复方中影响石膏功效发挥方向的诸因素研究
|
摘要
目的：以中医药理论为指导,通过收集历代医家积累的理论和临床实践经验,并采用数据统计,归纳分析石膏功效及其在复方中功效发挥方向的影响因素,系统总结石膏在复方中功效发挥方向的调控方法和技巧。初步阐明石膏常用配伍结构的配伍技巧和作用机理。通过总结分析历代医家运用石膏时对其适应证、配伍、剂量、炮制、剂型、性味、用法、煎服法、副作用等相关知识的论述和见解,揭示石膏在临床运用时的利弊,从而为石膏正确、有效地运用于临床提供较为全面的参考。
方法：以,《中华医方精选辞典》为据,收集含石膏的方剂677首。用Excel建立数据库,利用Excel的筛选工具,·采用归类统计的方法,探索配伍、剂量、炮制、用法、剂型、煎服法等对石膏功效发挥方向的影响,总结影响石膏在复方中功效发挥方向的诸因素和调控方法。
结果：与石膏配伍使用前12位的药类依次为清热药、解表药、补虚药、化痰止咳平喘药、活血化瘀药、利水渗湿药、平肝熄风药、理气药、泻下药、祛风湿药、拔毒化腐生肌药和温里药。将石膏分为生石膏和煅石膏分别总结其性味、归经和功效。生石膏,味辛、甘、淡,气微寒或大寒。归肺、胃、三焦经。生石膏内服具有以下功效：清热泻火、解肌透表、清肺平喘、透疹化斑、解毒逐疫、生津止渴。其中清热泻火、解肌透表为石膏的直接功效,清肺平喘、透疹化斑、解毒逐疫和生津止渴为间接功效,皆以石膏的清泻火热和透热外出为基础。生石膏外用功效：清解热毒,消肿止痛。煅石膏,味甘微涩,性寒微弱。归肺、胄经。煅石膏外用功效：敛疮生肌、收湿止痒、止血。煅石膏内服功效：清解肺胃热邪。
生石膏发挥清热泻火功效时主要配伍知母、黄芩、栀子等药物；剂量随热势的增加而增加,从3g-60g均可应用；多选用汤、丸、散、煮散剂；多采用温服、茶清、荆芥汤、薄荷汤、蜜调服、酒调服和生姜汤送服。生石膏发挥解肌透表功效时主要配伍麻黄、薄荷、荆芥、防风等药物；用量较小,常用剂量范围为3g～18g；多选用扬、丸、散、煮散剂；多采用温服、茶清、荆芥汤、薄荷汤、蜜调服、酒调服和生姜汤送服。生石膏发挥清肺平喘功效时,主要配伍麻黄、杏仁、法夏等药物;以中剂量和大剂量为主,剂量范围为4.5g-30g；多选用汤、丸、散、煮散剂；多采用温服和生姜汤送服。生石膏发挥透疹化斑功效时主要配伍生地、升麻、玄参、蝉蜕等药物；以中剂量和大剂量为主,剂量范围为6g-45g；多选用汤剂和煮敖剂；生地汁、灯心汤送服主要发挥透疹化斑的功效。生石膏发挥解毒逐疫功效时主要配伍知母、大青叶、水牛角、生地等药物；应用剂量较大,最低不少于30g,最大用量达到250g；多选用汤剂和煮散剂；多用金汁、水牛角末等送送服。生石膏发挥生津止渴功效时主要配伍天花粉、石斛、麦冬等药物；用量以小剂量为主,但也有少量中剂量和大剂量,但最大用量不超过30g；多选用汤剂、煮散剂和丸剂；常选用生地汤、白茅根汁、甘蔗汁等清热生津的药物送服。锻石膏发挥生肌敛疮、收湿止痒和止血功效时均为外用,主要以膏、丹、散的剂型应用,难以统计其剂量,但是可以肯定的是,因为应用剂型是膏、丹、散,所以方中石膏的剂量是非常小的。煅石膏发挥生肌敛疮功效时主要配伍升药、轻粉、冰片等；以散剂和丹剂为主,而少用膏剂。煅石膏发挥收湿止痒功效时主要配伍炉甘石、枯矾、黄柏等药物；,主要以膏剂和散剂应用。煅石膏发挥止血功效时主要配伍三七、象皮、血竭等药物；‘以散剂为宜。
结论：配伍环境是影响右膏功效发挥方向的关键因素,而剂量、炮制、角法、剂型.煎服法等也对石膏的功效发挥方向产生了不同程度的影响。石膏在复方中的功效发挥方向是上述诸因素综合影响的结果。掌握药物功效发挥方向的调控技巧和方法,是中医学合理用药,提高临床疗效和促进学术传承的重要环节。
Objective:Guiding by the theory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, concluding and analyzing the functions of Gypsum Fibrosum and influence factors which can affect Gypsum Fibrosum's efficacy exertion direction in the formula by collecting.the theories and clinic practice experience of TCM doctors; and data statistics. to summarize the regulating skills and means of Gypsum Fibrosum's efficacy exertion direction in the formula systematically. To explain clearly;the compatibility skills and action mechanism of Gypsum Fibrosum's compatibility structure commonly used. Illustrating on Gypsum.Fibrosum's advantages and frauds used in clinic through summing up and analyzing the discuss and opinion related to Gypsum Fibrosum's adapting syndrome, compatibility, dose, processing, dosage, nature and flavor, usage, decocting and taking methods and side effect etc. accordingly, offering the relative all-around reference for using Gypsum Fibrosum rightly and effectively.
Method:Firstly, collecting Gypsum Fibrosum-containing formula from "refined Prescription Dictionary in China". The data of 677 formulas with Gypsum Fibrosum were inputted in Micro-excel, using filtrated tools in it, adopting statistical methods of classification to discuss the effects on Gypsum Fibrosum's efficacy fulfilling by. those regulating factors, including compatibility, dosage, processing, usage, preparation,decocting and dosing. Summarizing the factors and. regulating means that influence the oriented exertion of Gypsum Fibrosum.in complex formulae.
