水雾对典型壁面装饰材料火灾发展的影响研究
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摘要
壁面装饰材料是火灾中火势蔓延的重要途径,水雾是有效地火蔓延抑制手段。与自动喷水灭火系统相比,水喷雾系统水滴更小、比表面积大,单位时间内吸收更多的热量,具有灭火时间短及节约水的特点。而以往很少有水雾对壁面材料的灭火特性研究。本文将主要研究水雾水平方向抑制壁面装饰材料火蔓延的情况,并选择了两种典型的壁面装饰材料胶合板和壁面软包材料聚氨脂软质海绵进行研究。
分析了在壁面向上火蔓延的材料预热区施加水雾的情况下,水雾的控火作用和灭火作用,理论分析了水雾对火焰从控火作用到灭火作用的转变,得到了临界水雾施加量的理论模型,以及影响控火作用的临界水雾施加量的因素。在标准燃烧室内进行了模拟真实条件下,受限空间内水雾对壁面材料的燃烧抑制作用实验,得到了水雾施加在火焰预热区时由控火作用转变为灭火作用的临界水施加率。从理论上介绍了计算临界水施加率的方法,并根据实验情况进行了推导计算,得到临界水施加率。
在标准燃烧室内进行了在不同位置施加水雾对壁面材料火灾发展的影响的实验研究,得到了不同喷射条件下分别在胶合板的预热区和热解区施加水雾时,壁面装饰材料的热释放速率,CO浓度及温度等参数。分析了水雾施加在胶合板预热区和热解区时流量对竖直火蔓延的影响规律。
由于火区阻力作用,粒径在到达火焰面时需有足够的初速度才有可能到达壁面,因此本文理论分析了雾滴水平运动时的粒径与初速度对雾滴在空气中的运动的影响,得到了不同尺寸与初速度的雾滴的极限距离,并分析了雾滴在水平穿越火焰区时粒径的变化与时间及运行距离之间的关系。
根据水雾粒径与速度的关系,可以把水雾的灭火作用分为气相灭火作用与表面相灭火作用。理论分析了水雾水平方向作用于火焰与垂直作用于火焰区的区别,指出了当水雾水平方向作用于壁面火时,其灭火作用以表面相灭火为主。并在标准燃烧室内开展了对比实验,对理论分析结果进行了验证。
开展了水雾对壁面软包材料聚氨脂软质海绵的火蔓延抑制作用研究,分析了水雾作用于软包装修材料时水雾最小施加率的影响因素,实验得到了软包装修中经常采用的2cm厚的聚氨酯软质海绵灭火所需的最小水施加率。
Lining material is an important approach of fire spread while water spray is an effective way to control fire spread. For smaller droplet size and higher specific surface area and stronger capacity of absorbing heat comparing with water sprinkler, water spray has advantages of extinguishing fire within shorter time and requiring smaller water amount and avoiding to stain the protective place. There is little work conferring extinguishment of typical lining materials vertical fire spread by water spray in former literature. The function of water spray on typical lining materials vertical fire spread when sprayed horizontally was studied in this paper. Two typical lining materials: plywood lining and flexible polyurethane foams, were chosen in this investigation.
The fire control and extinguishment of vertical fire spread when spray on the heating zone of the plywood lining material and the conversion from fire control to extinguishment were analyzed. The expression of critical water flow rate to control the fire spread was deduced theoretically and the factors influencing water flow rate were analyzed.
The full-scale fire tests on plywood lining materials extinguishing by water spray were conducted in the ISO 9705 room. The influences of various rate of water application on fire spread were discussed and the critical rate of water application on warm-up area was gained in this paper. A formula to calculate the critical rate of water application was deduced in theory and the critical rate of water application in experiment was calculated.
Full-scale fire tests on plywood lining materials extinguishing by water spray at different position were conducted in the ISO 9705 room. Parameters such as heat release rate, concentration of CO and temperature were recorded. The function of spraying on pyrolyzing zone and heating zone of the plywood lining material was discussed.
Water droplet can't reach the wall unless it has enough muzzle velocity when it reaches the front of flame plane because of the flow resistance in fire zone. Motion of water droplet varying with different droplet sizes and different original velocities was discussed and the extreme length of droplet was gained. Relationship between droplet size and the time and the distance it passes through the flame zone were analyzed.
Considering the different droplet sizes and different velocities, fire suppression mechanisms can be divided to surface and gaseous suppression. The difference of water spraying vertically and horizontally was analyzed by theory. It was found that when horizontally spraying to lining material, the surface suppression plays the major part. Then full-scale fire tests of which the results validated the theory analysis were conducted in the ISO 9705 room.
