养殖水体水华发生的原因探讨
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摘要
在2006年6～9月期间，对天津市小南河镇四个新开虾池进行了水华成因的分析调查，对水体的浮游生物进行定性和定量，同步进行水质理化因子、池塘底泥间隙水等水化指标及底泥营养盐的检测；研究了pH值、温度和光胁迫对铜绿微囊藻的影响，探讨了养殖水体水华的形成机制，结果如下：
四个虾池的浮游植物共有6门64种，以广温广盐性种类为主，其中蓝藻门为主，绿藻门和硅藻门次之，其他种类生物量很少。群落结构为蓝藻．绿藻型，优势种群为蓝球藻(Chroococcus)、铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)、微小平裂藻(Merismopedia tenuissima)，绿藻门的小型月牙藻(Selenastrum minutum)、四尾栅藻(Scenedesmus quadricauda)和空星藻(Coelastrum sphaericum)。
水质检测发现，四个虾池均属于典型的氯化物水型盐碱池塘。池水中的营养盐类主要是氮和磷；总氮的变化趋势与氨氮基本一致，前四周氮水平普遍较低，第五周氨态氮和硝态氮开始升高；从第四周磷的总量开始增加，来源可能为水生物的残骸及代谢废物，底泥也释放一定量的磷进入水体。
底泥间隙水中氨氮含量的分布和变化可反映出虾池生态环境的稳定程度和对虾养殖状况，亦可反映出残饵、排泄物和其他水生生物残体等有机质对池底部的有机污染的轻重程度。四个虾池底泥间隙水中磷酸盐浓度的变化趋势基本相同，四个虾池底泥间隙水中铵态氮的平均含量为5.067mg／L，硝态氮的平均含量为0.177mg／L，亚硝态氮的平均含量为0.039mg／L，铵态氮占无机氮的平均百分含量为96％，占总氮的平均百分含量高达88％。由此表明：在整个养殖过程中虾池底泥间隙水中所含的氮中铵态氮的含量最高。
1号、2号和3号虾池在采样期间相继发生过蓝藻水华，其中1号虾池主要是以水华微囊藻和铜绿微囊藻为主，2号和3号虾池以微小平列藻为主。
四个虾池浮游植物生长基本不受N营养盐限制，无机化合氮和磷酸盐磷的比值平均为128.6，具备蓝藻水华发生的N、P营养盐基础。三态氮与浮游植物密度相关性大小依次为NH_4~+-N＞NO_3~--N＞NO_2~--N。
7～9月份，池塘水温平均为27.41±2.45℃，适合蓝藻水华的发生，水温与蓝藻、微囊藻的丰度具有正相关性。
通过对生长速率的显著性检验发现pH值在8.5～10之间，铜绿微囊藻有较高的生长速率，相对生长速率在30℃，在pH=9.5的条件下最高，为0.124／d，20℃，pH=6.5的条件下最低，为0.016／d。
30℃、25℃与20℃条件下，铜绿微囊藻的密度差异极其显著(P＜0.01)，表明铜绿微囊藻在高温、碱性条件下生长较好，最适温度为30℃，最适pH值为8.5～10。
4组铜绿微囊藻光胁迫实验中3d、5d和7d处理组的平均相对生长率高于1d处理组，分别是各自对照组的1.8、2.0和37.4倍，这说明在光胁迫的耐受范围之内，胁迫时间越长，补偿效果越显著。
The four newly opened shrimp ponds in the Xiao Nanhe country of Tianjin city wereinvestigated from June to September in 2006, the plankton carried on qualitative and thequantitative sampling. The main physico-chemical index of pond the porewater of bottom sedimentand nutrients of bottom sediment were investigated simultaneity. The effect of pH value、thetemperature and the light stress on the Microcystis aeruginosa was studied. The generantmechanism of the water bloom was discussed. The experiment results are as flollows:
The phytoplankton has 6 phylum 64 species in total, Cyanophyta in primarily, Chlorophyta andBacillariophyta next, and other species are very few. The community structure is Cyanophyta-Chlorophyta, the dominant species were Chroococcus、Microcystis aeruginosa、Merisrnopediatenuissima, Selenastrum minutum、Scenedesmus quadricauda and Coelastrum sphaericum.
The investigation discovered that the four shrimp ponds belonged to the chloride water type ofsalt alkaloid pond. The pond water nutrient index which was mainly the nitrogen and thephosphorus, discovered that the change tendency of TN was similar with NH_4~+-N. In the first fourweeks, the nitrogen generally was lower, the NH_4~+-N and NO_3~--N started to rising in the fifthweek. The phosphorus also increased from the forth week, The phosphorus increase dued to thecorpse of aquatic animals and plants、the waste of metabolism and bottom sediment released.
