乳化炸药在水下爆破中抗水抗压性能的实验研究与机理分析
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摘要
在水下爆破中由于静水压力的作用,乳化炸药爆速和猛度都会下降,不仅如此,还会使炸药密度变大,起爆感度和传爆感度都会降低,因此研究深水中乳化炸药的抗水抗压性能,对于水下爆破施工、乳化炸药的研制都有重要的指导意义。乳化炸药性能下降到什么程度、采取何种测试方法、如何科学合理的提高抗水抗压性能一直困扰着科技工作者。
乳化炸药受静压作用后有较好的复原性,因此必须在受压状态下研究,测试乳化炸药抗动压性能的一些手段和方法就不可照搬。通过改变静水表面的压力来模拟深水装药环境,为实验室研究乳化炸药的抗水抗压性能提供了可能,根据此实验原理,设计了五套测试炸药抗水抗压性能的测试系统,都能很好的满足试验要求；利用炸药爆速、猛度以及砂浆试块的分维数计算炸药由于浸水或受压爆炸性能下降程度,回归到0～1之间,进行定量描述,而不再局限在“全爆”、“半爆”、“拒爆”或利用爆破碎片定性描述。主要研究了敏化剂、乳化剂种类及含量、油相材料种类等因素对乳化炸药抗压性能的影响；敏化剂、浸水时间、浸水压力对乳化炸药抗水性能的影响。测试受压炸药爆速、猛度的两套一次性装置引入了PVC材料,既降低了实验耗材,又减少了对周围环境的破坏；测试受压炸药猛度的可重复使用装置,采用了最少焊缝设计原则,这种巧妙设计保证了装置可重复使用,也更加安全；微型爆炸装置与砂浆试块相结合,利用分形分维理论进行数据处理,提出了研究乳化炸药抗压性能的新方法；对重要实验现象进行了深入系统的理论分析。
本文主要研究结论有：玻璃微球、化学敏化、珍珠岩敏化的乳化炸药,在深水压力作用下浸泡较长时间依然表现出较好的抗水性能,抗水性能不是影响水下爆破中乳化炸药爆炸性能下降的主要因素；乳化炸药受静压作用后有较好的复原性,因此研究抗静压性能必须在受压状态进行；在乳化工艺一定的条件下,亚硝酸钠含量为0.2%,珍珠岩含量为5%-6%,玻璃微球含量为2%-3%时,炸药的抗压性能和爆炸性能都相对较优,复合敏化剂对抗压性能影响较为复杂；在乳化工艺一定的条件下,乳化剂T155含量为2%、Span-80含量为3%～4%,炸药的抗压性能和爆炸性能都相对较优；在乳化剂含量相同的条件下,含有复合乳化剂的炸药有较优的抗压性能；油相材料对乳化炸药的抗压性能有一定的影响,氧化剂种类、含水量对乳化炸药抗压性能影响较小。
本文主要理论研究成果有：在深水压力长时间的作用下,化学敏化乳化炸药爆炸性能下降主要是渗透溶胀和气泡逃逸引起热点减少造成的；珍珠盐敏化的乳化炸药爆炸性能下降主要是渗透溶胀和珍珠盐的破碎和失效会引起热点减少造成的；玻璃微球敏化的乳化炸药爆炸性能下降主要是渗透溶胀引起的。在一定的压力作用下,敏化气泡缩小和密度过分增大是化学敏化乳化炸药爆轰性能下降的主要原因；单位体积的热点相对较少和密度过分增大是珍珠岩敏化乳化炸药爆轰性能下降的主要原因；单位体积的热点相对较多,是玻璃微球敏化的乳化炸药密度过分增大时,爆轰性能依然下降不明显的主要原因。
Detonation velocity and brisance of emulsion explosives influenced by the hydrostatic pressure will decrease in underwater blasting; not only that, sensitivity to initiation and sensitivity to pass of explosives will also decrease, because explosive density will increase by influence of the hydrostatic pressure. Emulsion explosives are widely used for underwater blasting in recent years, so research of water resistance and compression resistance of emulsion explosives in deep water will have directive function for underwater blasting and development of emulsion explosives. It troubles scientific workers that to what extent to descend for explosion capability of emulsion explosives, which of test methods to take, how to improve their water resistance and compression resistance.
Emulsion explosives have excellent recovery effect under static pressure and thus we should test capability of emulsion explosives under deep water pressure in which means and methods for dynamic pressure will not be copied simply. Environment of deep water charge is simulated by change of standing water surface pressure which provides feasibility to study compression resistance and water resistance of emulsion explosives in laboratory. According to the principle we mentioned above, five pieces of water resistant experimental equipment and compression resistant experimental equipments were devised, which were all fully adaptable to the experiments. This study used detonation velocity, brisance and the fractal dimension of mortar test block to calculate fallen extent of explosion capability of emulsion explosives due to immersion and Compression, to return to between 0 and 1, to describe water resistance and compression resistance quantificationally, and no longer to confine to the "full blasting", "semi-blasting", "no-blasting" or qualitative description of blasting debris. this research mainly focused on how compression resistance of emulsion explosives is influenced by sensitizing agent types and content, emulsifier types and content, types of the oil material and so on, and how water resistance of emulsion explosives is influenced by the sensitizing agent types, soaking time, and soaking pressure. two one-time experimental equipments which were used to measure detonation velocity and brisance of emulsion explosives influenced by hydrostatic pressure respectively both used PVC material which can reduce experimental material and environment destruction of the experimental equipment; reusable experimental equipment which was used to measure brisance of emulsion explosives influenced by hydrostatic pressure which was designed by the principle of minimum seam so the ingenious design can be kept reusable and safe. Through micro-explosive device and mortar test block,,and to use of fractal theory to deal with data processing, the new method of compression resistance was proposed; the important experimental phenomena were analyzed in deply and systematically.
