美国与北约的改造
|
摘要
冷战结束后，国际形势发生了巨大变化，北约作为冷战的产物，其身份、地位、作用和去留问题一度引起国际社会的广泛关注。但以后的事实证明，北约不仅度过了冷战结束之初的生存危机，而且其发展势头与冷战时相比有增无减。为何北约能够获得如此大的生存空间?要研究这个问题，必须把研究对象指向北约盟主美国。因为正是在美国的主导下，北约才暂时度过了生存危机，并获得新生。本文将主要从美国对北约政策的角度，探讨冷战后北约的改造及由此引起的相关问题。
论文首先回顾了冷战期间美国与北约的关系，然后重点论述了冷战后美国对北约的改造。内容包括冷战的终结与北约前途之争、美国对北约的改造和“9·11”以后的北约等三部分。文章认为，北约的改造是冷战后开始、至今仍在持续的一个进程：扩大是北约改造的一个重要方面，美国是北约改造的主要推动者。
北约通过改造获得新生，但扩大后的北约并没有完全走上美国所设计的道路。由于成员众多，决策复杂，未来北约的作用将会受到更多因素的制约。尤其值得指出的是，北约的改造伴随了其内部的多极化趋势：以法德为首的“老欧洲”依托欧盟的力量谋求对美平等地位；“新欧洲”国家对欧美奉行的平衡策略，成为北约内一支独特的政治力量，伊拉克战争突出表现了这一趋势。展望未来，北约多极化趋势将会使北约的有效存在越来越困难，并使其最终走向瓦解。
As a product left behind the Cold War, NATO's identity, status, function and subsistence has been a focus attracting the international society in the early 1990s. But Facts in that period show that NATO survived and remained a continuing development momentum. NATO's rebirth attributes to the United States, its main leader, who plays a dominating role in NATO's transformation. On the basis of the U.S. policy towards NATO, this thesis tries to make a research on NATO's transformation and derivative issues.
This thesis first runs back over the U.S. and NATO relationship during the Cold War, and then attaches the most importance to the U.S. role in transforming NATO after the Cold War. The main body includes: the ending of the Cold War leads to the inconsistency between America and its European ally on NATO's future, America's transforming policy towards NATO, and NATO after the 911 Incident, etc.
This thesis tries to illustrate that it is America that advances and promotes NATO's reconstruction, involving its strategy transformation and member enlargement, which is a continuing process till now. However, the rebuilt and expanded NATO cannot completely measure up to America's design mainly because of the multipolary trend in NATO. NATO's transformation and enlargement results in tanglesome decision-making system, which obviously make NATO's function restricted. As the leading role of the so-called Old Europe, France and Germany insist on its independency in NATO, while New Europe countries pursue imbalance policy and become another potential political force. NATO's multipolary trend has shown itself in Iraq War in 2003. This trend will pilot NATO to disintegration in the future.
论文首先回顾了冷战期间美国与北约的关系，然后重点论述了冷战后美国对北约的改造。内容包括冷战的终结与北约前途之争、美国对北约的改造和“9·11”以后的北约等三部分。文章认为，北约的改造是冷战后开始、至今仍在持续的一个进程：扩大是北约改造的一个重要方面，美国是北约改造的主要推动者。
北约通过改造获得新生，但扩大后的北约并没有完全走上美国所设计的道路。由于成员众多，决策复杂，未来北约的作用将会受到更多因素的制约。尤其值得指出的是，北约的改造伴随了其内部的多极化趋势：以法德为首的“老欧洲”依托欧盟的力量谋求对美平等地位；“新欧洲”国家对欧美奉行的平衡策略，成为北约内一支独特的政治力量，伊拉克战争突出表现了这一趋势。展望未来，北约多极化趋势将会使北约的有效存在越来越困难，并使其最终走向瓦解。
As a product left behind the Cold War, NATO's identity, status, function and subsistence has been a focus attracting the international society in the early 1990s. But Facts in that period show that NATO survived and remained a continuing development momentum. NATO's rebirth attributes to the United States, its main leader, who plays a dominating role in NATO's transformation. On the basis of the U.S. policy towards NATO, this thesis tries to make a research on NATO's transformation and derivative issues.
