生物质流态化燃烧过程理论和实验研究
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摘要
生物质循环流化床燃烧技术作为一种新兴的生物质直燃发电技术,在我国已经到了工业推广阶段。本文介绍了国内秸秆直燃发电主要技术路线、发展状况、存在的问题以及产业发展前景。本文针对流态化生物质燃烧技术发展,对生物质流态化燃烧过程中燃料颗粒收缩和破碎特性,生物质与床料的混合分离特性,炉内传热特性,反应动力学特性以及流动过程中颗粒在受热面上的沉积问题进行了理论和实验研究,为生物质流态化燃烧的工业应用提供了技术指导。
搭建了小型生物质半焦破碎特性研究实验台,针对流化床内生物质燃料颗粒燃烧过程中收缩、变形和破碎特性,采用热态燃烧淬熄取样的方法,对于典型生物质流态化燃烧状况下的半焦颗粒粒径的分布进行研究,摸索适用于生物质半焦炉内破碎的方程表达形式,建立恰当的破碎数学模型,通过实验手段获得生物质半焦燃烧过程中破碎模型关键系数。
搭建循环流化床冷态颗粒混合原理实验装置,采用自主研发设计的小室取样技术,从生物质燃料燃烧过程热量释放角度,抽提出生物质燃料种类和床料粒径组合两方面主要影响因素,对于不同工况组合下的燃料和床料混合分离特性进行研究,考察工况变化对于其混合分离特性的影响,从而可以定量理解和掌握这些参数对流态化条件下的燃料沿炉膛高度和沿炉膛截面分布的影响规律,并探索生物质燃料颗粒相、床料相和气相三相之间的相互作用。重点研究了生物质燃料品种、炉内位置等因素的影响。
利用现有0.5MW生物质循环流化床燃烧装置,在对冷态多相流动的认识基础上,针对不同特性的生物质燃料,研究不同工况因素对炉内流态化燃烧过程稀相区传热系数的影响,主要关注床层温度,燃料种类,一二次风配比和过量空气系数等,在实验数据的基础上,通过对现有稀相区传热系数计算理论的验证,探索得出合理的修正系数,从而指导生物质循环流化床锅炉的工业设计。
借助于热重试验分析,掌握典型生物质的挥发分析出温度、着火温度和焦炭燃尽的难易程度等燃烧特性,建立生物质燃烧动力学方程,得到反应活化能等动力学参数,从而为生物质在循环流化床中燃烧特性的数值模拟提供基础数据。
在上述实验研究和关键参数获取的基础上,建立生物质流化床锅炉整体数学模型,模拟生物质颗粒在循环流化床中的燃烧情况,预测生物质循环流化床锅炉炉膛温度分布、气相浓度分布、污染物排放等参数,从理论上指导生物质流态化燃烧技术的工程实践应用。
最后,针对农林业生物质流态化燃烧过程中的碱金属问题,以采用循环流化床技术的生物质直接燃烧发电工程项目为平台,对长期运行后炉内水冷壁、过热器、烟道表面沉积块进行取样分析,剖析其形成过程,重点研究生物质流化床内多相流动对其形成过程造成的影响。
As a brand-new biomass direct combustion technology, biomass circulating fluidized bed combustion technology has come to the popularization and extension stage. This article introduces the mainstream technologies of biomass combustion in China. Here, the present situations, existing problems and development prospects of these technologies, as well as the efficient solution and probable improvement methods are discussed. Therefore, this article is providing the technical advice by making through research in the fields of:1) shrinkage and fragmentationcharacter,2) mixing and separating character of biomass and bed material,3) thermal conduct character,4) reaction dynamic character and5) deposition problem.
Aiming at collecting the information of the shrinkage, deformation and fragmentation of biomass particles during the combustion process, a small sized biomass semi-char fragmentation research system is built. Utilizing this test system and "fire immediately extinguish method", the size distribution of semi-char particles are studyed and analyzed, and the law of biomass char fragmentation is expressed into a combination of equations. Finally, a mathematical model is set up with the data from our experiments, which is tally with the actual situation and meets the practice.
