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三维地质模型可视化分析技术研究与应用
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摘要
三维地质模型可视化分析技术在20世纪90年代初期开始为人类所重视,并逐渐成为数学地质、石油勘探、岩土工程、GIS和科学计算可视化领域的研究与应用热点,目前已经成为地学领域的研究热点之一。三维地质模型模拟的关键技术是空间对象三维模型的建立,充分利用现有的二维GIS数据,进行三维地质模型建模,并对模型进行空间分析、拾取、查询、切割、体积量算,对以后城市建设、地质勘探等工作提供具有建设性意见的帮助,则是其难点及关键所在,也是当前相关学者的研究热点。
     三维地质模型空间分析是一门运用现代空间信息理论来研究地层及其环境的信息处理、数据组织、空间建模与数字化表达,并运用科学可视化技术来对地层及其环境信息进行真三维再现和可视化交互的科学技术。开展三维地质模型空间分析的关键技术与应用问题研究是数字矿山的一项关键研究内容,对于促进地质相关领域的信息化建设,提高管理效率和辅助决策分析具有重要意义。
     本文以钻孔信息为基础数据,利用相应的三维拓扑数据结构,建立三维地质体结构模型,最终实现了三维地质模型的点、线、面三种显示方式。采用三维图形接口OpenGL、Direct3D与MFC集成开发,对地质模型进行了科学可视化;采用通过现有的二维设备进行三维仿真的方法,利用Arcball算法实现鼠标旋转控制的无滞后效应,实现了三维地质模型的平移、旋转、缩放等空间操作和光照、材质、纹理等渲染效果,从而很好的解决了三维地质模型的交互控制问题;研究了三角网切割、重构过程中的若干关键算法:提出“相交—分边—重构”算法,以基于约束Delaunay三角剖分的任意多边形(含岛或无岛)三角剖分算法,解决了切割后复杂地质体剖面形成问题:解决了切割后复杂地质体剖面形成问题;研究了判断点在多面体内的二分约束算法。实现了地质体的剖切显示、隧道模拟、基坑开挖、体积量算以及空间信息查询和分析;研究任意截面隧道建模的方法,采用基于切片建立三维几何模型的思路,以隧道横断面作为参考面,使其沿隧道中心轴移动,建立隧道模型,利用任意形状空间三角网切割算法,实现隧道切割,建立与地层属性相符的隧道体模型,并记录隧道切割路径,生成线文件,录制视频,生成隧道模拟视频文件,实现对隧道内部的动态模拟。
     作者基于上述研究成果并结合实际项目利用VC++6.0与三维基本图形库设计研发出三维模型可视化分析系统。论文中给出了该系统的实现方案、系统主要功能模块以及一些实例输出结果。
     三维地质模型可视化分析技术主要面临四个主要的困难:
     1)三维地质数据类型的多样性和获取的艰难性。
     2)三维空间分析能力的局限性。
     3)三维地质数据图形图象表达方式各异,需求众多。
     4)三维地质模型不仅表达三维物体(地面和地面建筑物的表面),也表达物体的内部,如矿山、地下水等物体。如何表现矿体等三维实体的表面形状并反映内部结构是一个难题。
     最后,对本论文的研究工作做了全面总结,指出了目前研究中存在的不足及下一步的研究方向。
3D geological model visualization analysis technology came to human attention in the early1990s of the 20th century, and gradually has become mathematical geology, oil exploration,geotechnical engineering, GIS and scientific visualization areas of research and application ofhot, At present It has become a hot one in the areas of geology. 3D geological model of the keytechnologies of space objects 3D model, make full use of existing two-dimensional GIS data and3D geological modeling and spatial analysis model pick up, query, Cutting volume measurementin the future urban construction, geological exploration work is to provide constructive ideas tohelp, it is difficult and crucial as well as relevant academic research.
     3D geological model space analysis is a modem space information theory to study theformation and information processing environment. Data Organization, space modeling anddigital expression and the use of scientific visualization technology to the environment andstratigraphic information reappearance true 3D visualization and interactive science andtechnology. 3D geological model conduct spatial analysis of key technology and applicationresearch in a number of key mining research, for the promotion of geological related fields ofinformation technology, improving management efficiency and decision support analysis, is ofgreat significance.
     Based on information-based drilling data and the use of the correspondingthree-dimensional topological data structure, a three-dimensional geological model, eventuallyachieve a three-dimensional geological model of point, line, surface three formats. 3D OpenGLgraphics interface, Direct3D and MFC Integrated Development, the geological model ofscientific visualization; through the use of existing equipment 2D 3D simulation method, Arcballalgorithm using the mouse to control the rotational effect without delay to achieve athree-dimensional geological model of translation, rotation, scaling, and other operating spaceand light, material, color effects such as texture, so well resolved three-dimensional geologicalmodel of interactive control; Study of the triangular cutting, Reconstruction of a number of keyalgorithms: "intersection-the side-Reconstruction" algorithm, Constraint-based DelaunayTriangulation arbitrary polygon (with the island or islands) triangulation algorithm, solved thecut-profile complex geological formation; solved the cut-profile complex geological formation; Study points in the judgment of the many facets of the two sub-bound algorithm, and thegeological Cutting Display, the tunnel simulation, excavation, Volume measurement and spatialinformation query and analysis; arbitrary cross section of the tunnel modeling methodSlice-based 3D geometry model of thinking, as a cross-section of a tunnel reference plane, italong the tunnel axis movement, the establishment of the tunnel model, the use of arbitrary shapecutting space triangulation algorithm, and the tunnel cutting, Establishment and stratigraphicattributes of the tunnel model and record the tunnel cut path, production line documents, videorecording, Generation tunnel simulation video files, the tunnel achieve internal dynamicsimulation.
     Based on the above results with the actual project and the use of Visual C++ 6.0 and 3Dgraphics for the basic design to develop 3D model visualization and analysis system. The thesisof the system is the realization of the program, the main modules of the system and someexamples of the output.
     3D geological model visualization analysis technologies facing four major difficulties:
     1) 3-D geological data types of diversity and the difficulties of access.
     2) analysis of three-dimensional space capacity limitations.
     3) 3D graphics geological data varied expressions, so many needs.
     4) 3D geological model is not only an expression of 3D objects (ground and surfacebuildings on the surface), also expressed objects, such as mine, and undergroundobjects. How ore and other performance 3D surface shape and reflect the internalstructure is a difficult problem.
     Finally, the thesis of this research provideds a comprehensive summary and points out thecurrent study its weaknesses and future research directions.
引文
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