管道内甲烷—空气预混气体火焰传播特性和结构特征的研究
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摘要
随着工业的发展和人们生活水平的提高,可燃气体的应用也越来越广泛。随之而来,由可燃气体造成的火灾爆炸事故也越来越频繁。气体火灾爆炸事故能造成惨重的人身伤亡和财产损失,它已经成为危害人类生产和生活的一类主要事故。因此了解火焰传播过程中火焰结构变化及火焰发展的过程,对抑制火灾爆炸的发展和降低火灾爆炸事故带来的损失具有重要意义。
本论文主要采用CFD方法,对管道内甲烷-空气预混气体火焰的传播特性和结构特征进行了研究。本文建立了二维管道物理模型,选用了合适的数学模型,采用有限体积法对方程进行离散,对管道内预混火焰的传播过程进行了数值模拟,分析了传播过程中的火焰结构的变化以及特性参数的变化,研究了Tulip火焰结构形成和发展的主要影响因素。同时,对不同初始条件下,管道内预混火焰的传播过程进行了模拟,分析了甲烷的初始浓度、初始温度、边界条件对火焰传播的影响。
With the development of industry and people's living standards, the application of combustible gas is also more extensive. Combustions and explosions caused by combustible gas become more and more frequent. Gas fire and explosion can cause devastating personal injury and property damage. It has become a major accident which is harmful to human life and production. Therefore, it has great significance to inhibit the development of fire and explosion and reduce the losses caused by fire and explosion that understanding the changes of flame structure and the process of flame development in the flame propagation process of development.
Research was made on propagation characteristics and structure features of methane-air premixed gases flame in tubes by CFD method in this paper. A two-dimensional physical model was established, a suitable mathematical model was selected, FVM was adopted to discretize the equations. Moreover, numerical simulation to propagation process of premixed flame in the tubes was made in this paper. Furthermore, changes of flame structure and characteristic parameter in the propagation process were analyzed and main impact factors of formation and development of Tulip flame characteristics were researched. Meantime, in order to analyze the influences of initial concentration of methane, the initial temperature and boundary conditions on flame propagation, numerical simulations to Propagation process of premixed flame in the tubes were performed under different initial conditions were performed.
本论文主要采用CFD方法,对管道内甲烷-空气预混气体火焰的传播特性和结构特征进行了研究。本文建立了二维管道物理模型,选用了合适的数学模型,采用有限体积法对方程进行离散,对管道内预混火焰的传播过程进行了数值模拟,分析了传播过程中的火焰结构的变化以及特性参数的变化,研究了Tulip火焰结构形成和发展的主要影响因素。同时,对不同初始条件下,管道内预混火焰的传播过程进行了模拟,分析了甲烷的初始浓度、初始温度、边界条件对火焰传播的影响。
With the development of industry and people's living standards, the application of combustible gas is also more extensive. Combustions and explosions caused by combustible gas become more and more frequent. Gas fire and explosion can cause devastating personal injury and property damage. It has become a major accident which is harmful to human life and production. Therefore, it has great significance to inhibit the development of fire and explosion and reduce the losses caused by fire and explosion that understanding the changes of flame structure and the process of flame development in the flame propagation process of development.
Research was made on propagation characteristics and structure features of methane-air premixed gases flame in tubes by CFD method in this paper. A two-dimensional physical model was established, a suitable mathematical model was selected, FVM was adopted to discretize the equations. Moreover, numerical simulation to propagation process of premixed flame in the tubes was made in this paper. Furthermore, changes of flame structure and characteristic parameter in the propagation process were analyzed and main impact factors of formation and development of Tulip flame characteristics were researched. Meantime, in order to analyze the influences of initial concentration of methane, the initial temperature and boundary conditions on flame propagation, numerical simulations to Propagation process of premixed flame in the tubes were performed under different initial conditions were performed.