Results:The 12 leading categories of Chinese herbs are as follows: heat-clearing drugs, diaphoretic drugs, tonic, drugs of resolving sputum and soothing asthma, moving blood stasis herbs, drugs, of eliminating dampness through diuresis, drugs of calming the liver to stop wind, Qi-regulating herbs, herbs of discharging downwards, herbs of expelling wind and dampness, herbs of removing'toxin, corruption and promoting tissue regeneration and warming interior herbs. Dividing Gypsum Fibrosum into raw and char while summing up their flavors and natures, channel entry and functions separately. As for Crude Gypsum Fibrosum, its flavor is pungent sweet and tasteless, its nature,is slight cold or severe cold, its channel entry belongs to lung stomach and San Jiao Meridian. The oral raw Gypsum Fibrosum's function are expelling evils from muscles and exterior, clearing away heat and purging fire, clearing lung-heat and relieving asthma,, promoting-eruption and dissipating rashes, detoxifying and removing pestilence and replenishing fluid and quenching thirst, thereinto, expelling evils from muscles and exterior and clearing, away heat-fire belongs to the direct functions and clearing lung-heat and relieving asthma, promoting eruption and dissipating rashes, detoxifying and removing pestilence and replenishing fluid and quenching thirst are indirect.functions based on the direct ones. The function of raw Gypsum Fibrosum externally used is clearing away heat toxin and alleviating swelling and stop pain. As far as Processed Gypsum-Fibrosum, its flavor and nature is slight acerbity, cold and its channel entry belongs to lung and stomach meridian. The function of processed Gypsum Fibrosum externally used are promoting tissue regeneration and ulcer healing, removing dampness and relieving itching, arresting bleeding., The function of oral processed Gypsum Fibrosum is clearing away heat evil of lung and stomach. While crude Gypsum Fibrosum exerts the function of clearing away heat and purging fire, it commonly combines with zhimu huangqin and zhizi etc. The dose increases according to heat getting serious, The dose range is from 3 to 60 grams. Choosing commonly decoction pill and decoct-powder dosage. Commonly warm administration or taking with tea or.jingjie or bohe or honey or wine or ginger. While crude Gypsum Fibrosum exerts the function of expelling evils from muscles and exterior, it commonly combines with mahuang bohe jingjie fangfeng etc. The dose is small and the dose range is from 3 to 18 grams. Choosing commonly decoction pill powder and decoct-powder dosage. Commonly warm administration or taking with tea or jingjie or bohe or honey or wine or ginger. While crude Gypsum Fibrosum exerts the function of clearing lung-heat and relieving asthma, it commonly combines with mahuang xingren faxia etc. The dose is middle or big, The dose range is from 4.5 to 30 grams. Choosing commonly decoction pill powder and decoct-powder dosage. Commonly warm administration or taking with ginger. While crude Gypsum Fibrosum exerts the function of promoting eruption and dissipating rashes, it commonly combines with shengdi shengma xuanshen shantui etc. The dose is middle or big, The dose range is from 6 to 45 grams. Choosing commonly decoction and decoct-powder dosage. Commonly warm administration or taking with tea or shengdi or dengxin. While crude Gypsum Fibrosum exerts the function of detoxifying and removing pestilence, it commonly combines with zhimu daqingye.shuiniujiao shengdi etc. The dose is big, the dose range is from 30 to 250 grams. Choosing commonly decoction and decoct-powder dosage, commonly warm administration or jinzhi or shuiniujiao powder. While crude Gypsum Fibrosum exerts the function of replenishing fluid and quenching thirst, it commonly combines with tianhuafen shihu maidong etc. the dose almost is small but also include less middle and big dose, but the utmost dose less than 30 grams. Choosing commonly decoction pill and decoct-powder dosage, commonly warm administration or shengdi baimaogen ganzhe juice. Processed Gypsum Fibrosum used externally can exert the functions of promoting tissue regeneration and ulcer healing, removing dampness and relieving itching,arresting bleeding.'Mainly taking paste refined powder and powder, so it is difficult to statistics their dose. But we can make sure the dose are small because of their dosage are paste refined powder and powder. While processed Gypsum Fibrosum exerts the function of promoting tissue regeneration and ulcer healing, it commonly combines with shengyao qingfen and binpian etc. choosing more powder and refinfed-powder dosage and less paste dosage. While processed Gypsum Fibrosum exerts the function of removing dampness and relieving itching. It commonly combines with luganshi kufan and huangbai. etc. choosing commonly powder'and paste dosage. While processed Gypsum Fibrosum exerts the function of arresting bleeding. It commonly combines with sanqi xiangpi and xuejie etc. choosing commonly powder dosage.
Conclusion:The compatibility is the key point of all the factors influencing the efficacy exertion of Gypsum Fibrosum. What's more, other factors including dosage, processing, usage, preparation, decocting and dosing and so on are also influential on it. Therefore,the efficacy exertion of Gypsum Fibrbsum in compound formulae is influenced by all the factors we mentioned above. Holding the regulating skills and means of medical efficacy exertion plays an important role in medicinal using reasonably, improving curative effect and academic spreading.