This thesis first runs back over the U.S. and NATO relationship during the Cold War, and then attaches the most importance to the U.S. role in transforming NATO after the Cold War. The main body includes: the ending of the Cold War leads to the inconsistency between America and its European ally on NATO's future, America's transforming policy towards NATO, and NATO after the 911 Incident, etc.
This thesis tries to illustrate that it is America that advances and promotes NATO's reconstruction, involving its strategy transformation and member enlargement, which is a continuing process till now. However, the rebuilt and expanded NATO cannot completely measure up to America's design mainly because of the multipolary trend in NATO. NATO's transformation and enlargement results in tanglesome decision-making system, which obviously make NATO's function restricted. As the leading role of the so-called Old Europe, France and Germany insist on its independency in NATO, while New Europe countries pursue imbalance policy and become another potential political force. NATO's multipolary trend has shown itself in Iraq War in 2003. This trend will pilot NATO to disintegration in the future.
引文
(美)比尔·克林顿，《希望与历史之间》，海南出版社，1997年
(美)汉斯·摩根索著，《国际纵横策论—争强权，求和平》，上海译文出版社，1995年
(美)亨利·基辛格著，《大外交》，海南出版社，1997年
(美)亨廷顿著，《第三波——20世纪后期民主化浪潮》，三联书店，1998年
(美)理查德·莱亚德等著，《俄罗斯重振雄风》，中央编译出版社，1997年
(美)理查德·尼克松，《超越和平》，世界知识出版社，1995年
(美)罗伯特·吉尔平著，《世界政治中的战争与变革》，中国人民大学出版社，1994年
(美)斯塔夫里阿诺斯著，《全球通史—1500年以后的世界》，上海社会科学院出版社，1999年
(美)约瑟夫·奈著《美国定能领导世界吗?》，军事译文出版社，1992年
(美)兹比格纽·布热津斯基，《大棋局—美国的首要地位及地缘战略》，上海人民出版社，1998年
(日)中西治著，《新国际关系论》，学林出版社，2002年
(英)迈科尔·霍华德著，《欧洲历史上的战争》，辽宁教育出版社，1998年
《苏联高层决策70年》，世界知识出版社，1998年
陈乐民主编，《西方外交思想史》，中国社会出版社，1995年
陈佩尧著，《北约战略与态势》，中国社会科学出版社，1989年
冯绍雷著，《制度变迁与对外政策—1992年以来的俄罗斯》，上海人民出版社，1997年
宫少朋等主编《冷战后国际关系》，世界知识出版社，1999年
郭华榕等主编，《欧洲的分与合》，京华出版社，1999年
何春超主编，《国际关系史1945—1980年》，法律出版社，1986年
侯小河等著，《联盟战车》，解放军出版社，2002年
吕川等著，《21世纪：和平，还是战争—军事战略专家剖析北约新战略和世界战争危机》，中国国际广播出版社，2000年
倪世雄等著，《当代西方国际关系理论》，复旦大学出版社，2001年
秦亚青著，《霸权体系与国际冲突—美国在国际武装冲突中的支持行为(1945—1988)》，上海人民出版社，1999年
邱恩田主编，《北约：从冷战到热战》，新华出版社，1999年
王绳祖主编，《国际关系史》第1—10卷，世界知识出版社，1995年
俞正梁等著，《大国战略研究—未来世界的美、俄、日、欧(盟)和中国》，中央编译出版社，1998年
俞正梁等著，《全球化时代的国际关系》，复旦大学出版社，2001年
赵学功著，《当代美国外交》，社会科学文献出版社，2001年
朱立群著，《欧洲安全组织与安全结构》，世界知识出版社，2002年
Ambrose, Stephen E. and Brinkley, Douglas G., Rise to Globalism: American Foreign Policy since 1938, eighth revised edition, US: Penguin Book, 1997
Cameron, Fraser, US Foreign Policy after the Cold War: Global Hegemon or Reluctant Sheriff?, New York: Routledge, 2002
Carpenter, Ted Galen (ed.) NATO enters the 21st century, Great Britain: Frank Cass,2000
Cox, Michael, Booth, Ken, Dunne, Tim (ed.), The Interregnum—Controversies in World Politics 1989-1999, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999
Cox, Michael, US Foreign Policy after the Cold War: Superpower without a Mission?, Great Britain: Pinter, 1995
Gardner, Hall, Dangerous Crossroads: Europe, Russia, and the Future of NATO, Westport and London: PRAEGER, 1997
Goldgeier, James M., Not Whether but When: The U.S. Decision to Enlarge NATO, Washington DC: Brookings, 1999
