面还是存在差异。
     3.弱智儿童家长心理健康各指标(性格、心理症状、心理压力和教育子女心理控资源)间有密切的关系,但各指标中的因素有其各自的作用对象。弱智儿童家长的情绪比较低落,社会适应往往较差,性格偏于内向,而这些性格特质对家长心理健康造成了影响。
     4.弱智儿童的行为表现和家长的心理健康之间有密切的关系。一方面弱智儿童的行为问题为家长的心理健康和心理压力带来了不利的影响;另一方面,弱智儿童家长教育子女的积极性制约着弱智儿童的发展,使儿童产生行为问题。在对应激事件的应付方式上,弱智儿童家长偏向于采用消极的方式来处理。这种不成熟的应付方式也极大地影响着他们的心理健康。弱智儿童家长的生活质量直接影响着他们的心理健康水平和心理压力。
     5.可以通过主观和客观的途径,缓解家长的心理压力,创设良好的支持网络、保障体系和社会环境等方法来促进弱智儿童家长的心理健康发展。
The development of children depended on the surroundings they lived in. As the important respect of MR children' s family circumstance, the mental health of parents was worth researching. This study investigated the difference and correlate factors of mental health among 200 MR children' s parents in Shanghai. With seven rating scales serving as the main research tools, the research inventory consists of General Questionnaire, Symptom Checklist 90, The Parenting Locus of Control Scale, Generic Quality of Life Inventory-74, Child Behavior Checklist, coping scales, stress of parents of children with disabilities scales, and YG personality test. The results as following:
    1. The symptom of parents of MR children was not different from that of parents of normal children. But the level of symptom of MR children' s parents was higher than the level of normal children' s parents. The level of parenting locus of control of MR children' s parents was higher than the level of normal children' s parents. The parents of MR children were in the Semi-health State.
    2. On the whole, no significant sexual difference existed in symptom, stress, and parenting locus of control of MR children' s parents. Setting apart the MR children' s parents following the grade of their children, there was no significant group difference in symptom and parenting locus of control. But there was a significant group difference in stress of MR children' s parents.
    3. There existed very significant correlation between indices (e.g. personality, stress, symptom, and parenting locus of control) of mental health of MR children' s parents.
    4. There existed significant correlation between mental health of MR children' s parents and behavior of MR children, coping, and quality of life.
    5. The society and the parents themselves should help the MR children' s parents with their development of mental health by all means so as to improve their mental health state.
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