方法：以,《中华医方精选辞典》为据,收集含石膏的方剂677首。用Excel建立数据库,利用Excel的筛选工具,·采用归类统计的方法,探索配伍、剂量、炮制、用法、剂型、煎服法等对石膏功效发挥方向的影响,总结影响石膏在复方中功效发挥方向的诸因素和调控方法。
结果：与石膏配伍使用前12位的药类依次为清热药、解表药、补虚药、化痰止咳平喘药、活血化瘀药、利水渗湿药、平肝熄风药、理气药、泻下药、祛风湿药、拔毒化腐生肌药和温里药。将石膏分为生石膏和煅石膏分别总结其性味、归经和功效。生石膏,味辛、甘、淡,气微寒或大寒。归肺、胃、三焦经。生石膏内服具有以下功效：清热泻火、解肌透表、清肺平喘、透疹化斑、解毒逐疫、生津止渴。其中清热泻火、解肌透表为石膏的直接功效,清肺平喘、透疹化斑、解毒逐疫和生津止渴为间接功效,皆以石膏的清泻火热和透热外出为基础。生石膏外用功效：清解热毒,消肿止痛。煅石膏,味甘微涩,性寒微弱。归肺、胄经。煅石膏外用功效：敛疮生肌、收湿止痒、止血。煅石膏内服功效：清解肺胃热邪。
生石膏发挥清热泻火功效时主要配伍知母、黄芩、栀子等药物；剂量随热势的增加而增加,从3g-60g均可应用；多选用汤、丸、散、煮散剂；多采用温服、茶清、荆芥汤、薄荷汤、蜜调服、酒调服和生姜汤送服。生石膏发挥解肌透表功效时主要配伍麻黄、薄荷、荆芥、防风等药物；用量较小,常用剂量范围为3g～18g；多选用扬、丸、散、煮散剂；多采用温服、茶清、荆芥汤、薄荷汤、蜜调服、酒调服和生姜汤送服。生石膏发挥清肺平喘功效时,主要配伍麻黄、杏仁、法夏等药物;以中剂量和大剂量为主,剂量范围为4.5g-30g；多选用汤、丸、散、煮散剂；多采用温服和生姜汤送服。生石膏发挥透疹化斑功效时主要配伍生地、升麻、玄参、蝉蜕等药物；以中剂量和大剂量为主,剂量范围为6g-45g；多选用汤剂和煮敖剂；生地汁、灯心汤送服主要发挥透疹化斑的功效。生石膏发挥解毒逐疫功效时主要配伍知母、大青叶、水牛角、生地等药物；应用剂量较大,最低不少于30g,最大用量达到250g；多选用汤剂和煮散剂；多用金汁、水牛角末等送送服。生石膏发挥生津止渴功效时主要配伍天花粉、石斛、麦冬等药物；用量以小剂量为主,但也有少量中剂量和大剂量,但最大用量不超过30g；多选用汤剂、煮散剂和丸剂；常选用生地汤、白茅根汁、甘蔗汁等清热生津的药物送服。锻石膏发挥生肌敛疮、收湿止痒和止血功效时均为外用,主要以膏、丹、散的剂型应用,难以统计其剂量,但是可以肯定的是,因为应用剂型是膏、丹、散,所以方中石膏的剂量是非常小的。煅石膏发挥生肌敛疮功效时主要配伍升药、轻粉、冰片等；以散剂和丹剂为主,而少用膏剂。煅石膏发挥收湿止痒功效时主要配伍炉甘石、枯矾、黄柏等药物；,主要以膏剂和散剂应用。煅石膏发挥止血功效时主要配伍三七、象皮、血竭等药物；‘以散剂为宜。
结论：配伍环境是影响右膏功效发挥方向的关键因素,而剂量、炮制、角法、剂型.煎服法等也对石膏的功效发挥方向产生了不同程度的影响。石膏在复方中的功效发挥方向是上述诸因素综合影响的结果。掌握药物功效发挥方向的调控技巧和方法,是中医学合理用药,提高临床疗效和促进学术传承的重要环节。
Objective:Guiding by the theory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, concluding and analyzing the functions of Gypsum Fibrosum and influence factors which can affect Gypsum Fibrosum's efficacy exertion direction in the formula by collecting.the theories and clinic practice experience of TCM doctors; and data statistics. to summarize the regulating skills and means of Gypsum Fibrosum's efficacy exertion direction in the formula systematically. To explain clearly;the compatibility skills and action mechanism of Gypsum Fibrosum's compatibility structure commonly used. Illustrating on Gypsum.Fibrosum's advantages and frauds used in clinic through summing up and analyzing the discuss and opinion related to Gypsum Fibrosum's adapting syndrome, compatibility, dose, processing, dosage, nature and flavor, usage, decocting and taking methods and side effect etc. accordingly, offering the relative all-around reference for using Gypsum Fibrosum rightly and effectively.
Method:Firstly, collecting Gypsum Fibrosum-containing formula from "refined Prescription Dictionary in China". The data of 677 formulas with Gypsum Fibrosum were inputted in Micro-excel, using filtrated tools in it, adopting statistical methods of classification to discuss the effects on Gypsum Fibrosum's efficacy fulfilling by. those regulating factors, including compatibility, dosage, processing, usage, preparation,decocting and dosing. Summarizing the factors and. regulating means that influence the oriented exertion of Gypsum Fibrosum.in complex formulae.
Results:The 12 leading categories of Chinese herbs are as follows: heat-clearing drugs, diaphoretic drugs, tonic, drugs of resolving sputum and soothing asthma, moving blood stasis herbs, drugs, of eliminating dampness through diuresis, drugs of calming the liver to stop wind, Qi-regulating herbs, herbs of discharging downwards, herbs of expelling wind and dampness, herbs of removing'toxin, corruption and promoting tissue regeneration and warming interior herbs. Dividing Gypsum Fibrosum into raw and char while summing up their flavors and natures, channel entry and functions separately. As for Crude Gypsum Fibrosum, its flavor is pungent sweet and tasteless, its nature,is slight cold or severe cold, its channel entry belongs to lung stomach and San Jiao Meridian. The oral raw Gypsum Fibrosum's function are expelling evils from muscles and exterior, clearing away heat and purging fire, clearing lung-heat and relieving asthma,, promoting-eruption and dissipating rashes, detoxifying and removing pestilence and replenishing fluid and quenching thirst, thereinto, expelling evils from muscles and exterior and clearing, away heat-fire belongs to the direct functions and clearing lung-heat and relieving asthma, promoting eruption and dissipating rashes, detoxifying and removing pestilence and replenishing fluid and quenching thirst are indirect.functions based on the direct ones. The function of raw Gypsum Fibrosum externally used is clearing away heat toxin and alleviating swelling and stop pain. As far as Processed Gypsum-Fibrosum, its flavor and nature is slight acerbity, cold