脉冲激光与水下金属靶材相互作用力学效应的实验研究
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摘要
激光与水下靶材相互作用将出现冲击波和光致空化的现象,激光诱导的冲击波和空泡溃灭射流冲击都将对靶材产生力学效应,这是激光液体环境加工、激光眼科医学等应用的重要基础。本文分析了激光与水下靶材相互作用产生力学效应的基本机理；设计了满足瞬态点载荷现场测试要求的测力光纤传感器；主要从实验角度测试并分析了脉冲激光辐照水下金属靶材时产生的脉冲力信号。
提出激光辐照靶材力效应的点载荷模型,指出通过测量靶材受力点弹性形变来检测靶材受力的检测机理。通过与接触检测和干涉法检测方式优劣的对比,在光偏转技术的基础上,引入光纤对探测光束的反射光进行强度耦合,构建了基于光偏转光强度耦合的测力光纤传感器,其与靶材组成统一的现场测试系统；基于薄板弹性力学理论及单模光纤对高斯光束耦合原理,讨论了传感器线性工作范围和正常工作的主要条件,给出了满足现场测试要求所需的动态调整方案。
使用自行建立的测力系统检测激光分别辐照空气和水中铜靶的力学信号,判别了激光烧蚀力(等离子体冲击波作用力)Fa和两次射流冲击力Fb、Fc。根据烧蚀力峰值a和第一次射流峰值b出现的时间间隔得到了30mJ激光能量诱导的空泡溃灭的周期。实验发现能量为30mJ的脉冲激光对水下铜靶的烧蚀力峰值约为空气中烧蚀力的4.12倍。
测试并统计不同能量的激光辐照水下铜靶产生的力学信号,使用Origin软件拟合了激光诱导冲击波和两次射流的脉冲力信号峰值与入射脉冲能量的关系曲线,烧蚀力和射流冲击力的产生都存在一个阈值能量,三个脉冲力峰值幅度随脉冲能量的增加均成先上升后下降的趋势,主要是受水击穿的影响。靶材所受的激光烧蚀力取决于脉冲的能量,而空泡射流的产生及冲击力的大小是由脉冲能量和无量纲参数γ两个因素共同决定。
测试了水下激光作用点处存在空泡约束空腔时靶材受力信号,结果表明作用点处存在圆筒空腔时,靶材所受的射流冲击力峰值b、c与无约束空腔相比都有增大,且当空腔截面直径越小,随高度增加,增大趋势越甚；而激光对靶材的烧蚀力峰值a几乎没有什么变化。使用微射流形成机制和水下激光诱导冲击波的形成发展机理解释了此现象。
本文的研究结果对激光液体环境加工、激光眼科医学等效率和质量的提高提供了一定的依据,也有助于相关检测技术的发展。
The interaction of pulsed laser and underwater target will cause shockwave and the cavitation phenomenon, laser-induced shockwave and cavitation bubble collapse jet impact on target will produce mechanical effect, this is an important basis of laser liquid processing and laser eye medical surgery. Mainly from the angle of experiment, this article measure and analysis the pulse signal produced by interaction of laser pulse and underwater metal material.
The basic mechanism of mechanical effect produced by the interaction of laser pulse and underwater metal material is analyzed; Present a point load model of mechanics effect by laser irradiation target, point out the elastic deformation measuring mechanism. Based on the coupling of light intensity of light deflection, build the optical fiber mechanical quantity sensor. With target, it is a field measurment system, the linear range and conditions of how to reduce sensor measuring error are discussed.
The mechanical signal of copper target in air and water is measured. Identify laser ablation force (plasma shock wave force) and two jet wallop, According to the ablation force peak'a'and the first jet peak'b''s time interval, we get cavitation bubble collapse cycle of 30mJ pulse. Experiment find that the underwater ablation force peak is 3.72 times that of air when pulse energy is 30mJ; Measure mechanical signal of underwater copper target with different energy laser pulse, the result show the target receive laser ablation force and two jet wallop. The ablation and jet wallop both have threshold energy, three pulse force peaks amplitude all rise and then fall with laser energy's changes, mainly water's threshold is the influence. The laser ablation force depends on the pulse energy, while jet wallop's appear and the amplitude of the impact based on two factors of nondimensional parameters y and pulse energy; Measure the mechanical signal of underwater copper target when there is a constrained cylinder cavity for cavitation bubble. The experiment show that, under constrained mode, jet wallop peak b and c are increasing compared with unconstrained cavity, the more smaller diameter and bigger height of cavity, the more jet wallop increase. While the laser ablation force peak change little, mainly because the constraints of cylinder affect the formation mechanism of jet which is of no effect to ablation force.
