微燃机富氧燃烧室数值模拟与实验研究
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摘要
随着分布式能源系统的发展以及能源利用多样化及环保要求的提高,微型燃气轮机在我国得到越来越多的关注。燃烧室是微型燃气轮机的核心部件之一,也是能源高效、清洁利用的关键设备。深入开展烟气循环富氧燃烧室研究,对提高对能源的高效、清洁利用具有很强的现实意义。本文以国家自然科学基金为依托,研究了50KW烟气循环富氧燃烧室设计方法,并设计了烟气循环富氧燃烧室实验系统。在此基础上对富氧燃烧室性能进行了数值模拟和实验研究。
论文首先在国内外普遍技术经验水平的基础上进行了燃烧室热力计算和设计计算,初步设计了烟气循环富氧燃烧室。根据预混燃烧特点,采用适用于旋流流场RNGk-ε湍流模型,平均混合分数/PDF燃烧模型和有限速率的EDC模型及SIMPLEC算法,对初步设计燃烧室进行冷态流场和燃烧模拟。在模拟结果的基础上进行结构优化设计,经过多次模拟优化,确定了烟气循环富氧燃烧室模型。
运用数值方法和实验方法对烟气循环富氧燃烧室性能进行研究,结论如下：
1、富氧燃烧室进行设计时,根据优化结果各参数做如下选择：燃烧室最大横截面积计算经验系数应该为原经验系数的2倍左右；火焰管横截面积与燃烧室最大横截面积之比取0.65-0.7；燃烧室环型通道高度为原来环状通道高度的1.5倍左右；一次风过量空气系数取1.5～1.8；一次风量占总风量应大于20%,一次射流深度为(0.3～0.5)Df；同时增加掺混段长度及掺混冷却孔采用大孔方式增强紊流掺混。
2、富氧燃烧室模拟过程发现：(1)随着入口气温升高燃烧温度也升高,甲烷和一氧化碳分布范围向燃烧区缩小并逐渐稀薄,总压损失系数和温度不均匀系数也逐渐降低,但燃烧效率一直保持在99%以上；(2)入口氧浓度提高,燃烧温度升高,当氧浓度达30%后温度不再升高；入口氧浓度提高,甲烷和一氧化碳分布范围逐渐向燃烧区缩小并逐渐稀薄,总压损失系数升高；出口温度不均匀系数随氧浓度变化表现为,氧浓度为30%设计工况时最小,偏离设计值则增大；氧浓度为21%时燃烧效率为97%,氧浓度大于24%后燃烧效率保持99%以上；(3)随负荷升高燃烧温度也升高；甲烷和一氧化碳分布范围逐渐向燃烧区缩小；总压损失系数降低；温度不均匀系数在负荷为50%以下时逐渐升高,负荷超过50%后逐渐降低；负荷变化时燃烧效率始终保持99%以上。
3、通过数值研究发现该燃烧室具有如下污染物排放特性：在设计工况下,燃烧室出口NOx排放浓度基本维持在0.00005mol/mol。随入口温度升高NOx生成增加,表现为NOx相同生成速率特征等势面逐渐由掺混区向燃烧区扩展；随入口氧浓度提高NOx生成速率增大且增幅加大,当氧浓度达35%后NOx生成速率刁不再增加；入口水分对NOx生成有抑制作用,但水分大于10%后燃烧室出口NOx排放浓度不在降低。
4、通过实验发现：(1)值班火焰稳定性不随气流压力变化而变化,但随燃气流量变化略有变化,在气流较大变化范围内值班火焰可以保持稳定燃烧；(2)值班火焰随氧浓度有较大变化,随着氧浓度逐渐降低,火焰由白炽状态转变为桔黄色,当氧浓度为22%时火焰呈现兰色,氧浓度18%时火焰出现燃烧不稳定,氧浓度为14%时值班火焰熄火；(3)值班火焰燃/风比随燃烧室进风量增加呈下降趋势,当燃风比降低为0.02-0.03时值班火焰仍可以保持稳定燃烧。
论文进行的一系列研究工作为进一步开展烟气循环富氧燃烧室的结构设计、流场优化、实验研究等提供了参考。
With the development of the distributed energy systems and the energy utilization approaches, and the increasing environmental requirements, the micro gas turbines (MGT) technology has attracted increasing attention in China. The combustor, which is also a key component in the efficient and clean utilization of energy, plays a vital role in the MGT. Investigating the flue gas recirculation based oxygen-enriched combustor is crucial for the efficient and clean utilization of energy. Based on the National Natural Science Foundation project, in this thesis the design methods of50KW flue gas recirculation based oxygen-enriched combustor are investigated and an experimental platform is built up.Finally the performances of the combustor are experimentally and numerically evaluated.