The main conclusions are as follows:emulsion explosives sensitized by glass micro-balloons, by bubbling agent, and by expanded pearlites all have excellent water resistance; water resistance of emulsion explosives is not the main reason for decreased performance of Emulsion Explosives in underwater blasting; Emulsion explosives have excellent recovery ability when effected by the static pressure, and we should test capability of emulsion explosives under deep water;under certain emulsification process conditions:when emulsion explosives contain sodium nitrite content of 0.2%, perlites content of 5% to 6%, and the glass microspheres content of 2% to 3%, compression resistance and explosive properties are both relatively excellent, and compression resistance is influenced by compound sensitizing agent intricately; under certain emulsification process conditions:when emulsion explosives contain T155 emulsifier content of 2%, Span-80 emulsifier content of 3% to 4%, compression resistance and explosive properties are both relatively excellent, and explosives which contain compound emulsifiers have excellent compression resistance; types of the oil material have a little effect on compression resistance of emulsion explosives, and oxidant species and water content have little effect.
This main theory achievements are as follows:In the deep water pressure for a long time, fall explosion capability of emulsion explosives sensitized by bubbling agent are mainly because of hotspot reductions in result from infiltration swelling and escape of bubbles; fall explosion capability of emulsion explosives sensitized by expanded pearlites are mainly because of hotspot reductions in result from infiltration swelling and fragmentation and invalidation of pearlites; fall explosion capability of emulsion explosives sensitized glass micro-balloons are mainly because of hotspot reductions in result from infiltration swellingln the certain pressure, fall extent of explosion capability of emulsion explosives sensitized by bubbling agent and emulsion explosives sensitized by expanded pearlites are both great; for the former, the main reason is that sensitized bubbles shrink and explosive density increases excessively; for the latter, the main reason is that hotspots in unit volume is reversely little and explosive density increases excessively. In the same condition, fall extent of explosion capability of emulsion explosives sensitized by glass micro-balloons is not great; the main reason is that hotspots in unit volume is reversely much although the explosive density also increases.
乳化炸药受静压作用后有较好的复原性,因此必须在受压状态下研究,测试乳化炸药抗动压性能的一些手段和方法就不可照搬。通过改变静水表面的压力来模拟深水装药环境,为实验室研究乳化炸药的抗水抗压性能提供了可能,根据此实验原理,设计了五套测试炸药抗水抗压性能的测试系统,都能很好的满足试验要求；利用炸药爆速、猛度以及砂浆试块的分维数计算炸药由于浸水或受压爆炸性能下降程度,回归到0～1之间,进行定量描述,而不再局限在“全爆”、“半爆”、“拒爆”或利用爆破碎片定性描述。主要研究了敏化剂、乳化剂种类及含量、油相材料种类等因素对乳化炸药抗压性能的影响；敏化剂、浸水时间、浸水压力对乳化炸药抗水性能的影响。测试受压炸药爆速、猛度的两套一次性装置引入了PVC材料,既降低了实验耗材,又减少了对周围环境的破坏；测试受压炸药猛度的可重复使用装置,采用了最少焊缝设计原则,这种巧妙设计保证了装置可重复使用,也更加安全；微型爆炸装置与砂浆试块相结合,利用分形分维理论进行数据处理,提出了研究乳化炸药抗压性能的新方法；对重要实验现象进行了深入系统的理论分析。
本文主要研究结论有：玻璃微球、化学敏化、珍珠岩敏化的乳化炸药,在深水压力作用下浸泡较长时间依然表现出较好的抗水性能,抗水性能不是影响水下爆破中乳化炸药爆炸性能下降的主要因素；乳化炸药受静压作用后有较好的复原性,因此研究抗静压性能必须在受压状态进行；在乳化工艺一定的条件下,亚硝酸钠含量为0.2%,珍珠岩含量为5%-6%,玻璃微球含量为2%-3%时,炸药的抗压性能和爆炸性能都相对较优,复合敏化剂对抗压性能影响较为复杂；在乳化工艺一定的条件下,乳化剂T155含量为2%、Span-80含量为3%～4%,炸药的抗压性能和爆炸性能都相对较优；在乳化剂含量相同的条件下,含有复合乳化剂的炸药有较优的抗压性能；油相材料对乳化炸药的抗压性能有一定的影响,氧化剂种类、含水量对乳化炸药抗压性能影响较小。
本文主要理论研究成果有：在深水压力长时间的作用下,化学敏化乳化炸药爆炸性能下降主要是渗透溶胀和气泡逃逸引起热点减少造成的；珍珠盐敏化的乳化炸药爆炸性能下降主要是渗透溶胀和珍珠盐的破碎和失效会引起热点减少造成的；玻璃微球敏化的乳化炸药爆炸性能下降主要是渗透溶胀引起的。在一定的压力作用下,敏化气泡缩小和密度过分增大是化学敏化乳化炸药爆轰性能下降的主要原因；单位体积的热点相对较少和密度过分增大是珍珠岩敏化乳化炸药爆轰性能下降的主要原因；单位体积的热点相对较多,是玻璃微球敏化的乳化炸药密度过分增大时,爆轰性能依然下降不明显的主要原因。
Detonation velocity and brisance of emulsion explosives influenced by the hydrostatic pressure will decrease in underwater blasting; not only that, sensitivity to initiation and sensitivity to pass of explosives will also decrease, because explosive density will increase by influence of the hydrostatic pressure. Emulsion explosives are widely used for underwater blasting in recent years, so research of water resistance and compression resistance of emulsion explosives in deep water will have directive function for underwater blasting and development of emulsion explosives. It troubles scientific workers that to what extent to descend for explosion capability of emulsion explosives, which of test methods to take, how to improve their water resistance and compression resistance.