提出激光辐照靶材力效应的点载荷模型,指出通过测量靶材受力点弹性形变来检测靶材受力的检测机理。通过与接触检测和干涉法检测方式优劣的对比,在光偏转技术的基础上,引入光纤对探测光束的反射光进行强度耦合,构建了基于光偏转光强度耦合的测力光纤传感器,其与靶材组成统一的现场测试系统；基于薄板弹性力学理论及单模光纤对高斯光束耦合原理,讨论了传感器线性工作范围和正常工作的主要条件,给出了满足现场测试要求所需的动态调整方案。
使用自行建立的测力系统检测激光分别辐照空气和水中铜靶的力学信号,判别了激光烧蚀力(等离子体冲击波作用力)Fa和两次射流冲击力Fb、Fc。根据烧蚀力峰值a和第一次射流峰值b出现的时间间隔得到了30mJ激光能量诱导的空泡溃灭的周期。实验发现能量为30mJ的脉冲激光对水下铜靶的烧蚀力峰值约为空气中烧蚀力的4.12倍。
测试并统计不同能量的激光辐照水下铜靶产生的力学信号,使用Origin软件拟合了激光诱导冲击波和两次射流的脉冲力信号峰值与入射脉冲能量的关系曲线,烧蚀力和射流冲击力的产生都存在一个阈值能量,三个脉冲力峰值幅度随脉冲能量的增加均成先上升后下降的趋势,主要是受水击穿的影响。靶材所受的激光烧蚀力取决于脉冲的能量,而空泡射流的产生及冲击力的大小是由脉冲能量和无量纲参数γ两个因素共同决定。
测试了水下激光作用点处存在空泡约束空腔时靶材受力信号,结果表明作用点处存在圆筒空腔时,靶材所受的射流冲击力峰值b、c与无约束空腔相比都有增大,且当空腔截面直径越小,随高度增加,增大趋势越甚；而激光对靶材的烧蚀力峰值a几乎没有什么变化。使用微射流形成机制和水下激光诱导冲击波的形成发展机理解释了此现象。
本文的研究结果对激光液体环境加工、激光眼科医学等效率和质量的提高提供了一定的依据,也有助于相关检测技术的发展。
The interaction of pulsed laser and underwater target will cause shockwave and the cavitation phenomenon, laser-induced shockwave and cavitation bubble collapse jet impact on target will produce mechanical effect, this is an important basis of laser liquid processing and laser eye medical surgery. Mainly from the angle of experiment, this article measure and analysis the pulse signal produced by interaction of laser pulse and underwater metal material.
The basic mechanism of mechanical effect produced by the interaction of laser pulse and underwater metal material is analyzed; Present a point load model of mechanics effect by laser irradiation target, point out the elastic deformation measuring mechanism. Based on the coupling of light intensity of light deflection, build the optical fiber mechanical quantity sensor. With target, it is a field measurment system, the linear range and conditions of how to reduce sensor measuring error are discussed.
The mechanical signal of copper target in air and water is measured. Identify laser ablation force (plasma shock wave force) and two jet wallop, According to the ablation force peak'a'and the first jet peak'b''s time interval, we get cavitation bubble collapse cycle of 30mJ pulse. Experiment find that the underwater ablation force peak is 3.72 times that of air when pulse energy is 30mJ; Measure mechanical signal of underwater copper target with different energy laser pulse, the result show the target receive laser ablation force and two jet wallop. The ablation and jet wallop both have threshold energy, three pulse force peaks amplitude all rise and then fall with laser energy's changes, mainly water's threshold is the influence. The laser ablation force depends on the pulse energy, while jet wallop's appear and the amplitude of the impact based on two factors of nondimensional parameters y and pulse energy; Measure the mechanical signal of underwater copper target when there is a constrained cylinder cavity for cavitation bubble. The experiment show that, under constrained mode, jet wallop peak b and c are increasing compared with unconstrained cavity, the more smaller diameter and bigger height of cavity, the more jet wallop increase. While the laser ablation force peak change little, mainly because the constraints of cylinder affect the formation mechanism of jet which is of no effect to ablation force.
引文
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