and its channel entry belongs to lung and stomach meridian. The function of processed Gypsum Fibrosum externally used are promoting tissue regeneration and ulcer healing, removing dampness and relieving itching, arresting bleeding., The function of oral processed Gypsum Fibrosum is clearing away heat evil of lung and stomach. While crude Gypsum Fibrosum exerts the function of clearing away heat and purging fire, it commonly combines with zhimu huangqin and zhizi etc. The dose increases according to heat getting serious, The dose range is from 3 to 60 grams. Choosing commonly decoction pill and decoct-powder dosage. Commonly warm administration or taking with tea or.jingjie or bohe or honey or wine or ginger. While crude Gypsum Fibrosum exerts the function of expelling evils from muscles and exterior, it commonly combines with mahuang bohe jingjie fangfeng etc. The dose is small and the dose range is from 3 to 18 grams. Choosing commonly decoction pill powder and decoct-powder dosage. Commonly warm administration or taking with tea or jingjie or bohe or honey or wine or ginger. While crude Gypsum Fibrosum exerts the function of clearing lung-heat and relieving asthma, it commonly combines with mahuang xingren faxia etc. The dose is middle or big, The dose range is from 4.5 to 30 grams. Choosing commonly decoction pill powder and decoct-powder dosage. Commonly warm administration or taking with ginger. While crude Gypsum Fibrosum exerts the function of promoting eruption and dissipating rashes, it commonly combines with shengdi shengma xuanshen shantui etc. The dose is middle or big, The dose range is from 6 to 45 grams. Choosing commonly decoction and decoct-powder dosage. Commonly warm administration or taking with tea or shengdi or dengxin. While crude Gypsum Fibrosum exerts the function of detoxifying and removing pestilence, it commonly combines with zhimu daqingye.shuiniujiao shengdi etc. The dose is big, the dose range is from 30 to 250 grams. Choosing commonly decoction and decoct-powder dosage, commonly warm administration or jinzhi or shuiniujiao powder. While crude Gypsum Fibrosum exerts the function of replenishing fluid and quenching thirst, it commonly combines with tianhuafen shihu maidong etc. the dose almost is small but also include less middle and big dose, but the utmost dose less than 30 grams. Choosing commonly decoction pill and decoct-powder dosage, commonly warm administration or shengdi baimaogen ganzhe juice. Processed Gypsum Fibrosum used externally can exert the functions of promoting tissue regeneration and ulcer healing, removing dampness and relieving itching,arresting bleeding.'Mainly taking paste refined powder and powder, so it is difficult to statistics their dose. But we can make sure the dose are small because of their dosage are paste refined powder and powder. While processed Gypsum Fibrosum exerts the function of promoting tissue regeneration and ulcer healing, it commonly combines with shengyao qingfen and binpian etc. choosing more powder and refinfed-powder dosage and less paste dosage. While processed Gypsum Fibrosum exerts the function of removing dampness and relieving itching. It commonly combines with luganshi kufan and huangbai. etc. choosing commonly powder'and paste dosage. While processed Gypsum Fibrosum exerts the function of arresting bleeding. It commonly combines with sanqi xiangpi and xuejie etc. choosing commonly powder dosage.
Conclusion:The compatibility is the key point of all the factors influencing the efficacy exertion of Gypsum Fibrosum. What's more, other factors including dosage, processing, usage, preparation, decocting and dosing and so on are also influential on it. Therefore,the efficacy exertion of Gypsum Fibrbsum in compound formulae is influenced by all the factors we mentioned above. Holding the regulating skills and means of medical efficacy exertion plays an important role in medicinal using reasonably, improving curative effect and academic spreading.
引文
1 本草秘录.北京：中国中医药出版社,第一版,2004：259
2 孔伯华.石膏药性辨.北京：人民军医出版社,2005：101
3 彭怀仁,主编.中华医方精选辞典.上海：上海科学技术出版社,1998
4 高学敏,主编.普通高等教育“十五”国家级规划教材·中药学.北京：中国中医药出版社,2002
5 国家中医药管理局《中华本草》编委会.中华本草·精选本.上海：上海科学技术出版社,1998
6 魏误普等,述.清·孙星衍,孙冯冀,辑.神农本草经.北京：科学技术出版社,1996：55·
7 宋·庞安时,著.伤寒总病论.北京：人民卫生出版社,2007：101.
8 金·李东垣,撰.珍珠囊.天津’：天津科学技术出版社,1999：894
9 清·汪昂,著.本草备要.郑金生,整理.北京：人民卫生出版社,2006：200
10 王逊.江苏新医学院..中药大辞典[M].上海：上海科技出版社,1993：592
11 近代·张锡纯,著.医学衷中参西录.石家庄：河北人民出版社,1974：285
12 孔伯华.石膏药性辨.北京：人民军医出版社,2005：100