Hanson, Jim, the Next Cold War? American Alternative for the 21st Century, Connecticut: west, 1996
Heller, Francis H. and Gillingham, John R. (ed.) NATO: the Founding of the Atlantic Alliance and the Integration of Europe, US: The Macmillan Press, 1992
Heuser, Beatrice, Transatlantic Relations, Sharing Ideas and Costs, London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1996
Kaplan, Lawrence S., NATO and the United States, US: Wayne's Publishers, 1988
Lauren, Paul Gordon, Diplomacy: New Approaches in History, Theory, and Policy, New York: The Free Press, 1979
Smith, Martin A., NATO in the first Decade after the Cold War, the Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000
Solomon, Gerald B., the NATO Enlargement Debate, 1990-1997-Blessings of Liberty, Washington DC: the Center for Strategic and International Studies, PRAEGER, 1998
Wiarda, Howard J.(ed), U.S. Foreign and Strategic Policy in the Post-Cold War Era, Connecticut and London: Greenwood Press, 1996
《欧洲联盟条约》(马约)，欧共体官方出版局编，苏明忠译，1998年版
《国际条约集1948—1949》，世界知识出版社，1959年版
Bulletin of the European Union, Dec. 1994, http://www.europa.eu.int
Department of Defense, Office of International Security Affairs, "United State s Security Strategy for Europe and NATO , " Jun. 1995, http://www.defenselink mil/pubs/security
European Council Declaration on Strengthening the Common European Policy on Security and Defence, Cologne, June 6, 1999
London Declaration on a Transformed North Atlantic Alliance, (Brussels: NATO 1990), p.5.
M-NAC-1(96)63, Final Communique, Berlin, Jun.1996
Press Communique, M-NACC-1(91)111, Brussels, 20 Dec. 1991.
Public Papers of the Presidents, John F. Kennedy, 1962, p.538
Public Papers of the Presidents, Lyndon B. Johnson, 1966, p.477
The National Security Strategy of the United States of America, The White House, September 2002, http//www.usinfo.state.gov.
The text of the Strategic Concept as reprinted in The Transformation of an Alliance, (Brussels: NATO 1992), p.52.
Truman Message to Congress, 12 March 1947, in Public Papers of the Presidents, 1948
US Department of Commerce, Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1995, Washington DC: Bureau of the Census, 1995, p.806
US Department of Defense, "Strengthening Transatlantic Security—A U.S. Strategy for the 21st Century ", Dec. 2000. Chapter 1: America' s Vital Interests in Europe.
Achilles, Theodore C., "US role in Negotiations that Led to Atlantic Alliance," from NATO Review 27, Aug. 1979
Albright, The Transatlantic Community: Peaceful, Democratic, and Undivided, US Department of State Dispatch, 1997, (2)
Baker, Kevin, "Managing a New Empire", from the New York Times, Dec 9, 2001
Brzezinski, Bigniew, Geostrategy for Eurasia, from Foreign Affairs, 1997
Clinton, Bill, "US Russia Relation Challenge to be Face", from Vital Speech of the Day, Vol. LXI, June 1, 1995, No. 16, p. 484
Gordon, Philip H, "Bridging the Atlantic Divide", from Foreign Affairs, Jan/Feb.2003.
Hunter, M, Maximizing NATO, A Relevant Alliance Knows How to Reach," from Foreign Affairs, May-June, 1999, p. 190.
