沿空留巷围岩结构运动稳定机理与控制研究
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摘要
本文在前人研究的基础上，综合运用理论分析、数值模拟、现场试验等方法，从上覆岩层活动规律着手，建立了沿空留巷关键块结构稳定力学模型，分析了直接顶和实煤体帮的稳定性，揭示了沿空留巷围岩结构运动稳定机理，开发了沿空留巷围岩稳定的大变形控制技术。主要研究成果为：
（1）通过对综采工作面基本顶破断规律和高水材料巷旁充填体承载特性分析，提出了沿空留巷基本顶首先在实煤体侧破断、在充填体侧（采空区侧）二次破断的观点，详细分析了基本顶2次破断的形成机制和运动特征，为确定沿空留巷巷旁支护阻力提供了依据。
（2）根据沿空留巷上覆岩层活动具有明显的三个阶段的运动特点，将沿空留巷围岩变形分成三个阶段，即一次采动影响阶段、留巷稳定阶段和二次回采超前影响阶段。通过建立关键块结构稳定力学模型，揭示沿空留巷关键块结构运动稳定机理，得到了巷旁充填体的支护阻力计算式。结果表明：一次采动影响阶段巷旁支护阻力最大，是留巷最为困难阶段。
（3）在基本顶给定变形条件下，建立了沿空留巷顶板下沉量和实煤体帮稳定性力学模型，得到了顶板下沉量和实煤体帮支护阻力计算式。分析顶板下沉量和实煤体帮稳定性与巷内支护阻力、巷旁支护阻力、实煤体支护阻力、煤体强度、锚杆长度、工作面采高等因素的关系，得到了影响其稳定性的主要影响因素，为确定大变形沿空留巷巷内支护提供了依据。
（4）通过分析沿空留巷围岩应力、围岩变形和塑性区分布规律，得到了沿空留巷围岩大变形机理：峰值应力不断向深部转移的过程中，浅部围岩表现为沿卸荷方向的强烈扩容变形，深部围岩表现为延性体积膨胀，其变形实质是沿空留巷围岩受到多次加卸载作用，引起主应力差增大而导致围岩破坏所致。基本顶的回转、下沉和破断是引起沿空留巷大变形的根本原因，其控制的关键是提高巷道围岩完整性和自身强度，阻止裂隙发展，适应围岩大变形，控制的关键部位是充填区域上方的顶板。基于此，提出了沿空留巷围岩控制技术。
（5）分析了巷旁充填体在三个阶段的受力特点和变形特征，得到了巷旁充填体的作用机理，研究得到了高水材料合理的巷旁支护参数。根据充填体向两侧面变形的特点，开发了充填体预应力承载结构，极大地提高了高水材料充填体的承载能力和抗变形能力，可进一步降低充填体宽度。
上述研究成果在沁新煤矿、九里山矿两个典型工作面地质条件下取得成功应用。
Based on the analysis of predecessors’ achievements and by comprehensive using oftheoretical analysis, numerical simulation and the method of industrial test, thisdissertation began with overlying strata movement for gob-side entry retaining, establishedthe mechanic model of the structural stability of overlying strata for gob-side entryretaining, analyzed the stability of immediate roof and solid coal rib of the roadway, andrevealed the stability mechanisms of surrounding rock for gob-side entry retaining. On thebasis of getting the rule of surrounding rock movement and rock deformation failure, thelarge deformations control technology of surrounding rock for gob-side entry retaining wasput forward, and stabilization mechanism and control technology of surrounding rock hasbeen preliminarily formed for gob-side entry retaining. Main results are as follows:
(1) Based on analysis of the rupture rule of main roof and the load-bearingcharacteristics of roadside packing body, the view of the main roof for gob-side entryretaining secondary breakage, first broke above the solid coal and broke again outside ofpacking body was put forward. The formation mechanism and movement characteristics ofthe main roof secondary breakage were analyzed in detail, which provided the forcefulfoundation for the determination of the control technology of surrounding rock forgob-side entry retaining.