引文
[1]毕明树,王淑兰,丁信伟等.无约束气云弱点火爆炸压力实验[J].研究化工学报,2001,52(1)：68-70
[2]刘育魁.可燃气体的燃烧与爆震[J].力学进展,1985(3)：347-354
[3]Markstein, G H. Nonsteady flame propagation[M], Pergamon Press,1964,113-119
[4]Matsui Y. An experimental study on pyro-acoustic amplification of premixed laminar flames [J]. Combustion and Flame,1981,43,199-209
[5]Wagner H G. Some experiments about flame acceleration[A], Fuel-Air Explosion[C]. University of Waterloo Press,1982,77-99
[6]Sabathier F et al. Experimental study of a weak turbulent premixed flame[A], Combustion in Reactive Systems[C], International Colloquium on Gas dynamics of Explosions and Reactive Systems,7th, Goettingen, West Germany; United States,1981,246-258
[7]Moen JO. The influence of turbulence on flame propagation in obstacle environments [A]. Fuel-Air Explosion[C]. University of Waterloo Press,1982,101-135
[8]Baker W E等著,张国顺等译.爆炸危险性及其评估(上)[M].北京：群众出版社,1988
[9]Lee, J H S, Knystautas R, Chan C K. Turbulent Flame Propagation in Obstacle-Filled Tubes[A]. Proceedings of the 20th International Symposium on Combustion[C], The Combustion Institute,1984,1663-1672
[10]Eder A, Brehm N. Analytical and experimental insights into fast deflagrations, detonations and deflagration-to-detonation transition process[J]. Heat and Mass Transfer,2001(37): 543-548
[11]范宝春.两相系统的燃烧、爆炸和爆轰[M].北京：国防工业出版社,1998
[12]Kaltayer A, Leblance J E, Fujiwara T. Influence of turbulence on the deflagration to detonation transition in a tube. Paper in 17th International Coll. on the dynamics of explosions and reactive systems. Heidelberg, Germany, July 25-30,1999
[13]Gulder O L et al. Flame front surface characteristics in turbulent premixed propane/air combustion[J]. Combustion and Flame,2000,120,407-416
[14]刘晓利等.障碍物对铝粉火焰加速作用的实验研究[J].爆炸与冲击,1995(1)：11-19
[15]余立新,孙文超,吴承康.氢/空气火焰在半开口有障碍管道中的传播特性[J],燃烧科学与技术.2002,8(1)：27-30
[16]Yi-Kang Pu, Shengxue Yuan et al. Mechanism of flame acceleration along a tube with obstacles[J]. AIAA progress in Aeronautics and Astronautics,1989,134,38-50
[17]赵衡阳.气体和粉尘爆炸原理[M].北京：北京理工大学出版社,1996
[18]周凯元,李宗芬.丙烷-空气爆燃波的火焰面在直管道中的加速运动[J].爆炸与冲击,2000(2)：137-141
[19]Van Wingerden K, Bjerketvedt D, Bakke J R. Detonations in pipes and in the open. paper in Proceedings of Petro-Chemical Congress,23-24 June,1999
[20]Kumar R K. Flammability limits of hydrogen-oxygen-diluent mixtures[J]. Journal of Fire Science,1985 (3):245-262
[21]Lee J H. On the transition from deflagration to detonation[A]. Dynamics of explosions, International Colloquium on Dynamics of Explosions and Reactive Systems[C],10th, Berkeley, CA,UNITED STATES,1996,3-18
[22]Knystautas R, Lee J H S, Shepherd J E, Teodorczyk A. Flame acceleration and transition to detonation in benzene-air mixtures[J]. Combustion and Flame,1998,115,424-436
[23]Peraldi O, Knystautas R, Lee J H S. Criterion for transition to detonation in tube[A].21st Symposium (International) on Combustion[C], The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, 1986,1629-1637
[24]Phylaktou H, Andrews G E. The acceleration of flame propagation in a tube by an obstacle [J]. Combustion and Flame,1991,85,363-379
[25]Fairweather M et al. Studies of premixed flame propagation in explosion tubes[J]. Combustion and Flame,1999,116,504-518
[26]张德良,王刚,刘凯欣.气相爆轰波数值模拟中化学反应模型研究[J].高压物理学报,2008(4)：350-356