On the basis of common technical experiences, the thermal calculations and the design computations are implemented, the flue gas recirculation based oxygen-enriched combustor is preliminarily designed. According to the characteristics of the premixed combustion, the cold-state flow field and the combustion of the combustor are simulated by the RNG turbulence model, the average mixture fraction/PDF combustion model and the finite rate of the EDC model and the SIMPLEC algorithm. Based on the numerical results, the structure of the combustor is optimized, and the resulting model is determined.
The performances of the combustor are investigated by experimental and numerical approaches, and the main research finding is summarized as follows.
1. By the optimization design, the resulting parameters of the combustor are outlined as follows:the maximum cross-sectional area empirical coefficient of the combustor is about two times larger than the original empirical coefficient; the ratio between the cross-sectional area of the flame tube and the maximum cross-sectional area of the combustor is0.45-0.56; the height of the annular channel is about1.5times higher than that of original channel; the air surplus coefficient of the primary air is1.5-1.8; the ratio of the primary air volume and the total air volume should be higher than20%; the depth of the jet is (0.3-0.5) Df. Additionally, the turbulent mixing intensity should be enhanced by increasing the length of the mixing and the diameter of the cooling hole.
2. By the numerical simulations, the following research findings are obtained:(1) the combustion temperature in the flame tube increases with the rising inlet temperatures. The concentration distributions of methane and carbon monoxide gradually decrease near the combustion area. The total pressure loss coefficient and the uneven temperature coefficient gradually decrease, and the combustion efficiency exceeds99%;(2) the combustion temperature in the flame tube increases with the increase of the inlet oxygen concentration, and the combustion temperature will remain unchanged when the oxygen concentration is higher than30%. The concentration distributions of methane and carbon monoxide near combustion zone gradually decrease, and the total pressure loss coefficient increases. The uneven temperature distribution coefficient in the outlet is the smallest when the designed concentration of oxygen is30%, which will increase with the rising deviations of the designed values. When the concentration of oxygen is21%, the combustion efficiency is97%. When the concentration of oxygen is higher than24%, the combustion efficiency is higher than99%;(3) the combustion temperature increases with the increase of loads. The concentration distributions of methane and carbon monoxide near combustion zone gradually decrease, and the total pressure loss coefficient decreases. The uneven temperature distribution coefficient will gradually increase when the load is lower than50%; however, when the load is higher than50%, and the uneven temperature distribution coefficient will decrease; the combustion efficiency is higher than99%.
3. By the numerical simulation approach, the following pollutant emission characteristics are obtained:the concentration of NOx in the exit is about0.00005mol/mol in the designed combustor. With the increase of temperature, the potential surface of the NOx generation ratio in the flame tube gradually expands to the combustion zone from the mixing zone. With the rising oxygen concentration, the generation ratio of NOx will increase, which will remain unchanged when the oxygen concentration exceeds35%. The inlet moisture will restrain the formation of NOx, and the NOx emission concentration does not decrease when the moisture content is higher than10%.
4. Experimental results indicate that:(1) the relationship of the pressure and the gas flow rate and the on working flame is weak, and the working torch can remain stable combustion in a large range of the gas flow rate;(2) there is close correlation between the working torch and the oxygen concentration, the color of the flame will become orange from the incandescent state with the increase of the oxygen concentration. When the oxygen concentration is22%, the color of the flame is blue, and the flame is instable when the oxygen concentration is18%, and the working flame will extinguish when the oxygen concentration is14%;(3) the fuel/air ratio of the working torch descends with the decrease of the inlet air volume, and the working flame can ensure the stable combustion when the fuel air ratio decreases to0.02-0.03.