Initial stage of this project, the cold phase modeling theory is adopted and the test rig is built in which the "small-room sampling method" is developed by our own research group. Two main aspects influencing the biomass heat release are extracted during combustion:1)kinds of biomass and2)size distribution of bed material. By arranging these two facts, several different combinations are obtained. Under different combinations, the way of separation characteristics between the fuel and bed materials is discussed. The influence of different combination on mixing and separating character is explored. By a series of experiments, the law of these parameters influence on the distribution of fuel either along the height or along the section direction of the furnace is investigated, and the rules of interaction among particle phase, bed material phase and gas phase of biomass are explored. Our particular interests are on the influence of multiple factors to the admixture, such as the variety of biomass and distribution inside the furnace.
On the second stage, a0.5MW biomass CFB facility is involved. With the understanding of cold multiphase flow, the influence of different combination factors to thermal conduct coefficiency in dilute region is analyzed. The study focuses mainly on the bed temperature, fuel diversity, the ratio of primary and secondary air and exceed air ratio. Based on scientific experiments, the existing theoretical calculation method of thermal conduct coefficiency in dilute region is verified, come up with rational correction coefficient, which help instructing the industrial design of biomass CFB boiler.
With the aid of thermal gravity analysis, the temperature of devolatization, ignition temperature and the difficulty of char burn out of typical biomass fuels are analyzed. Armed with these data, the dynamic parameters (such as activation energy) is obtained, the kinetic equations of biomass combustion are built, preparing for the establishment of a mathematical model for biomass combustion in a CFB boiler.
On the basis of the previous research and data, and taking the mathematic model of coal CFB boiler as a reference, a mathematical model for biomass CFB is built up. Under ideal conditions, it provides the computer simulation of combustion of biomass in CFB. Therefore, it is able to predict the parameters of temperature distribution of furnace, the gas phase density and pollutants discharge. Just as expected in the beginning of this project, this model may theoretically guide the practical application of biomass fluidized combustion technology.
Last but not least, the study focuses on one of the practical problems of real biomass direct combustion for power project on agricultural and forest residues-the deposition problem. The deposition significantly reduces the efficiency of thermal conduction and as a result, has been cost a loss to the electricity generating efficiency. The data in the field work is collected and analyzed. The forming process of deposition investigated. Our main interest is the influence of multiphase flow in biomass CFB on deposition formation.
搭建了小型生物质半焦破碎特性研究实验台,针对流化床内生物质燃料颗粒燃烧过程中收缩、变形和破碎特性,采用热态燃烧淬熄取样的方法,对于典型生物质流态化燃烧状况下的半焦颗粒粒径的分布进行研究,摸索适用于生物质半焦炉内破碎的方程表达形式,建立恰当的破碎数学模型,通过实验手段获得生物质半焦燃烧过程中破碎模型关键系数。
搭建循环流化床冷态颗粒混合原理实验装置,采用自主研发设计的小室取样技术,从生物质燃料燃烧过程热量释放角度,抽提出生物质燃料种类和床料粒径组合两方面主要影响因素,对于不同工况组合下的燃料和床料混合分离特性进行研究,考察工况变化对于其混合分离特性的影响,从而可以定量理解和掌握这些参数对流态化条件下的燃料沿炉膛高度和沿炉膛截面分布的影响规律,并探索生物质燃料颗粒相、床料相和气相三相之间的相互作用。重点研究了生物质燃料品种、炉内位置等因素的影响。
利用现有0.5MW生物质循环流化床燃烧装置,在对冷态多相流动的认识基础上,针对不同特性的生物质燃料,研究不同工况因素对炉内流态化燃烧过程稀相区传热系数的影响,主要关注床层温度,燃料种类,一二次风配比和过量空气系数等,在实验数据的基础上,通过对现有稀相区传热系数计算理论的验证,探索得出合理的修正系数,从而指导生物质循环流化床锅炉的工业设计。
借助于热重试验分析,掌握典型生物质的挥发分析出温度、着火温度和焦炭燃尽的难易程度等燃烧特性,建立生物质燃烧动力学方程,得到反应活化能等动力学参数,从而为生物质在循环流化床中燃烧特性的数值模拟提供基础数据。
在上述实验研究和关键参数获取的基础上,建立生物质流化床锅炉整体数学模型,模拟生物质颗粒在循环流化床中的燃烧情况,预测生物质循环流化床锅炉炉膛温度分布、气相浓度分布、污染物排放等参数,从理论上指导生物质流态化燃烧技术的工程实践应用。
最后,针对农林业生物质流态化燃烧过程中的碱金属问题,以采用循环流化床技术的生物质直接燃烧发电工程项目为平台,对长期运行后炉内水冷壁、过热器、烟道表面沉积块进行取样分析,剖析其形成过程,重点研究生物质流化床内多相流动对其形成过程造成的影响。