[27]Lee, J. H. S, Moen, I. O. The mechanism of transition from deflagration to detonation[J]. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci,1978 (6):359-389
[28]段吉员,王建,何智.气相DDT中过爆轰现象产生条件的实验研究[J].高压物理学报,2010(4)：305-310
[29]Lee J H S, Knystautas R, Frelman A. High speed turbulent deflagrations transition to detonation in H2-air mixtures[J]. Combustion and Flame,1984,56,227-239
[30]Moen 10 et al. Transition to detonation in a flame jet[J]. Combustion and Flame,1989,75
[31]Dag Bjerketvedt, Jan Roar Bakke, Kees van Wingerden. Gas explosion handbook[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials,1997,52,1-150
[32]刘晓利等.铝粉-空气混合物燃烧转爆轰(DDT)过程的实验研究[J].爆炸与冲击,1995(3)：217-228
[33][美]冯卡门等著.气体动力学基本原理G编-燃烧和爆轰的气体动力学[M].北京：科学出版社,1988
[34]白春华,刘庆明,Li Yuchen.二十一世纪安全科学与技术的发展趋势[M].北京：科学出版社,2000,57-65
[35]徐守彬.水平激波管实验系统的建立及民用石油液化气燃烧转爆轰的初步研究[D].北京：北京理工大学,1997
[36][西德]弗·巴尔特克纳西特著,何宏达泽,爆炸过程和防护措施[M].北京：化学工业出版社,1985
[37]Ponizy B, Leyer J C. Flame dynamics in a vented vessel connected to a duct: Mechanism of vessel-duct interaction[J]. Combustion and Flame,1999,116,259-271
[38]Singh J. Gas explosions in inter-connected vessels:Pressure piling[J]. Trans IchemE, 1994,72, Part B 220-228
[39]Prithard D K, Freeman D J, Guilbert P W Prediction of explosion pressure in confined spaces[J]. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries,1996,9(3):205-215
[40]Gavrikov AI et al. A model for detonation cell size prediction from chemical kinetcs[J]. Combustion and Flame,2000,120,19-33
[41]Khokhlov A M, Oran E S, Thomas G O. Numerical simulation of deflagration-to-detonation transition:The role of shock-flame interactions in turbulent flames[J]. Combustion and Flame,1999,117,323-339
[42]Khokhlov A M et al. Numerical simulation of detonation initiation in a flame brush:The role of hot spots[J]. Combustion and Flame,1999,119,400-416
[43]卢捷,宁建国,王成.约束可燃煤气爆炸场的数值模拟研究.计算爆炸力学理论、方法及工程应用[M].北京：北京理工大学出版社,2002
[44]Steven R. Hanna, Olav R. Hansen, Seshu Dharmavaram. FLACS CFD air quality model performance evaluation with Kit Fox, MUST, Prairie Grass, and EMU observations[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2004,38,4675-4687
[45]Century Dynamics & TNO. AutoReaGas theory manual.1994
[46]Century Dynamics & TNO. AutoReaGas user manual.1994
[47]江昀,蒸气云火灾爆炸破坏作用预测研究[D].北京：北京理工大学,2000
[48]梁春利.内置障碍物受限空间内可燃气体爆炸数值模拟[D].大连：大连理工大学,2005
[49]张德良等.气相爆轰胞格结构和马赫反射的数值模拟[J].爆炸与冲击,2001(3)：381-386
[50]Catlin C A et al. Predictions of turbulent, premixed flame propagation in explosion tubes[J]. Combustion and Flame,1995,102,115-128
[51]Ulrich Bielert, Martin Sichel. Numerical simulation of premixed combustion processes in closed tubes[J]. Combustion and Flame,1998,114,397-419
[52]胡双启,张景林.燃烧与爆炸[M],北京,兵器工业出版社,1992
[53]林柏泉,张仁贵,吕恒宏.瓦斯爆炸过程中火焰传播规律及其加速机理的研究[J].煤炭学报,1999,24(1)：56-59
[54]王志荣.受限空间气体爆炸传播及其动力学过程研究[D].南京：南京工业大学,2005
[55]Dugger G L. Heimel S. and Weast R C. Flame Velocity and Preflame Reaction in Heated Propane-Air Mixtures[J], Ind. and Engng. Chem,1955,47(1):114-116
[56]Ellis C de C O. Flame movement in gaseous explosive mixture [J]. J. Fuel Sci, 1928,(7):502-508
[57]Salamadra G D, Bazhenova T V, Naboko I M. Foormation of detonation wave during combustion of gas in combustion tube [A], Seventh Symposium (International) on Combustion[C], Butterworths, London,1959,851-855