These research findings pave a way for the development of the structure design of the flue gas circulating based oxygen-rich combustor, the optimization of the flow field and experimental studies.
论文首先在国内外普遍技术经验水平的基础上进行了燃烧室热力计算和设计计算,初步设计了烟气循环富氧燃烧室。根据预混燃烧特点,采用适用于旋流流场RNGk-ε湍流模型,平均混合分数/PDF燃烧模型和有限速率的EDC模型及SIMPLEC算法,对初步设计燃烧室进行冷态流场和燃烧模拟。在模拟结果的基础上进行结构优化设计,经过多次模拟优化,确定了烟气循环富氧燃烧室模型。
运用数值方法和实验方法对烟气循环富氧燃烧室性能进行研究,结论如下：
1、富氧燃烧室进行设计时,根据优化结果各参数做如下选择：燃烧室最大横截面积计算经验系数应该为原经验系数的2倍左右；火焰管横截面积与燃烧室最大横截面积之比取0.65-0.7；燃烧室环型通道高度为原来环状通道高度的1.5倍左右；一次风过量空气系数取1.5～1.8；一次风量占总风量应大于20%,一次射流深度为(0.3～0.5)Df；同时增加掺混段长度及掺混冷却孔采用大孔方式增强紊流掺混。
2、富氧燃烧室模拟过程发现：(1)随着入口气温升高燃烧温度也升高,甲烷和一氧化碳分布范围向燃烧区缩小并逐渐稀薄,总压损失系数和温度不均匀系数也逐渐降低,但燃烧效率一直保持在99%以上；(2)入口氧浓度提高,燃烧温度升高,当氧浓度达30%后温度不再升高；入口氧浓度提高,甲烷和一氧化碳分布范围逐渐向燃烧区缩小并逐渐稀薄,总压损失系数升高；出口温度不均匀系数随氧浓度变化表现为,氧浓度为30%设计工况时最小,偏离设计值则增大；氧浓度为21%时燃烧效率为97%,氧浓度大于24%后燃烧效率保持99%以上；(3)随负荷升高燃烧温度也升高；甲烷和一氧化碳分布范围逐渐向燃烧区缩小；总压损失系数降低；温度不均匀系数在负荷为50%以下时逐渐升高,负荷超过50%后逐渐降低；负荷变化时燃烧效率始终保持99%以上。
3、通过数值研究发现该燃烧室具有如下污染物排放特性：在设计工况下,燃烧室出口NOx排放浓度基本维持在0.00005mol/mol。随入口温度升高NOx生成增加,表现为NOx相同生成速率特征等势面逐渐由掺混区向燃烧区扩展；随入口氧浓度提高NOx生成速率增大且增幅加大,当氧浓度达35%后NOx生成速率刁不再增加；入口水分对NOx生成有抑制作用,但水分大于10%后燃烧室出口NOx排放浓度不在降低。
4、通过实验发现：(1)值班火焰稳定性不随气流压力变化而变化,但随燃气流量变化略有变化,在气流较大变化范围内值班火焰可以保持稳定燃烧；(2)值班火焰随氧浓度有较大变化,随着氧浓度逐渐降低,火焰由白炽状态转变为桔黄色,当氧浓度为22%时火焰呈现兰色,氧浓度18%时火焰出现燃烧不稳定,氧浓度为14%时值班火焰熄火；(3)值班火焰燃/风比随燃烧室进风量增加呈下降趋势,当燃风比降低为0.02-0.03时值班火焰仍可以保持稳定燃烧。
论文进行的一系列研究工作为进一步开展烟气循环富氧燃烧室的结构设计、流场优化、实验研究等提供了参考。
With the development of the distributed energy systems and the energy utilization approaches, and the increasing environmental requirements, the micro gas turbines (MGT) technology has attracted increasing attention in China. The combustor, which is also a key component in the efficient and clean utilization of energy, plays a vital role in the MGT. Investigating the flue gas recirculation based oxygen-enriched combustor is crucial for the efficient and clean utilization of energy. Based on the National Natural Science Foundation project, in this thesis the design methods of50KW flue gas recirculation based oxygen-enriched combustor are investigated and an experimental platform is built up.Finally the performances of the combustor are experimentally and numerically evaluated.