Late Secretary Christopher, Securing US Interests While Supporting Russian Reform( US Department of State Dispatch), Mar. 29 1993, vol. 4, no. 13,
Lord Robertson, The Future for a Larger NATO, speech at the EPC Breakfast Policy Briefing, Brussels, Nov, 2002
LordRobertson, FransformingNATO,from http://www.nato.int/docu/review/2003/isssue1/english/art1.html.
Macarthy, James, "Opportunities for Strengthening Security in Central and Eastern Europe" , presentation at the 8th Annual Conference for Director of Strategic Studies Institutes, Knokke-Heist, Belgium, Sep. 24, 1992
Missirolia, European Security and Defence: the Case for setting' Convergence Criteria", from European Foreign Affairs Review, 1999.
Nye, Jr. Joseph S., "The Case for Deep Engagement" , from Foreign Affairs, July/August, 1995
Patten, Chris's interview with Financial Times, Feb. 15, 2002
Schulte, Gregory, Former Yugoslavia and the New NATO, from Survival, 1997/1
Sjursen, Helene, "New Forms of Security Policy in Europe", ARENA Working Paper, wp04/01, http://www.arena.uio.no/publications/wp01-4.htm.
Smith, C. J.: "Conflict in the Balkans and the possibility of a European Union Common Foreign and Security Policy", from International Relations, vol. ⅩⅢ, no. 2,August 1996
Solana, J., "NATO's Role in Bosnia: Charting a New Course for the Alliance," from NATO Review, No.2, March 1996, pp. 3-6
Wallace, William, "From the Atlantic to the Bug, From the Arctic to the Tigris? The Transformation of the EU and NATO" , International Affairs, 2000/3
Worner, Manfred, NATO Transformed: the Significance of the Rome Summit, from NATO Review (Web Edition), Dec. 1991, p3-8, http://www.nato.int/docu/review/1991/9106-01
陈新明，“美国·北约·欧盟三方关系新动向—欧盟加快推进军事联盟”，载《中共福建省委党校学报》，2001年第7期
蒋建清，“北约21世纪新战略及其影响”，载《国际问题研究》，1999年3期
李海东，“‘和平伙伴关系计划’与北约的扩大”，载《欧洲》1999年第3期
刘建华，“跨大西洋联盟分歧探源及其未来走向”，载《东南亚纵横》，2003年第8期
阮宗泽，“北约的战略转型及其挑战”，载《国际问题研究》，2003年第2期
阮宗泽，“伊拉克战争与美欧俄‘结构性矛盾’”，载《国际问题研究》，2003年第4期
沈世顺，“从布拉格峰会看北约的发展变化”，载《世界经济与政治》，2003年第1期
阎晓东，“伊拉克战争重组欧洲军事版图”，引自http://www.online.cri.com.cn/world_news_journal/index.html
张茂明，“欧盟共同防务：进展、动因与问题”载《欧洲》，2001年第1期
张业亮，“冷战后的美欧安全与防务关系”，载《美国研究》，2002年第4期
赵怀普，“战后美国对欧洲一体化政策论析”，载《美国研究》，1999年第2期
赵怀普 王前，“单极与多级：北约还是铁板一块吗?”，《当代世界》，2004年第4期
赵嵘，北约新战略与美欧关系，载《武汉大学学报(社会科学版)》，2001年第5期
朱立群，“CJTF与北约军事战略改革”，载《外交学院学报》，2001年第3期
兹比格纽·布热津斯基，“美国全球战略中的欧洲”，载《战略与管理》，2000年第5期
NATO Review, Foreign Affairs, International Relations, European Foreign Affairs Review, NATO Review (Web Edition), Survival, The Times, The New York Times, Financial Times, International Affairs ,Vital Speech of the Day
《国际问题研究》，《美国研究》，《欧洲》，《外交学院学报》，《国际政治》，《现代国际关系》，《世界经济与政治》，《当代世界》，《武汉大学学报(社会科学版)》，《战略与管理》，《东南亚纵横》，《中共福建省委党校学报》等
http://edition.cnn.com/SPECIALS/index.2001.html
http://www.arena.uio.no/publications/wp01-4.htm
http://www.defenselink mil/pubs/security
http://www.europa.eu.int
http://www.online.cri.com.cn/world_news_journal/index.html
http://www.nato.int/docu/basictxt/treaty.htm
http://www.nato.int/docu/comm/1999/9904-wsh/9904-wsh.htm#1
http://www.nato.int/docu/comm/1999/9904-wsh/9904-wsh.htm#1
http://www.nato.int/docu/review/2003/isssue1/english/art1.html.