13 程化奇.中医学[M].第2版,北京：人民卫生出版社,2001；1：111～112
14 成都中医学院.中药学[M].第1版,上海：上海科学技术出版社,1987：56
15 吴跃.石膏麻黄乌梅汤治疗外感高热110例疗效观察[J].江西中医药,2000；(31)6：7
16 张思超,王晓君.石膏合理配伍治疗温病高热[J].山东中医药大学学报,1999；23(2)：125
17 李亚萍.单味石膏治疗高热[M].中国民间疗法,1999；6：34-35
18 杨守珍.黄柏石膏粉外敷治疗流行性腮腺炎[J]：中国民间疗法,2000；8(12)：15
19 林功铮.我用石膏[J].上海中医药杂志,2002：36(1)：35
20 孔伯华.石膏药性辨.北京：人民军医出版社,2005：100
21 蔡三金.生石膏临床应用体会[J].实用中医药杂志,2003；19(6)：320
22 姜良铎.透邪法是治疗外感高热的重要方法.中医杂志,1991；32(7)：4
23 孔伯华.石膏药性辨.北京：人民军医出版社,2005：101
24 明·张景岳,著.张景岳医学全书·景岳全书.北京：中国中医药出版社,1999：1568
25 清·余师愚,著.温病学全书·疫疹一得.北京：学苑出版社,2002：1570
26 高衍裔,葛志荣.石膏、知母等微量元素含量及其抗感染作用探讨.中西医结合杂志,1988：8(2)：12
27 李孟广.中药通报.1986：11(1)：50
28 明·张景岳,著.张景岳医学全书·景岳全书.北京：中国中医药出版社,1999：1568
29 清·汪昂,著.本草备要.郑金生,整理.北京：人民卫生出版社,2006：200
30 清·黄宫绣,著.本草求真.北京：中国中医药出版社,1997：253
31 清·吴仪洛,著.本草从新.北京：中医古籍出版社,2001：191
32 宋·杨士瀛,著.杨士瀛医学全书·医脉真经.北京：中国中医药出版社,2006：310
33 清·余师愚,著.温病学全书·疫疹一得.北京：学苑出版社,2002：1568
34 马超英、耿耘.《热病学》学术思想探析.福建中医药,1991；22(3)：62～64
35 彭胜权.温病学.北京：人民卫生出版社[M].2000：6～7
36 李洪涛.试论孙思邈对外感病学的贡献[J].安徽中医学院学报,1996；15(1)：2～31
37 金·李杲,著.脾胃论.天津：天津科学技术出版社，1999：575
38 元·朱震亨，著.格致余论·张子和攻击注论.天津：天津科学技术出版社,1999：938
39 高德兴.近年北方外感病的特点及临床证治初探.中国乡村医药,1994；1(1)：31～32
40 民国·张山雷,著.本草正义.福建：福建科学技术出版社,2006：48
41 清·吴谦等,编.医宗金鉴·删补名医方论.北京：人民卫生出版社,2002：828
42 清·陈士铎,著.本草新编.北京：中国中医药出版社,2004：260
43 马有度.《医方新解》
44 王爱芳.药学通报,1981；16(11)：61
45 时钧华.药学通报,1983；18(11)：32
46 魏·吴普等,述.清·孙星衍,孙冯冀,辄神农本草经.北京：科学技术出版社， 1996：93
47 明·李时珍,著.本草纲目.安徽：安徽科学技术出版社,2001：679
48 李志槐.石膏、大黄退热不可少.中医杂志,1991：(7)：7
49 严冰.治疗小儿急重危证的经验.中医杂志1985：(3)：17～18
50 张思超.宣肺通腑法治疗温热病卫气分发热的临床研究.山东中医学院学报,1995；19(3)：181
51 周平安.外感高热证治.中医杂志,1991 ；32(8)：4
52 秦仁生.大黄伍石膏对症有良效.上海中医药杂志,1986；(5)：30
53 魏·吴普等,述.清·孙星衍,孙冯冀,辑.神农本草经.北京：科学技术出版社,1996：73
54 清·周岩,撰.本草思辨录.见：马子密,傅延龄,主编.历代本草药性汇解.北京：中国医药科技出版。社, 2002：22-24
55 孙一奎.赤水玄珠.北京：中国中医药出版社,1996：320
56唐·王冰,注.宋·林亿,补注.重广补注黄帝内经素问.北京：学苑出版社,2004：283
57谢海洲,著.王世民,洪旭等整理.谢海洲医学文集.北京：中医古籍出版社,2004：320
58明·李时珍,著.本草纲目.安徽：安徽科学技术出版社,2001：752
59近代·张锡纯,著.医学衷中参西录.石家庄：河北人民出版社,1972：367
60姜良铎.透邪法是治疗外感高热的重要方法.中医杂志；1991；32(7)：4
61张成铭.大剂柴胡石膏治疗外感发热的体会[J].南京中医药大学学报,1995；11(3)：26
62韩洪.柴胡石膏汤治疗流感高热36例观察[J].中国医刊,.1999；34(9)：53
63魏·吴普等,述.清·孙星衍,孙冯冀,辑.神农本草经.北京：科学技术出版社,1996：59
64高学敏.普通高等教育“十五”国家级规划教材·中药学.北京：中国中医药出版社,第一版,2002：52
65邹澎.本经疏证[M].上海：上海卫生出版社,1957：153
66刘弼臣,马莲湘,肖正安,等.小儿肺炎证治.中医杂志,1988；29(10)：4～9
67肖森茂,彭永开,编.百家配伍用药经验采菁.北京：中国中医药出版社,1992,339
68何伦.实用处方纲目.西安：陕西科学技术出版社,1991：53
69陈雪梅.麻杏石甘汤中石膏用量的重要性[J].四川中医；2001；9(2)：78
70张保伟.《伤寒杂病论》中麻黄石膏用量比与其作用关系探讨[J].河南中医,2003；23(1)：7-8
71孔令谦主编.名老中医传略·学术·传人(孔伯华·石膏药性辨).人民军医出版社,2005：101
72明·张志聪,著.本草崇原.北京：中国中医药出版社,1992：86
73明·李时珍,著.本草纲目.安徽：安徽科学技术出版社,2001：1564
74明·缪希雍,著.神农本草经疏.北京：中国中医药出版社,1997：239
75朱建华.热痹佐用热药的体会.中医杂志,1989；30(2)：17
76骆传佳.何子良治疗热痹的经验.中医杂志,1991；32(4)：15
77谢海洲,著.王世民,洪旭等整理.谢海洲医学文集.北京：中医古籍出版社,2004：320
78魏·吴普等,述.清·孙星衍,孙冯冀,辑.神农本草经.北京：科学技术出版社,1996：34
79明·李时珍,著.本草纲目.安徽：安徽科学技术出版社,20.01：709
80清·陈士铎,著.本草新编.北京：中国中医药出版社,2004：85-86
81明·倪朱谟,著.本草汇言.北京：中医古籍出版社,2005：49
82魏·吴普等,述.清·孙星衍,孙冯冀,辑.神农本草经.北京：科学技术出版社,1996：58
83明·倪朱谟,著.本草汇言.北京：中医古籍出版社,2005：4925
84民国·张山雷,著.本草正义.福建：福建科学技术出版社,2006：273
85 王国平.过锡生老中医临床组药经验点滴.江苏中医杂志， 1987；5：4-5
86 清·尤怡,著.金匮翼.北京：中医古籍出版社,2003：186
87 近代·张锡纯,著.医学衷中参西录.石家庄：河北人民出版社,1972：107
88 清·张志聪,集著.张志聪医学全书·侣山堂类辨：北京：中国中医药出版社；2005：1083
89 民国·张山雷,著.本草正义.福建：福建科学技术出版社，2006：310
90 肖森茂,彭永开,编.百家配伍用药经验采箐.北京：中国中医药出版社,1992：107
91 张建君.祝味菊先生运用乌附的经验.浙江中医杂志,1984；(6)：249
92 胡翘武.附子十配.辽宁中医杂志,1982；(5)：15～16
93 严世芸,郑平东,何立人整理.张伯庾医案.上海：上海科学技术出版社,1979：15
94 谢立业.热证不避附子.中医杂志,1992；33(12)：7
95 明·李时珍,著.本草纲目.安徽：安徽科学技术出版社,2001：277
96 明·李时珍,著.本草纲目.安徽：安徽科学技术出版社,2001：398
97 中山医学院中药临床应用犏写组编.中药临床应用.广州：广东人民出版,1975：547
98 陈宪平,赵武重,范敏怡.白矾与枯矾的超微结构、元素组成成分及作用机理的研究.南京中医药大学学报,1996：12(3)：28-29
99 冯子道,等译.生物无机化学原理.北京：科学出版社.1987：25
100 明·李时珍,著.本草纲目.安徽：安徽科学技术出版社,2001：462
101 近代·张锡纯,著.医学衷中参西录.石家庄,河北人民出版社,1974：342
102 谢文光,主编.中医配方学[M].北京：中国医药科技出版社,2000：468
103 谢文光,廖云龙,刘建青,主编.现代中医系列丛书·中医配方学[M].北京：中国医药科技出版社,2000：468
104 陈可冀,主编.岳美中医学文集·岳美中医话[M].北京：中国医药科技出版社,2000：523
105 清·余师愚,著.温病学全书·疫疹一得.北京：学苑出版社,2002：1583
106 晋·刘涓子.刘涓子鬼遗方[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,1988：25
107 晋·葛洪.补辑肘后方[M].合肥：安徽科学技术出版社,1983：87,141
108 南北朝·雷教.雷公炮炙论(辑佚本)[M].上海：上海中医学院出版社,1987：53
109 唐·孙思邈.银海精微[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,1956：45
110 宋·陈承.太平惠民和剂局方[M].沈阳：辽宁科学技术出版社,1997：10,17,120
111 元·许国桢.御药院方[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,1992：2,28,154
112 明·龚廷贤.鲁府禁方[M].北京：中国中医药出版社，1992：18
113 明·李时珍.本草纲目,核点本,上册[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,1991：544
114 明·熊宗立.明方类证医书大全[M].上海：上海科学技术出版社,1988：103、
115 吕文海.中药炮制学[M].北京：科学出版社,.1992：295
116 江苏新医学院.中药大辞典,上册[M].上海：上海科学技术出版社,1993：592.