On the basis of common technical experiences, the thermal calculations and the design computations are implemented, the flue gas recirculation based oxygen-enriched combustor is preliminarily designed. According to the characteristics of the premixed combustion, the cold-state flow field and the combustion of the combustor are simulated by the RNG turbulence model, the average mixture fraction/PDF combustion model and the finite rate of the EDC model and the SIMPLEC algorithm. Based on the numerical results, the structure of the combustor is optimized, and the resulting model is determined.
The performances of the combustor are investigated by experimental and numerical approaches, and the main research finding is summarized as follows.
1. By the optimization design, the resulting parameters of the combustor are outlined as follows:the maximum cross-sectional area empirical coefficient of the combustor is about two times larger than the original empirical coefficient; the ratio between the cross-sectional area of the flame tube and the maximum cross-sectional area of the combustor is0.45-0.56; the height of the annular channel is about1.5times higher than that of original channel; the air surplus coefficient of the primary air is1.5-1.8; the ratio of the primary air volume and the total air volume should be higher than20%; the depth of the jet is (0.3-0.5) Df. Additionally, the turbulent mixing intensity should be enhanced by increasing the length of the mixing and the diameter of the cooling hole.
2. By the numerical simulations, the following research findings are obtained:(1) the combustion temperature in the flame tube increases with the rising inlet temperatures. The concentration distributions of methane and carbon monoxide gradually decrease near the combustion area. The total pressure loss coefficient and the uneven temperature coefficient gradually decrease, and the combustion efficiency exceeds99%;(2) the combustion temperature in the flame tube increases with the increase of the inlet oxygen concentration, and the combustion temperature will remain unchanged when the oxygen concentration is higher than30%. The concentration distributions of methane and carbon monoxide near combustion zone gradually decrease, and the total pressure loss coefficient increases. The uneven temperature distribution coefficient in the outlet is the smallest when the designed concentration of oxygen is30%, which will increase with the rising deviations of the designed values. When the concentration of oxygen is21%, the combustion efficiency is97%. When the concentration of oxygen is higher than24%, the combustion efficiency is higher than99%;(3) the combustion temperature increases with the increase of loads. The concentration distributions of methane and carbon monoxide near combustion zone gradually decrease, and the total pressure loss coefficient decreases. The uneven temperature distribution coefficient will gradually increase when the load is lower than50%; however, when the load is higher than50%, and the uneven temperature distribution coefficient will decrease; the combustion efficiency is higher than99%.
3. By the numerical simulation approach, the following pollutant emission characteristics are obtained:the concentration of NOx in the exit is about0.00005mol/mol in the designed combustor. With the increase of temperature, the potential surface of the NOx generation ratio in the flame tube gradually expands to the combustion zone from the mixing zone. With the rising oxygen concentration, the generation ratio of NOx will increase, which will remain unchanged when the oxygen concentration exceeds35%. The inlet moisture will restrain the formation of NOx, and the NOx emission concentration does not decrease when the moisture content is higher than10%.
4. Experimental results indicate that:(1) the relationship of the pressure and the gas flow rate and the on working flame is weak, and the working torch can remain stable combustion in a large range of the gas flow rate;(2) there is close correlation between the working torch and the oxygen concentration, the color of the flame will become orange from the incandescent state with the increase of the oxygen concentration. When the oxygen concentration is22%, the color of the flame is blue, and the flame is instable when the oxygen concentration is18%, and the working flame will extinguish when the oxygen concentration is14%;(3) the fuel/air ratio of the working torch descends with the decrease of the inlet air volume, and the working flame can ensure the stable combustion when the fuel air ratio decreases to0.02-0.03.
These research findings pave a way for the development of the structure design of the flue gas circulating based oxygen-rich combustor, the optimization of the flow field and experimental studies.
引文
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