Emulsion explosives have excellent recovery effect under static pressure and thus we should test capability of emulsion explosives under deep water pressure in which means and methods for dynamic pressure will not be copied simply. Environment of deep water charge is simulated by change of standing water surface pressure which provides feasibility to study compression resistance and water resistance of emulsion explosives in laboratory. According to the principle we mentioned above, five pieces of water resistant experimental equipment and compression resistant experimental equipments were devised, which were all fully adaptable to the experiments. This study used detonation velocity, brisance and the fractal dimension of mortar test block to calculate fallen extent of explosion capability of emulsion explosives due to immersion and Compression, to return to between 0 and 1, to describe water resistance and compression resistance quantificationally, and no longer to confine to the "full blasting", "semi-blasting", "no-blasting" or qualitative description of blasting debris. this research mainly focused on how compression resistance of emulsion explosives is influenced by sensitizing agent types and content, emulsifier types and content, types of the oil material and so on, and how water resistance of emulsion explosives is influenced by the sensitizing agent types, soaking time, and soaking pressure. two one-time experimental equipments which were used to measure detonation velocity and brisance of emulsion explosives influenced by hydrostatic pressure respectively both used PVC material which can reduce experimental material and environment destruction of the experimental equipment; reusable experimental equipment which was used to measure brisance of emulsion explosives influenced by hydrostatic pressure which was designed by the principle of minimum seam so the ingenious design can be kept reusable and safe. Through micro-explosive device and mortar test block,,and to use of fractal theory to deal with data processing, the new method of compression resistance was proposed; the important experimental phenomena were analyzed in deply and systematically.
The main conclusions are as follows:emulsion explosives sensitized by glass micro-balloons, by bubbling agent, and by expanded pearlites all have excellent water resistance; water resistance of emulsion explosives is not the main reason for decreased performance of Emulsion Explosives in underwater blasting; Emulsion explosives have excellent recovery ability when effected by the static pressure, and we should test capability of emulsion explosives under deep water;under certain emulsification process conditions:when emulsion explosives contain sodium nitrite content of 0.2%, perlites content of 5% to 6%, and the glass microspheres content of 2% to 3%, compression resistance and explosive properties are both relatively excellent, and compression resistance is influenced by compound sensitizing agent intricately; under certain emulsification process conditions:when emulsion explosives contain T155 emulsifier content of 2%, Span-80 emulsifier content of 3% to 4%, compression resistance and explosive properties are both relatively excellent, and explosives which contain compound emulsifiers have excellent compression resistance; types of the oil material have a little effect on compression resistance of emulsion explosives, and oxidant species and water content have little effect.
This main theory achievements are as follows:In the deep water pressure for a long time, fall explosion capability of emulsion explosives sensitized by bubbling agent are mainly because of hotspot reductions in result from infiltration swelling and escape of bubbles; fall explosion capability of emulsion explosives sensitized by expanded pearlites are mainly because of hotspot reductions in result from infiltration swelling and fragmentation and invalidation of pearlites; fall explosion capability of emulsion explosives sensitized glass micro-balloons are mainly because of hotspot reductions in result from infiltration swellingln the certain pressure, fall extent of explosion capability of emulsion explosives sensitized by bubbling agent and emulsion explosives sensitized by expanded pearlites are both great; for the former, the main reason is that sensitized bubbles shrink and explosive density increases excessively; for the latter, the main reason is that hotspots in unit volume is reversely little and explosive density increases excessively. In the same condition, fall extent of explosion capability of emulsion explosives sensitized by glass micro-balloons is not great; the main reason is that hotspots in unit volume is reversely much although the explosive density also increases.
引文
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