117 明。张景岳.景岳全书[M].上海：上海科学技术出版社,1984：959.
118 明·李时珍.本草纲目,核点本,上册[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,1991：546
119 清·张璐.本经逢原[M].上海：中国中医药出版社,1996：13
120 清·陈士铎.本草新编[M].北京：中国中医药出版社出版,1996：313
121 吕文海.中药炮制学[M].北京：科学出版社,1992：295
122 伊藤忠信.石膏的药理学研究[J].日本东洋医学会志,1972；22(3)：9
123 龚跃新.生、煅石膏的电镜观察及成分研究[J].中国中药杂志,1994；19(1)：21
124 李祥,刘元芬,项晓人等.石膏炮制前后的生肌药效比较研究.中西医结合学报,2006；4(6)：624～627
125 时选人.中国药物学.上海：上海卫生出版社,1956：61
126 清·汪昂,著.本草备要.北京：人民卫生出版社,2006：201
127 明·张景岳.景岳全书[M].上海：上海科学技术出版社,1984：959
128 清·张璐,著.本经逢原.北京：中国中医药出版社,1996：13
1国家药典委员会,编.中华人民共和国药典.2000版.北京：化学工业出版社,2000：71
2 孙本韬.论白虎汤的清热作用.医卫通讯.山西医学院,1978,6(1)：10
3 谢宗万.全国中草药汇编.第2版.北京：人民卫等出版社,1994：259
4 成都中医学院.中药学[M].第1版,上海：上海科学技术出版社,1987：56
5 谭兴贵.白虎汤作用机理研究.湖南医学杂志,1980(3)：54
6 韩济生,等.中枢神经介质概论.第2版.科学出版社,1980：403～404
7 伊藤忠信.日本洋医学杂志.1983,4(3)：56
8 张树峰,等.临床医学杂志.1988,4(3)：158
9 孙建民.石膏用量用法的实验研究.中国中药杂志,1991年第I6卷第2期
10 张慧铭.石膏用量总煎出物实脸.山东中医杂志,1989,8(1)：41
11 王铁新,王智,李少华.对石膏煎制的新认识[J].黑龙江医学,1999；3：89
12 金东燮,刘桂珍,王秀敏.石膏在中药汤剂中的溶解度研究.中药研究,1984(7)：39～41
13 应柯,等.中药材. 1991,14(6),26～31
14 难波恒雄他.生药学杂志.1983,37(3)：262
15 李孟广,等.中药通报.1986,11(1)：50
16 沈哭凤等,现代无机化学.第1版.上海抖技出版社.1985：526
17 周金黄等.中药药理学.第1版,上海科技出版社.1986：58
18 郭协埙,陆汝逊.天然石膏的初步研究.上海中医药杂志,1958,(3)：33
19 王爱芳,华卫国,徐永康.白虎汤的研究.药学通报,1981,16(3)：61
20 高衍裔.中西医结合杂志,1988,8(2)：92
2 孔伯华.石膏药性辨.北京：人民军医出版社,2005：101
3 彭怀仁,主编.中华医方精选辞典.上海：上海科学技术出版社,1998
4 高学敏,主编.普通高等教育“十五”国家级规划教材·中药学.北京：中国中医药出版社,2002
5 国家中医药管理局《中华本草》编委会.中华本草·精选本.上海：上海科学技术出版社,1998
6 魏误普等,述.清·孙星衍,孙冯冀,辑.神农本草经.北京：科学技术出版社,1996：55·
7 宋·庞安时,著.伤寒总病论.北京：人民卫生出版社,2007：101.