[2]刘育魁.可燃气体的燃烧与爆震[J].力学进展,1985(3)：347-354
[3]Markstein, G H. Nonsteady flame propagation[M], Pergamon Press,1964,113-119
[4]Matsui Y. An experimental study on pyro-acoustic amplification of premixed laminar flames [J]. Combustion and Flame,1981,43,199-209
[5]Wagner H G. Some experiments about flame acceleration[A], Fuel-Air Explosion[C]. University of Waterloo Press,1982,77-99
[6]Sabathier F et al. Experimental study of a weak turbulent premixed flame[A], Combustion in Reactive Systems[C], International Colloquium on Gas dynamics of Explosions and Reactive Systems,7th, Goettingen, West Germany; United States,1981,246-258
[7]Moen JO. The influence of turbulence on flame propagation in obstacle environments [A]. Fuel-Air Explosion[C]. University of Waterloo Press,1982,101-135
[8]Baker W E等著,张国顺等译.爆炸危险性及其评估(上)[M].北京：群众出版社,1988
[9]Lee, J H S, Knystautas R, Chan C K. Turbulent Flame Propagation in Obstacle-Filled Tubes[A]. Proceedings of the 20th International Symposium on Combustion[C], The Combustion Institute,1984,1663-1672
[10]Eder A, Brehm N. Analytical and experimental insights into fast deflagrations, detonations and deflagration-to-detonation transition process[J]. Heat and Mass Transfer,2001(37): 543-548
[11]范宝春.两相系统的燃烧、爆炸和爆轰[M].北京：国防工业出版社,1998
[12]Kaltayer A, Leblance J E, Fujiwara T. Influence of turbulence on the deflagration to detonation transition in a tube. Paper in 17th International Coll. on the dynamics of explosions and reactive systems. Heidelberg, Germany, July 25-30,1999
[13]Gulder O L et al. Flame front surface characteristics in turbulent premixed propane/air combustion[J]. Combustion and Flame,2000,120,407-416
[14]刘晓利等.障碍物对铝粉火焰加速作用的实验研究[J].爆炸与冲击,1995(1)：11-19
[15]余立新,孙文超,吴承康.氢/空气火焰在半开口有障碍管道中的传播特性[J],燃烧科学与技术.2002,8(1)：27-30
[16]Yi-Kang Pu, Shengxue Yuan et al. Mechanism of flame acceleration along a tube with obstacles[J]. AIAA progress in Aeronautics and Astronautics,1989,134,38-50
[17]赵衡阳.气体和粉尘爆炸原理[M].北京：北京理工大学出版社,1996
[18]周凯元,李宗芬.丙烷-空气爆燃波的火焰面在直管道中的加速运动[J].爆炸与冲击,2000(2)：137-141
[19]Van Wingerden K, Bjerketvedt D, Bakke J R. Detonations in pipes and in the open. paper in Proceedings of Petro-Chemical Congress,23-24 June,1999
[20]Kumar R K. Flammability limits of hydrogen-oxygen-diluent mixtures[J]. Journal of Fire Science,1985 (3):245-262
[21]Lee J H. On the transition from deflagration to detonation[A]. Dynamics of explosions, International Colloquium on Dynamics of Explosions and Reactive Systems[C],10th, Berkeley, CA,UNITED STATES,1996,3-18
[22]Knystautas R, Lee J H S, Shepherd J E, Teodorczyk A. Flame acceleration and transition to detonation in benzene-air mixtures[J]. Combustion and Flame,1998,115,424-436
[23]Peraldi O, Knystautas R, Lee J H S. Criterion for transition to detonation in tube[A].21st Symposium (International) on Combustion[C], The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, 1986,1629-1637
[24]Phylaktou H, Andrews G E. The acceleration of flame propagation in a tube by an obstacle [J]. Combustion and Flame,1991,85,363-379
[25]Fairweather M et al. Studies of premixed flame propagation in explosion tubes[J]. Combustion and Flame,1999,116,504-518
[26]张德良,王刚,刘凯欣.气相爆轰波数值模拟中化学反应模型研究[J].高压物理学报,2008(4)：350-356