The distribution and the change of the NH_4~+-N content in the porewater of bottom sedimentmay reflect ecological stabilization and shrimp culture condition, also may reflect organiccontaminative degree of shrimp remnant feed、excretion、other remnant body of aquatic animalsand plants in the bottom shrimp pond. The concentration of PO_4~(3-)P change tendency was similar inthe porewater of bottom sediment of the four shrimp, and the fluctuant range was 0.004～0.065 mg/L.The NH_4~+-N average content is 5.067 mg/L、the NO_3~--N average content is 0.177 mg/L and theNO_2~--N average content is 0.039 mg/L in the porewater of bottom sediment of the four shrimp. Theaverage percentage of the NH_4~+-N occupied the inorganic nitrogen was 96 %, and occupied the TNwas 88%, indicated that the NH_4~+-N content was the highest in the porewater of bottom sediment inthe entire cultivated process.
The cyanobacteria bloom happened in the 1th、2th and 3th pond. Microcystis aeruginosa andMicrocystis flosaquae was found in the 1th pond and Merismopedia tenuissima mainly presented inthe 2th and 3th.
Nutrients in upper layer of the water column, mainly loaded by land runoff, had close positivecorrelation with precipitation N and P concentrations in the reservoir were heavy enough for occurrence of cyanobacteria bloom. he ratio of the inorganic nitrogen and the concentration ofPO_4~(3-) P was 128.6, which was the foundation of the cyanobacteria bloom happening. During theanalysis of positive correlation, the sequence of correlation was: NH_4~+-N＞NO_3~--N＞NO_2~--N.
From July to September, the averge water temperature was 27.41±2.45℃in the pond, whichfited for the happening of cyanobacteria bloom, had significant correlation with abundance ofphytoplankton or cyanobacteria, indicating that water temperature was an important factor affectingcyanobacteria bloom.
On different pH value condition, through significant test on Microcystis aeruginosa growth rateshown the Microcystis aeruginosa had the higher growth rate that pH value ranged from 8.5 to10, relative growth rate was highest in 30℃and pH 9.5, 20℃and pH 6.5 was lowest,respectively was 0.124d~(-1) and 0.016d~(-1).
The result indicated Microcystis aeruginosa density was significantly differences on thecondition of 30℃、25℃and 20℃(P＜0.01), that indicated that the Microcystis aeruginosa on thehigh temperature and alkalinity condition grew well, the optimum temperature was 30℃, theoptimum pH was 8.5～10.
In the light stress experiment discovered that average relative growth rate which the 3 days、5days and 7 days treatment was higher than 1 day treatment, was 1.8, 2.0 and 37.4 times of thecomparing group respectively. The result indicated that on the tolerance range of light stress, theperiod more longer stress, the effect of compensates to be more remakeable.
四个虾池的浮游植物共有6门64种，以广温广盐性种类为主，其中蓝藻门为主，绿藻门和硅藻门次之，其他种类生物量很少。群落结构为蓝藻．绿藻型，优势种群为蓝球藻(Chroococcus)、铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)、微小平裂藻(Merismopedia tenuissima)，绿藻门的小型月牙藻(Selenastrum minutum)、四尾栅藻(Scenedesmus quadricauda)和空星藻(Coelastrum sphaericum)。
水质检测发现，四个虾池均属于典型的氯化物水型盐碱池塘。池水中的营养盐类主要是氮和磷；总氮的变化趋势与氨氮基本一致，前四周氮水平普遍较低，第五周氨态氮和硝态氮开始升高；从第四周磷的总量开始增加，来源可能为水生物的残骸及代谢废物，底泥也释放一定量的磷进入水体。
底泥间隙水中氨氮含量的分布和变化可反映出虾池生态环境的稳定程度和对虾养殖状况，亦可反映出残饵、排泄物和其他水生生物残体等有机质对池底部的有机污染的轻重程度。四个虾池底泥间隙水中磷酸盐浓度的变化趋势基本相同，四个虾池底泥间隙水中铵态氮的平均含量为5.067mg／L，硝态氮的平均含量为0.177mg／L，亚硝态氮的平均含量为0.039mg／L，铵态氮占无机氮的平均百分含量为96％，占总氮的平均百分含量高达88％。由此表明：在整个养殖过程中虾池底泥间隙水中所含的氮中铵态氮的含量最高。
1号、2号和3号虾池在采样期间相继发生过蓝藻水华，其中1号虾池主要是以水华微囊藻和铜绿微囊藻为主，2号和3号虾池以微小平列藻为主。
四个虾池浮游植物生长基本不受N营养盐限制，无机化合氮和磷酸盐磷的比值平均为128.6，具备蓝藻水华发生的N、P营养盐基础。三态氮与浮游植物密度相关性大小依次为NH_4~+-N＞NO_3~--N＞NO_2~--N。
7～9月份，池塘水温平均为27.41±2.45℃，适合蓝藻水华的发生，水温与蓝藻、微囊藻的丰度具有正相关性。
通过对生长速率的显著性检验发现pH值在8.5～10之间，铜绿微囊藻有较高的生长速率，相对生长速率在30℃，在pH=9.5的条件下最高，为0.124／d，20℃，pH=6.5的条件下最低，为0.016／d。
30℃、25℃与20℃条件下，铜绿微囊藻的密度差异极其显著(P＜0.01)，表明铜绿微囊藻在高温、碱性条件下生长较好，最适温度为30℃，最适pH值为8.5～10。
4组铜绿微囊藻光胁迫实验中3d、5d和7d处理组的平均相对生长率高于1d处理组，分别是各自对照组的1.8、2.0和37.4倍，这说明在光胁迫的耐受范围之内，胁迫时间越长，补偿效果越显著。