As a brand-new biomass direct combustion technology, biomass circulating fluidized bed combustion technology has come to the popularization and extension stage. This article introduces the mainstream technologies of biomass combustion in China. Here, the present situations, existing problems and development prospects of these technologies, as well as the efficient solution and probable improvement methods are discussed. Therefore, this article is providing the technical advice by making through research in the fields of:1) shrinkage and fragmentationcharacter,2) mixing and separating character of biomass and bed material,3) thermal conduct character,4) reaction dynamic character and5) deposition problem.
Aiming at collecting the information of the shrinkage, deformation and fragmentation of biomass particles during the combustion process, a small sized biomass semi-char fragmentation research system is built. Utilizing this test system and "fire immediately extinguish method", the size distribution of semi-char particles are studyed and analyzed, and the law of biomass char fragmentation is expressed into a combination of equations. Finally, a mathematical model is set up with the data from our experiments, which is tally with the actual situation and meets the practice.
Initial stage of this project, the cold phase modeling theory is adopted and the test rig is built in which the "small-room sampling method" is developed by our own research group. Two main aspects influencing the biomass heat release are extracted during combustion:1)kinds of biomass and2)size distribution of bed material. By arranging these two facts, several different combinations are obtained. Under different combinations, the way of separation characteristics between the fuel and bed materials is discussed. The influence of different combination on mixing and separating character is explored. By a series of experiments, the law of these parameters influence on the distribution of fuel either along the height or along the section direction of the furnace is investigated, and the rules of interaction among particle phase, bed material phase and gas phase of biomass are explored. Our particular interests are on the influence of multiple factors to the admixture, such as the variety of biomass and distribution inside the furnace.
On the second stage, a0.5MW biomass CFB facility is involved. With the understanding of cold multiphase flow, the influence of different combination factors to thermal conduct coefficiency in dilute region is analyzed. The study focuses mainly on the bed temperature, fuel diversity, the ratio of primary and secondary air and exceed air ratio. Based on scientific experiments, the existing theoretical calculation method of thermal conduct coefficiency in dilute region is verified, come up with rational correction coefficient, which help instructing the industrial design of biomass CFB boiler.
With the aid of thermal gravity analysis, the temperature of devolatization, ignition temperature and the difficulty of char burn out of typical biomass fuels are analyzed. Armed with these data, the dynamic parameters (such as activation energy) is obtained, the kinetic equations of biomass combustion are built, preparing for the establishment of a mathematical model for biomass combustion in a CFB boiler.
On the basis of the previous research and data, and taking the mathematic model of coal CFB boiler as a reference, a mathematical model for biomass CFB is built up. Under ideal conditions, it provides the computer simulation of combustion of biomass in CFB. Therefore, it is able to predict the parameters of temperature distribution of furnace, the gas phase density and pollutants discharge. Just as expected in the beginning of this project, this model may theoretically guide the practical application of biomass fluidized combustion technology.
Last but not least, the study focuses on one of the practical problems of real biomass direct combustion for power project on agricultural and forest residues-the deposition problem. The deposition significantly reduces the efficiency of thermal conduction and as a result, has been cost a loss to the electricity generating efficiency. The data in the field work is collected and analyzed. The forming process of deposition investigated. Our main interest is the influence of multiphase flow in biomass CFB on deposition formation.
引文
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