http://www.usinfo.state.gov
http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/nssall.html
http://www.nato.int/docu/review/1991/9106-01
(美)汉斯·摩根索著，《国际纵横策论—争强权，求和平》，上海译文出版社，1995年
(美)亨利·基辛格著，《大外交》，海南出版社，1997年
(美)亨廷顿著，《第三波——20世纪后期民主化浪潮》，三联书店，1998年
(美)理查德·莱亚德等著，《俄罗斯重振雄风》，中央编译出版社，1997年
(美)理查德·尼克松，《超越和平》，世界知识出版社，1995年
(美)罗伯特·吉尔平著，《世界政治中的战争与变革》，中国人民大学出版社，1994年
(美)斯塔夫里阿诺斯著，《全球通史—1500年以后的世界》，上海社会科学院出版社，1999年
(美)约瑟夫·奈著《美国定能领导世界吗?》，军事译文出版社，1992年
(美)兹比格纽·布热津斯基，《大棋局—美国的首要地位及地缘战略》，上海人民出版社，1998年
(日)中西治著，《新国际关系论》，学林出版社，2002年
(英)迈科尔·霍华德著，《欧洲历史上的战争》，辽宁教育出版社，1998年
《苏联高层决策70年》，世界知识出版社，1998年
陈乐民主编，《西方外交思想史》，中国社会出版社，1995年
陈佩尧著，《北约战略与态势》，中国社会科学出版社，1989年
冯绍雷著，《制度变迁与对外政策—1992年以来的俄罗斯》，上海人民出版社，1997年
宫少朋等主编《冷战后国际关系》，世界知识出版社，1999年
郭华榕等主编，《欧洲的分与合》，京华出版社，1999年
何春超主编，《国际关系史1945—1980年》，法律出版社，1986年
侯小河等著，《联盟战车》，解放军出版社，2002年
吕川等著，《21世纪：和平，还是战争—军事战略专家剖析北约新战略和世界战争危机》，中国国际广播出版社，2000年
倪世雄等著，《当代西方国际关系理论》，复旦大学出版社，2001年
秦亚青著，《霸权体系与国际冲突—美国在国际武装冲突中的支持行为(1945—1988)》，上海人民出版社，1999年
邱恩田主编，《北约：从冷战到热战》，新华出版社，1999年
王绳祖主编，《国际关系史》第1—10卷，世界知识出版社，1995年
俞正梁等著，《大国战略研究—未来世界的美、俄、日、欧(盟)和中国》，中央编译出版社，1998年
俞正梁等著，《全球化时代的国际关系》，复旦大学出版社，2001年
赵学功著，《当代美国外交》，社会科学文献出版社，2001年
朱立群著，《欧洲安全组织与安全结构》，世界知识出版社，2002年
Ambrose, Stephen E. and Brinkley, Douglas G., Rise to Globalism: American Foreign Policy since 1938, eighth revised edition, US: Penguin Book, 1997
Cameron, Fraser, US Foreign Policy after the Cold War: Global Hegemon or Reluctant Sheriff?, New York: Routledge, 2002
Carpenter, Ted Galen (ed.) NATO enters the 21st century, Great Britain: Frank Cass,2000
Cox, Michael, Booth, Ken, Dunne, Tim (ed.), The Interregnum—Controversies in World Politics 1989-1999, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999
Cox, Michael, US Foreign Policy after the Cold War: Superpower without a Mission?, Great Britain: Pinter, 1995
Gardner, Hall, Dangerous Crossroads: Europe, Russia, and the Future of NATO, Westport and London: PRAEGER, 1997
Goldgeier, James M., Not Whether but When: The U.S. Decision to Enlarge NATO, Washington DC: Brookings, 1999
Hanson, Jim, the Next Cold War? American Alternative for the 21st Century, Connecticut: west, 1996
Heller, Francis H. and Gillingham, John R. (ed.) NATO: the Founding of the Atlantic Alliance and the Integration of Europe, US: The Macmillan Press, 1992
Heuser, Beatrice, Transatlantic Relations, Sharing Ideas and Costs, London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1996
Kaplan, Lawrence S., NATO and the United States, US: Wayne's Publishers, 1988
Lauren, Paul Gordon, Diplomacy: New Approaches in History, Theory, and Policy, New York: The Free Press, 1979
Smith, Martin A., NATO in the first Decade after the Cold War, the Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000
Solomon, Gerald B., the NATO Enlargement Debate, 1990-1997-Blessings of Liberty, Washington DC: the Center for Strategic and International Studies, PRAEGER, 1998