8 金·李东垣,撰.珍珠囊.天津’：天津科学技术出版社,1999：894
9 清·汪昂,著.本草备要.郑金生,整理.北京：人民卫生出版社,2006：200
10 王逊.江苏新医学院..中药大辞典[M].上海：上海科技出版社,1993：592
11 近代·张锡纯,著.医学衷中参西录.石家庄：河北人民出版社,1974：285
12 孔伯华.石膏药性辨.北京：人民军医出版社,2005：100
13 程化奇.中医学[M].第2版,北京：人民卫生出版社,2001；1：111～112
14 成都中医学院.中药学[M].第1版,上海：上海科学技术出版社,1987：56
15 吴跃.石膏麻黄乌梅汤治疗外感高热110例疗效观察[J].江西中医药,2000；(31)6：7
16 张思超,王晓君.石膏合理配伍治疗温病高热[J].山东中医药大学学报,1999；23(2)：125
17 李亚萍.单味石膏治疗高热[M].中国民间疗法,1999；6：34-35
18 杨守珍.黄柏石膏粉外敷治疗流行性腮腺炎[J]：中国民间疗法,2000；8(12)：15
19 林功铮.我用石膏[J].上海中医药杂志,2002：36(1)：35
20 孔伯华.石膏药性辨.北京：人民军医出版社,2005：100
21 蔡三金.生石膏临床应用体会[J].实用中医药杂志,2003；19(6)：320
22 姜良铎.透邪法是治疗外感高热的重要方法.中医杂志,1991；32(7)：4
23 孔伯华.石膏药性辨.北京：人民军医出版社,2005：101
24 明·张景岳,著.张景岳医学全书·景岳全书.北京：中国中医药出版社,1999：1568
25 清·余师愚,著.温病学全书·疫疹一得.北京：学苑出版社,2002：1570
26 高衍裔,葛志荣.石膏、知母等微量元素含量及其抗感染作用探讨.中西医结合杂志,1988：8(2)：12
27 李孟广.中药通报.1986：11(1)：50
28 明·张景岳,著.张景岳医学全书·景岳全书.北京：中国中医药出版社,1999：1568
29 清·汪昂,著.本草备要.郑金生,整理.北京：人民卫生出版社,2006：200
30 清·黄宫绣,著.本草求真.北京：中国中医药出版社,1997：253
31 清·吴仪洛,著.本草从新.北京：中医古籍出版社,2001：191
32 宋·杨士瀛,著.杨士瀛医学全书·医脉真经.北京：中国中医药出版社,2006：310
33 清·余师愚,著.温病学全书·疫疹一得.北京：学苑出版社,2002：1568
34 马超英、耿耘.《热病学》学术思想探析.福建中医药,1991；22(3)：62～64
35 彭胜权.温病学.北京：人民卫生出版社[M].2000：6～7
36 李洪涛.试论孙思邈对外感病学的贡献[J].安徽中医学院学报,1996；15(1)：2～31
37 金·李杲,著.脾胃论.天津：天津科学技术出版社，1999：575
38 元·朱震亨，著.格致余论·张子和攻击注论.天津：天津科学技术出版社,1999：938
39 高德兴.近年北方外感病的特点及临床证治初探.中国乡村医药,1994；1(1)：31～32
40 民国·张山雷,著.本草正义.福建：福建科学技术出版社,2006：48
41 清·吴谦等,编.医宗金鉴·删补名医方论.北京：人民卫生出版社,2002：828
42 清·陈士铎,著.本草新编.北京：中国中医药出版社,2004：260
43 马有度.《医方新解》
44 王爱芳.药学通报,1981；16(11)：61
45 时钧华.药学通报,1983；18(11)：32
46 魏·吴普等,述.清·孙星衍,孙冯冀,辄神农本草经.北京：科学技术出版社， 1996：93
47 明·李时珍,著.本草纲目.安徽：安徽科学技术出版社,2001：679
48 李志槐.石膏、大黄退热不可少.中医杂志,1991：(7)：7
49 严冰.治疗小儿急重危证的经验.中医杂志1985：(3)：17～18
50 张思超.宣肺通腑法治疗温热病卫气分发热的临床研究.山东中医学院学报,1995；19(3)：181
51 周平安.外感高热证治.中医杂志,1991 ；32(8)：4
52 秦仁生.大黄伍石膏对症有良效.上海中医药杂志,1986；(5)：30
53 魏·吴普等,述.清·孙星衍,孙冯冀,辑.神农本草经.北京：科学技术出版社,1996：73
54 清·周岩,撰.本草思辨录.见：马子密,傅延龄,主编.历代本草药性汇解.北京：中国医药科技出版。社, 2002：22-24
55 孙一奎.赤水玄珠.北京：中国中医药出版社,1996：320
56唐·王冰,注.宋·林亿,补注.重广补注黄帝内经素问.北京：学苑出版社,2004：283
57谢海洲,著.王世民,洪旭等整理.谢海洲医学文集.北京：中医古籍出版社,2004：320
58明·李时珍,著.本草纲目.安徽：安徽科学技术出版社,2001：752
59近代·张锡纯,著.医学衷中参西录.石家庄：河北人民出版社,1972：367
60姜良铎.透邪法是治疗外感高热的重要方法.中医杂志；1991；32(7)：4
61张成铭.大剂柴胡石膏治疗外感发热的体会[J].南京中医药大学学报,1995；11(3)：26
62韩洪.柴胡石膏汤治疗流感高热36例观察[J].中国医刊,.1999；34(9)：53
63魏·吴普等,述.清·孙星衍,孙冯冀,辑.神农本草经.北京：科学技术出版社,1996：59
64高学敏.普通高等教育“十五”国家级规划教材·中药学.北京：中国中医药出版社,第一版,2002：52
65邹澎.本经疏证[M].上海：上海卫生出版社,1957：153
66刘弼臣,马莲湘,肖正安,等.小儿肺炎证治.中医杂志,1988；29(10)：4～9
67肖森茂,彭永开,编.百家配伍用药经验采菁.北京：中国中医药出版社,1992,339
68何伦.实用处方纲目.西安：陕西科学技术出版社,1991：53
69陈雪梅.麻杏石甘汤中石膏用量的重要性[J].四川中医；2001；9(2)：78
70张保伟.《伤寒杂病论》中麻黄石膏用量比与其作用关系探讨[J].河南中医,2003；23(1)：7-8
71孔令谦主编.名老中医传略·学术·传人(孔伯华·石膏药性辨).人民军医出版社,2005：101
72明·张志聪,著.本草崇原.北京：中国中医药出版社,1992：86
73明·李时珍,著.本草纲目.安徽：安徽科学技术出版社,2001：1564
74明·缪希雍,著.神农本草经疏.北京：中国中医药出版社,1997：239
75朱建华.热痹佐用热药的体会.中医杂志,1989；30(2)：17
76骆传佳.何子良治疗热痹的经验.中医杂志,1991；32(4)：15
77谢海洲,著.王世民,洪旭等整理.谢海洲医学文集.北京：中医古籍出版社,2004：320
78魏·吴普等,述.清·孙星衍,孙冯冀,辑.神农本草经.北京：科学技术出版社,1996：34
79明·李时珍,著.本草纲目.安徽：安徽科学技术出版社,20.01：709