The extinguishment of flexible polyurethane foams fire spread by water spray was investigated. The factors which effect critical rate of water application were analyzed. Full-scale fire tests of 2cm lexible polyurethane foams were conducted in the ISO 9705 room and the critical rate of water application were gained.
分析了在壁面向上火蔓延的材料预热区施加水雾的情况下,水雾的控火作用和灭火作用,理论分析了水雾对火焰从控火作用到灭火作用的转变,得到了临界水雾施加量的理论模型,以及影响控火作用的临界水雾施加量的因素。在标准燃烧室内进行了模拟真实条件下,受限空间内水雾对壁面材料的燃烧抑制作用实验,得到了水雾施加在火焰预热区时由控火作用转变为灭火作用的临界水施加率。从理论上介绍了计算临界水施加率的方法,并根据实验情况进行了推导计算,得到临界水施加率。
在标准燃烧室内进行了在不同位置施加水雾对壁面材料火灾发展的影响的实验研究,得到了不同喷射条件下分别在胶合板的预热区和热解区施加水雾时,壁面装饰材料的热释放速率,CO浓度及温度等参数。分析了水雾施加在胶合板预热区和热解区时流量对竖直火蔓延的影响规律。
由于火区阻力作用,粒径在到达火焰面时需有足够的初速度才有可能到达壁面,因此本文理论分析了雾滴水平运动时的粒径与初速度对雾滴在空气中的运动的影响,得到了不同尺寸与初速度的雾滴的极限距离,并分析了雾滴在水平穿越火焰区时粒径的变化与时间及运行距离之间的关系。
根据水雾粒径与速度的关系,可以把水雾的灭火作用分为气相灭火作用与表面相灭火作用。理论分析了水雾水平方向作用于火焰与垂直作用于火焰区的区别,指出了当水雾水平方向作用于壁面火时,其灭火作用以表面相灭火为主。并在标准燃烧室内开展了对比实验,对理论分析结果进行了验证。
开展了水雾对壁面软包材料聚氨脂软质海绵的火蔓延抑制作用研究,分析了水雾作用于软包装修材料时水雾最小施加率的影响因素,实验得到了软包装修中经常采用的2cm厚的聚氨酯软质海绵灭火所需的最小水施加率。
Lining material is an important approach of fire spread while water spray is an effective way to control fire spread. For smaller droplet size and higher specific surface area and stronger capacity of absorbing heat comparing with water sprinkler, water spray has advantages of extinguishing fire within shorter time and requiring smaller water amount and avoiding to stain the protective place. There is little work conferring extinguishment of typical lining materials vertical fire spread by water spray in former literature. The function of water spray on typical lining materials vertical fire spread when sprayed horizontally was studied in this paper. Two typical lining materials: plywood lining and flexible polyurethane foams, were chosen in this investigation.
The fire control and extinguishment of vertical fire spread when spray on the heating zone of the plywood lining material and the conversion from fire control to extinguishment were analyzed. The expression of critical water flow rate to control the fire spread was deduced theoretically and the factors influencing water flow rate were analyzed.
The full-scale fire tests on plywood lining materials extinguishing by water spray were conducted in the ISO 9705 room. The influences of various rate of water application on fire spread were discussed and the critical rate of water application on warm-up area was gained in this paper. A formula to calculate the critical rate of water application was deduced in theory and the critical rate of water application in experiment was calculated.
Full-scale fire tests on plywood lining materials extinguishing by water spray at different position were conducted in the ISO 9705 room. Parameters such as heat release rate, concentration of CO and temperature were recorded. The function of spraying on pyrolyzing zone and heating zone of the plywood lining material was discussed.
Water droplet can't reach the wall unless it has enough muzzle velocity when it reaches the front of flame plane because of the flow resistance in fire zone. Motion of water droplet varying with different droplet sizes and different original velocities was discussed and the extreme length of droplet was gained. Relationship between droplet size and the time and the distance it passes through the flame zone were analyzed.
Considering the different droplet sizes and different velocities, fire suppression mechanisms can be divided to surface and gaseous suppression. The difference of water spraying vertically and horizontally was analyzed by theory. It was found that when horizontally spraying to lining material, the surface suppression plays the major part. Then full-scale fire tests of which the results validated the theory analysis were conducted in the ISO 9705 room.
The extinguishment of flexible polyurethane foams fire spread by water spray was investigated. The factors which effect critical rate of water application were analyzed. Full-scale fire tests of 2cm lexible polyurethane foams were conducted in the ISO 9705 room and the critical rate of water application were gained.
引文
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