Wiarda, Howard J.(ed), U.S. Foreign and Strategic Policy in the Post-Cold War Era, Connecticut and London: Greenwood Press, 1996
《欧洲联盟条约》(马约)，欧共体官方出版局编，苏明忠译，1998年版
《国际条约集1948—1949》，世界知识出版社，1959年版
Bulletin of the European Union, Dec. 1994, http://www.europa.eu.int
Department of Defense, Office of International Security Affairs, "United State s Security Strategy for Europe and NATO , " Jun. 1995, http://www.defenselink mil/pubs/security
European Council Declaration on Strengthening the Common European Policy on Security and Defence, Cologne, June 6, 1999
London Declaration on a Transformed North Atlantic Alliance, (Brussels: NATO 1990), p.5.
M-NAC-1(96)63, Final Communique, Berlin, Jun.1996
Press Communique, M-NACC-1(91)111, Brussels, 20 Dec. 1991.
Public Papers of the Presidents, John F. Kennedy, 1962, p.538
Public Papers of the Presidents, Lyndon B. Johnson, 1966, p.477
The National Security Strategy of the United States of America, The White House, September 2002, http//www.usinfo.state.gov.
The text of the Strategic Concept as reprinted in The Transformation of an Alliance, (Brussels: NATO 1992), p.52.
Truman Message to Congress, 12 March 1947, in Public Papers of the Presidents, 1948
US Department of Commerce, Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1995, Washington DC: Bureau of the Census, 1995, p.806
US Department of Defense, "Strengthening Transatlantic Security—A U.S. Strategy for the 21st Century ", Dec. 2000. Chapter 1: America' s Vital Interests in Europe.
Achilles, Theodore C., "US role in Negotiations that Led to Atlantic Alliance," from NATO Review 27, Aug. 1979
Albright, The Transatlantic Community: Peaceful, Democratic, and Undivided, US Department of State Dispatch, 1997, (2)
Baker, Kevin, "Managing a New Empire", from the New York Times, Dec 9, 2001
Brzezinski, Bigniew, Geostrategy for Eurasia, from Foreign Affairs, 1997
Clinton, Bill, "US Russia Relation Challenge to be Face", from Vital Speech of the Day, Vol. LXI, June 1, 1995, No. 16, p. 484
Gordon, Philip H, "Bridging the Atlantic Divide", from Foreign Affairs, Jan/Feb.2003.
Hunter, M, Maximizing NATO, A Relevant Alliance Knows How to Reach," from Foreign Affairs, May-June, 1999, p. 190.
Late Secretary Christopher, Securing US Interests While Supporting Russian Reform( US Department of State Dispatch), Mar. 29 1993, vol. 4, no. 13,
Lord Robertson, The Future for a Larger NATO, speech at the EPC Breakfast Policy Briefing, Brussels, Nov, 2002
LordRobertson, FransformingNATO,from http://www.nato.int/docu/review/2003/isssue1/english/art1.html.
Macarthy, James, "Opportunities for Strengthening Security in Central and Eastern Europe" , presentation at the 8th Annual Conference for Director of Strategic Studies Institutes, Knokke-Heist, Belgium, Sep. 24, 1992
Missirolia, European Security and Defence: the Case for setting' Convergence Criteria", from European Foreign Affairs Review, 1999.