80清·陈士铎,著.本草新编.北京：中国中医药出版社,2004：85-86
81明·倪朱谟,著.本草汇言.北京：中医古籍出版社,2005：49
82魏·吴普等,述.清·孙星衍,孙冯冀,辑.神农本草经.北京：科学技术出版社,1996：58
83明·倪朱谟,著.本草汇言.北京：中医古籍出版社,2005：4925
84民国·张山雷,著.本草正义.福建：福建科学技术出版社,2006：273
85 王国平.过锡生老中医临床组药经验点滴.江苏中医杂志， 1987；5：4-5
86 清·尤怡,著.金匮翼.北京：中医古籍出版社,2003：186
87 近代·张锡纯,著.医学衷中参西录.石家庄：河北人民出版社,1972：107
88 清·张志聪,集著.张志聪医学全书·侣山堂类辨：北京：中国中医药出版社；2005：1083
89 民国·张山雷,著.本草正义.福建：福建科学技术出版社，2006：310
90 肖森茂,彭永开,编.百家配伍用药经验采箐.北京：中国中医药出版社,1992：107
91 张建君.祝味菊先生运用乌附的经验.浙江中医杂志,1984；(6)：249
92 胡翘武.附子十配.辽宁中医杂志,1982；(5)：15～16
93 严世芸,郑平东,何立人整理.张伯庾医案.上海：上海科学技术出版社,1979：15
94 谢立业.热证不避附子.中医杂志,1992；33(12)：7
95 明·李时珍,著.本草纲目.安徽：安徽科学技术出版社,2001：277
96 明·李时珍,著.本草纲目.安徽：安徽科学技术出版社,2001：398
97 中山医学院中药临床应用犏写组编.中药临床应用.广州：广东人民出版,1975：547
98 陈宪平,赵武重,范敏怡.白矾与枯矾的超微结构、元素组成成分及作用机理的研究.南京中医药大学学报,1996：12(3)：28-29
99 冯子道,等译.生物无机化学原理.北京：科学出版社.1987：25
100 明·李时珍,著.本草纲目.安徽：安徽科学技术出版社,2001：462
101 近代·张锡纯,著.医学衷中参西录.石家庄,河北人民出版社,1974：342
102 谢文光,主编.中医配方学[M].北京：中国医药科技出版社,2000：468
103 谢文光,廖云龙,刘建青,主编.现代中医系列丛书·中医配方学[M].北京：中国医药科技出版社,2000：468
104 陈可冀,主编.岳美中医学文集·岳美中医话[M].北京：中国医药科技出版社,2000：523
105 清·余师愚,著.温病学全书·疫疹一得.北京：学苑出版社,2002：1583
106 晋·刘涓子.刘涓子鬼遗方[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,1988：25
107 晋·葛洪.补辑肘后方[M].合肥：安徽科学技术出版社,1983：87,141
108 南北朝·雷教.雷公炮炙论(辑佚本)[M].上海：上海中医学院出版社,1987：53
109 唐·孙思邈.银海精微[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,1956：45
110 宋·陈承.太平惠民和剂局方[M].沈阳：辽宁科学技术出版社,1997：10,17,120
111 元·许国桢.御药院方[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,1992：2,28,154
112 明·龚廷贤.鲁府禁方[M].北京：中国中医药出版社，1992：18
113 明·李时珍.本草纲目,核点本,上册[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,1991：544
114 明·熊宗立.明方类证医书大全[M].上海：上海科学技术出版社,1988：103、
115 吕文海.中药炮制学[M].北京：科学出版社,.1992：295
116 江苏新医学院.中药大辞典,上册[M].上海：上海科学技术出版社,1993：592.
117 明。张景岳.景岳全书[M].上海：上海科学技术出版社,1984：959.
118 明·李时珍.本草纲目,核点本,上册[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,1991：546
119 清·张璐.本经逢原[M].上海：中国中医药出版社,1996：13
120 清·陈士铎.本草新编[M].北京：中国中医药出版社出版,1996：313
121 吕文海.中药炮制学[M].北京：科学出版社,1992：295
122 伊藤忠信.石膏的药理学研究[J].日本东洋医学会志,1972；22(3)：9
123 龚跃新.生、煅石膏的电镜观察及成分研究[J].中国中药杂志,1994；19(1)：21
124 李祥,刘元芬,项晓人等.石膏炮制前后的生肌药效比较研究.中西医结合学报,2006；4(6)：624～627
125 时选人.中国药物学.上海：上海卫生出版社,1956：61
126 清·汪昂,著.本草备要.北京：人民卫生出版社,2006：201
127 明·张景岳.景岳全书[M].上海：上海科学技术出版社,1984：959
128 清·张璐,著.本经逢原.北京：中国中医药出版社,1996：13
1国家药典委员会,编.中华人民共和国药典.2000版.北京：化学工业出版社,2000：71
2 孙本韬.论白虎汤的清热作用.医卫通讯.山西医学院,1978,6(1)：10
3 谢宗万.全国中草药汇编.第2版.北京：人民卫等出版社,1994：259
4 成都中医学院.中药学[M].第1版,上海：上海科学技术出版社,1987：56
5 谭兴贵.白虎汤作用机理研究.湖南医学杂志,1980(3)：54
6 韩济生,等.中枢神经介质概论.第2版.科学出版社,1980：403～404
7 伊藤忠信.日本洋医学杂志.1983,4(3)：56
8 张树峰,等.临床医学杂志.1988,4(3)：158
9 孙建民.石膏用量用法的实验研究.中国中药杂志,1991年第I6卷第2期
10 张慧铭.石膏用量总煎出物实脸.山东中医杂志,1989,8(1)：41
11 王铁新,王智,李少华.对石膏煎制的新认识[J].黑龙江医学,1999；3：89
12 金东燮,刘桂珍,王秀敏.石膏在中药汤剂中的溶解度研究.中药研究,1984(7)：39～41
13 应柯,等.中药材. 1991,14(6),26～31
14 难波恒雄他.生药学杂志.1983,37(3)：262
15 李孟广,等.中药通报.1986,11(1)：50
16 沈哭凤等,现代无机化学.第1版.上海抖技出版社.1985：526
17 周金黄等.中药药理学.第1版,上海科技出版社.1986：58
18 郭协埙,陆汝逊.天然石膏的初步研究.上海中医药杂志,1958,(3)：33
19 王爱芳,华卫国,徐永康.白虎汤的研究.药学通报,1981,16(3)：61
20 高衍裔.中西医结合杂志,1988,8(2)：92