[27]Lee, J. H. S, Moen, I. O. The mechanism of transition from deflagration to detonation[J]. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci,1978 (6):359-389
[28]段吉员,王建,何智.气相DDT中过爆轰现象产生条件的实验研究[J].高压物理学报,2010(4)：305-310
[29]Lee J H S, Knystautas R, Frelman A. High speed turbulent deflagrations transition to detonation in H2-air mixtures[J]. Combustion and Flame,1984,56,227-239
[30]Moen 10 et al. Transition to detonation in a flame jet[J]. Combustion and Flame,1989,75
[31]Dag Bjerketvedt, Jan Roar Bakke, Kees van Wingerden. Gas explosion handbook[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials,1997,52,1-150
[32]刘晓利等.铝粉-空气混合物燃烧转爆轰(DDT)过程的实验研究[J].爆炸与冲击,1995(3)：217-228
[33][美]冯卡门等著.气体动力学基本原理G编-燃烧和爆轰的气体动力学[M].北京：科学出版社,1988
[34]白春华,刘庆明,Li Yuchen.二十一世纪安全科学与技术的发展趋势[M].北京：科学出版社,2000,57-65
[35]徐守彬.水平激波管实验系统的建立及民用石油液化气燃烧转爆轰的初步研究[D].北京：北京理工大学,1997
[36][西德]弗·巴尔特克纳西特著,何宏达泽,爆炸过程和防护措施[M].北京：化学工业出版社,1985
[37]Ponizy B, Leyer J C. Flame dynamics in a vented vessel connected to a duct: Mechanism of vessel-duct interaction[J]. Combustion and Flame,1999,116,259-271
[38]Singh J. Gas explosions in inter-connected vessels:Pressure piling[J]. Trans IchemE, 1994,72, Part B 220-228
[39]Prithard D K, Freeman D J, Guilbert P W Prediction of explosion pressure in confined spaces[J]. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries,1996,9(3):205-215
[40]Gavrikov AI et al. A model for detonation cell size prediction from chemical kinetcs[J]. Combustion and Flame,2000,120,19-33
[41]Khokhlov A M, Oran E S, Thomas G O. Numerical simulation of deflagration-to-detonation transition:The role of shock-flame interactions in turbulent flames[J]. Combustion and Flame,1999,117,323-339
[42]Khokhlov A M et al. Numerical simulation of detonation initiation in a flame brush:The role of hot spots[J]. Combustion and Flame,1999,119,400-416
[43]卢捷,宁建国,王成.约束可燃煤气爆炸场的数值模拟研究.计算爆炸力学理论、方法及工程应用[M].北京：北京理工大学出版社,2002
[44]Steven R. Hanna, Olav R. Hansen, Seshu Dharmavaram. FLACS CFD air quality model performance evaluation with Kit Fox, MUST, Prairie Grass, and EMU observations[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2004,38,4675-4687
[45]Century Dynamics & TNO. AutoReaGas theory manual.1994
[46]Century Dynamics & TNO. AutoReaGas user manual.1994
[47]江昀,蒸气云火灾爆炸破坏作用预测研究[D].北京：北京理工大学,2000
[48]梁春利.内置障碍物受限空间内可燃气体爆炸数值模拟[D].大连：大连理工大学,2005
[49]张德良等.气相爆轰胞格结构和马赫反射的数值模拟[J].爆炸与冲击,2001(3)：381-386
[50]Catlin C A et al. Predictions of turbulent, premixed flame propagation in explosion tubes[J]. Combustion and Flame,1995,102,115-128
[51]Ulrich Bielert, Martin Sichel. Numerical simulation of premixed combustion processes in closed tubes[J]. Combustion and Flame,1998,114,397-419
[52]胡双启,张景林.燃烧与爆炸[M],北京,兵器工业出版社,1992
[53]林柏泉,张仁贵,吕恒宏.瓦斯爆炸过程中火焰传播规律及其加速机理的研究[J].煤炭学报,1999,24(1)：56-59
[54]王志荣.受限空间气体爆炸传播及其动力学过程研究[D].南京：南京工业大学,2005
[55]Dugger G L. Heimel S. and Weast R C. Flame Velocity and Preflame Reaction in Heated Propane-Air Mixtures[J], Ind. and Engng. Chem,1955,47(1):114-116
[56]Ellis C de C O. Flame movement in gaseous explosive mixture [J]. J. Fuel Sci, 1928,(7):502-508
[57]Salamadra G D, Bazhenova T V, Naboko I M. Foormation of detonation wave during combustion of gas in combustion tube [A], Seventh Symposium (International) on Combustion[C], Butterworths, London,1959,851-855