Nye, Jr. Joseph S., "The Case for Deep Engagement" , from Foreign Affairs, July/August, 1995
Patten, Chris's interview with Financial Times, Feb. 15, 2002
Schulte, Gregory, Former Yugoslavia and the New NATO, from Survival, 1997/1
Sjursen, Helene, "New Forms of Security Policy in Europe", ARENA Working Paper, wp04/01, http://www.arena.uio.no/publications/wp01-4.htm.
Smith, C. J.: "Conflict in the Balkans and the possibility of a European Union Common Foreign and Security Policy", from International Relations, vol. ⅩⅢ, no. 2,August 1996
Solana, J., "NATO's Role in Bosnia: Charting a New Course for the Alliance," from NATO Review, No.2, March 1996, pp. 3-6
Wallace, William, "From the Atlantic to the Bug, From the Arctic to the Tigris? The Transformation of the EU and NATO" , International Affairs, 2000/3
Worner, Manfred, NATO Transformed: the Significance of the Rome Summit, from NATO Review (Web Edition), Dec. 1991, p3-8, http://www.nato.int/docu/review/1991/9106-01
陈新明，“美国·北约·欧盟三方关系新动向—欧盟加快推进军事联盟”，载《中共福建省委党校学报》，2001年第7期
蒋建清，“北约21世纪新战略及其影响”，载《国际问题研究》，1999年3期
李海东，“‘和平伙伴关系计划’与北约的扩大”，载《欧洲》1999年第3期
刘建华，“跨大西洋联盟分歧探源及其未来走向”，载《东南亚纵横》，2003年第8期
阮宗泽，“北约的战略转型及其挑战”，载《国际问题研究》，2003年第2期
阮宗泽，“伊拉克战争与美欧俄‘结构性矛盾’”，载《国际问题研究》，2003年第4期
沈世顺，“从布拉格峰会看北约的发展变化”，载《世界经济与政治》，2003年第1期
阎晓东，“伊拉克战争重组欧洲军事版图”，引自http://www.online.cri.com.cn/world_news_journal/index.html
张茂明，“欧盟共同防务：进展、动因与问题”载《欧洲》，2001年第1期
张业亮，“冷战后的美欧安全与防务关系”，载《美国研究》，2002年第4期
赵怀普，“战后美国对欧洲一体化政策论析”，载《美国研究》，1999年第2期
赵怀普 王前，“单极与多级：北约还是铁板一块吗?”，《当代世界》，2004年第4期
赵嵘，北约新战略与美欧关系，载《武汉大学学报(社会科学版)》，2001年第5期
朱立群，“CJTF与北约军事战略改革”，载《外交学院学报》，2001年第3期
兹比格纽·布热津斯基，“美国全球战略中的欧洲”，载《战略与管理》，2000年第5期
NATO Review, Foreign Affairs, International Relations, European Foreign Affairs Review, NATO Review (Web Edition), Survival, The Times, The New York Times, Financial Times, International Affairs ,Vital Speech of the Day
《国际问题研究》，《美国研究》，《欧洲》，《外交学院学报》，《国际政治》，《现代国际关系》，《世界经济与政治》，《当代世界》，《武汉大学学报(社会科学版)》，《战略与管理》，《东南亚纵横》，《中共福建省委党校学报》等
http://edition.cnn.com/SPECIALS/index.2001.html
http://www.arena.uio.no/publications/wp01-4.htm
http://www.defenselink mil/pubs/security
http://www.europa.eu.int
http://www.online.cri.com.cn/world_news_journal/index.html
http://www.nato.int/docu/basictxt/treaty.htm
http://www.nato.int/docu/comm/1999/9904-wsh/9904-wsh.htm#1
http://www.nato.int/docu/comm/1999/9904-wsh/9904-wsh.htm#1
http://www.nato.int/docu/review/2003/isssue1/english/art1.html.
http://www.usinfo.state.gov
http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/nssall.html
http://www.nato.int/docu/review/1991/9106-01