(2) The movement characteristics of overlying strata for gob-side entry retainingshowed three clear stages, surrounding rock deformation of gob-side entry retaining wasdivided into three stages, namely, the first mining influence stage, the stable stage ofgob-side entry retaining and the advance influence stage of secondary recovery. Byestablishing the mechanics model of main roof surrounding rock structure for gob-sideentry retaining, the calculation formula of the minimum support strength beside gob-sideentry retaining under three stages were calculated, and the results showed that the firstmining influence stage is the most difficult stage in gob-side entry retaining.
(3) It built mechanic models of immediate roof subsidence and solid coal rib of theroadway, respectively, under the condition of main roof of confined deformation, obtainedthe calculation formula of immediate roof and the minimum support strength of solid coalrib of the roadway. Individual analysis the relation of stability of immediate roof and solidcoal rib of the roadway and roadway-in supporting resistance, roadside supportingresistance, solid coal supporting resistance, coal mass strength, bolt length, working face height, etc. Meanwhile, its main influencing factors were obtained, which provides thebasis for road-in support determination of gob-side entry retaining.
(4)By analyzing stress and deformation of surrounding rock and distribution law ofplastic zone, the large deformation mechanism of surrounding rock for gob-side entryretaining was obtained. shallow surrounding rock along the unloading direction showsstrong dilatancy deformation and deep surrounding rock shows ductility volume expansionwhile peak stress constantly transfer to the deep of the roadway, its essence of surroundingrock failure is the surrounding rock of gob-side entry retaining by repeatedly loading andunloading effect, cause the principal stress difference increasing. The primary causes oflarge deformation of the gob-side entry retaining are the fracture of the main roof, therotating of the key block and its sinking and slippage. The key to control surrounding rockstability involves improving the integrity of roadway surrounding rock and load-bearingcapacity and preventing crack propagation, which is adapt to the large deformation ofsurrounding rock. The roof above the roadside packing is the key to control parts. Basedon the above, the control requirements and control technology of surrounding rock forgob-side entry retaining was proposed.
(5)This dissertation analyzed the stress characteristics and deformation features ofroadside packing body under three stages, obtained the mechanism of roadside packingbody, and study on reasonable supporting parameters of roadside packing with high-watermaterials. According to the deformation feature of packing body to two ribs, prestressingload-bearing frame of packing body was developed, which improved bearing capacity andanti-distortion capacity of packing body with high-water materials massively, and this canfurther reduce packing body width.
The above results were applied successfully in two field tests of the Qinxin coal mineand the Jiulishan coal mine under two typical geological conditions of working faces.
（1）通过对综采工作面基本顶破断规律和高水材料巷旁充填体承载特性分析，提出了沿空留巷基本顶首先在实煤体侧破断、在充填体侧（采空区侧）二次破断的观点，详细分析了基本顶2次破断的形成机制和运动特征，为确定沿空留巷巷旁支护阻力提供了依据。
（2）根据沿空留巷上覆岩层活动具有明显的三个阶段的运动特点，将沿空留巷围岩变形分成三个阶段，即一次采动影响阶段、留巷稳定阶段和二次回采超前影响阶段。通过建立关键块结构稳定力学模型，揭示沿空留巷关键块结构运动稳定机理，得到了巷旁充填体的支护阻力计算式。结果表明：一次采动影响阶段巷旁支护阻力最大，是留巷最为困难阶段。
（3）在基本顶给定变形条件下，建立了沿空留巷顶板下沉量和实煤体帮稳定性力学模型，得到了顶板下沉量和实煤体帮支护阻力计算式。分析顶板下沉量和实煤体帮稳定性与巷内支护阻力、巷旁支护阻力、实煤体支护阻力、煤体强度、锚杆长度、工作面采高等因素的关系，得到了影响其稳定性的主要影响因素，为确定大变形沿空留巷巷内支护提供了依据。
（4）通过分析沿空留巷围岩应力、围岩变形和塑性区分布规律，得到了沿空留巷围岩大变形机理：峰值应力不断向深部转移的过程中，浅部围岩表现为沿卸荷方向的强烈扩容变形，深部围岩表现为延性体积膨胀，其变形实质是沿空留巷围岩受到多次加卸载作用，引起主应力差增大而导致围岩破坏所致。基本顶的回转、下沉和破断是引起沿空留巷大变形的根本原因，其控制的关键是提高巷道围岩完整性和自身强度，阻止裂隙发展，适应围岩大变形，控制的关键部位是充填区域上方的顶板。基于此，提出了沿空留巷围岩控制技术。
（5）分析了巷旁充填体在三个阶段的受力特点和变形特征，得到了巷旁充填体的作用机理，研究得到了高水材料合理的巷旁支护参数。根据充填体向两侧面变形的特点，开发了充填体预应力承载结构，极大地提高了高水材料充填体的承载能力和抗变形能力，可进一步降低充填体宽度。
上述研究成果在沁新煤矿、九里山矿两个典型工作面地质条件下取得成功应用。