The four newly opened shrimp ponds in the Xiao Nanhe country of Tianjin city wereinvestigated from June to September in 2006, the plankton carried on qualitative and thequantitative sampling. The main physico-chemical index of pond the porewater of bottom sedimentand nutrients of bottom sediment were investigated simultaneity. The effect of pH value、thetemperature and the light stress on the Microcystis aeruginosa was studied. The generantmechanism of the water bloom was discussed. The experiment results are as flollows:
The phytoplankton has 6 phylum 64 species in total, Cyanophyta in primarily, Chlorophyta andBacillariophyta next, and other species are very few. The community structure is Cyanophyta-Chlorophyta, the dominant species were Chroococcus、Microcystis aeruginosa、Merisrnopediatenuissima, Selenastrum minutum、Scenedesmus quadricauda and Coelastrum sphaericum.
The investigation discovered that the four shrimp ponds belonged to the chloride water type ofsalt alkaloid pond. The pond water nutrient index which was mainly the nitrogen and thephosphorus, discovered that the change tendency of TN was similar with NH_4~+-N. In the first fourweeks, the nitrogen generally was lower, the NH_4~+-N and NO_3~--N started to rising in the fifthweek. The phosphorus also increased from the forth week, The phosphorus increase dued to thecorpse of aquatic animals and plants、the waste of metabolism and bottom sediment released.
The distribution and the change of the NH_4~+-N content in the porewater of bottom sedimentmay reflect ecological stabilization and shrimp culture condition, also may reflect organiccontaminative degree of shrimp remnant feed、excretion、other remnant body of aquatic animalsand plants in the bottom shrimp pond. The concentration of PO_4~(3-)P change tendency was similar inthe porewater of bottom sediment of the four shrimp, and the fluctuant range was 0.004～0.065 mg/L.The NH_4~+-N average content is 5.067 mg/L、the NO_3~--N average content is 0.177 mg/L and theNO_2~--N average content is 0.039 mg/L in the porewater of bottom sediment of the four shrimp. Theaverage percentage of the NH_4~+-N occupied the inorganic nitrogen was 96 %, and occupied the TNwas 88%, indicated that the NH_4~+-N content was the highest in the porewater of bottom sediment inthe entire cultivated process.
The cyanobacteria bloom happened in the 1th、2th and 3th pond. Microcystis aeruginosa andMicrocystis flosaquae was found in the 1th pond and Merismopedia tenuissima mainly presented inthe 2th and 3th.
Nutrients in upper layer of the water column, mainly loaded by land runoff, had close positivecorrelation with precipitation N and P concentrations in the reservoir were heavy enough for occurrence of cyanobacteria bloom. he ratio of the inorganic nitrogen and the concentration ofPO_4~(3-) P was 128.6, which was the foundation of the cyanobacteria bloom happening. During theanalysis of positive correlation, the sequence of correlation was: NH_4~+-N＞NO_3~--N＞NO_2~--N.
From July to September, the averge water temperature was 27.41±2.45℃in the pond, whichfited for the happening of cyanobacteria bloom, had significant correlation with abundance ofphytoplankton or cyanobacteria, indicating that water temperature was an important factor affectingcyanobacteria bloom.
On different pH value condition, through significant test on Microcystis aeruginosa growth rateshown the Microcystis aeruginosa had the higher growth rate that pH value ranged from 8.5 to10, relative growth rate was highest in 30℃and pH 9.5, 20℃and pH 6.5 was lowest,respectively was 0.124d~(-1) and 0.016d~(-1).
The result indicated Microcystis aeruginosa density was significantly differences on thecondition of 30℃、25℃and 20℃(P＜0.01), that indicated that the Microcystis aeruginosa on thehigh temperature and alkalinity condition grew well, the optimum temperature was 30℃, theoptimum pH was 8.5～10.
In the light stress experiment discovered that average relative growth rate which the 3 days、5days and 7 days treatment was higher than 1 day treatment, was 1.8, 2.0 and 37.4 times of thecomparing group respectively. The result indicated that on the tolerance range of light stress, theperiod more longer stress, the effect of compensates to be more remakeable.
引文
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