Based on the analysis of predecessors’ achievements and by comprehensive using oftheoretical analysis, numerical simulation and the method of industrial test, thisdissertation began with overlying strata movement for gob-side entry retaining, establishedthe mechanic model of the structural stability of overlying strata for gob-side entryretaining, analyzed the stability of immediate roof and solid coal rib of the roadway, andrevealed the stability mechanisms of surrounding rock for gob-side entry retaining. On thebasis of getting the rule of surrounding rock movement and rock deformation failure, thelarge deformations control technology of surrounding rock for gob-side entry retaining wasput forward, and stabilization mechanism and control technology of surrounding rock hasbeen preliminarily formed for gob-side entry retaining. Main results are as follows:
(1) Based on analysis of the rupture rule of main roof and the load-bearingcharacteristics of roadside packing body, the view of the main roof for gob-side entryretaining secondary breakage, first broke above the solid coal and broke again outside ofpacking body was put forward. The formation mechanism and movement characteristics ofthe main roof secondary breakage were analyzed in detail, which provided the forcefulfoundation for the determination of the control technology of surrounding rock forgob-side entry retaining.
(2) The movement characteristics of overlying strata for gob-side entry retainingshowed three clear stages, surrounding rock deformation of gob-side entry retaining wasdivided into three stages, namely, the first mining influence stage, the stable stage ofgob-side entry retaining and the advance influence stage of secondary recovery. Byestablishing the mechanics model of main roof surrounding rock structure for gob-sideentry retaining, the calculation formula of the minimum support strength beside gob-sideentry retaining under three stages were calculated, and the results showed that the firstmining influence stage is the most difficult stage in gob-side entry retaining.
(3) It built mechanic models of immediate roof subsidence and solid coal rib of theroadway, respectively, under the condition of main roof of confined deformation, obtainedthe calculation formula of immediate roof and the minimum support strength of solid coalrib of the roadway. Individual analysis the relation of stability of immediate roof and solidcoal rib of the roadway and roadway-in supporting resistance, roadside supportingresistance, solid coal supporting resistance, coal mass strength, bolt length, working face height, etc. Meanwhile, its main influencing factors were obtained, which provides thebasis for road-in support determination of gob-side entry retaining.
(4)By analyzing stress and deformation of surrounding rock and distribution law ofplastic zone, the large deformation mechanism of surrounding rock for gob-side entryretaining was obtained. shallow surrounding rock along the unloading direction showsstrong dilatancy deformation and deep surrounding rock shows ductility volume expansionwhile peak stress constantly transfer to the deep of the roadway, its essence of surroundingrock failure is the surrounding rock of gob-side entry retaining by repeatedly loading andunloading effect, cause the principal stress difference increasing. The primary causes oflarge deformation of the gob-side entry retaining are the fracture of the main roof, therotating of the key block and its sinking and slippage. The key to control surrounding rockstability involves improving the integrity of roadway surrounding rock and load-bearingcapacity and preventing crack propagation, which is adapt to the large deformation ofsurrounding rock. The roof above the roadside packing is the key to control parts. Basedon the above, the control requirements and control technology of surrounding rock forgob-side entry retaining was proposed.
(5)This dissertation analyzed the stress characteristics and deformation features ofroadside packing body under three stages, obtained the mechanism of roadside packingbody, and study on reasonable supporting parameters of roadside packing with high-watermaterials. According to the deformation feature of packing body to two ribs, prestressingload-bearing frame of packing body was developed, which improved bearing capacity andanti-distortion capacity of packing body with high-water materials massively, and this canfurther reduce packing body width.
The above results were applied successfully in two field tests of the Qinxin coal mineand the Jiulishan coal mine under two typical geological conditions of working faces.
引文
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