焦化废水氮杂环化合物降解功能菌的分离、降解特性与代谢途径研究
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摘要
氮杂环化合物是焦化废水有机污染物质的主要组分,占总有机组分的20-30%,含量超过200 mg/L。多数氮杂环化合物气味恶臭且毒性大,不仅对人体健康与生态环境造成威胁,还对微生物产生抑制作用。在焦化废水生物处理单元中,氮杂环化合物的降解率达90%以上,说明在焦化废水长时间驯化与高浓度复杂污染物的压力下,活性污泥中的微生物很可能通过环境的选择和诱导出特异的功能降解特性。广谱高效菌源的获得与研究是生物强化方法处理难降解有机废水的关键问题之一,因此,从焦化废水活性污泥中分离获得功能特异的高效降解菌的可行性,为提高生物强化处理含氮杂环化合物废水的效率,达到减少环境污染目的提供了新的思路。本文以吡啶与喹啉作为氮杂环化合物的模型污染物,采用驯化富集的方法,从韶钢焦化废水生物处理系统的好氧活性污泥中获得了以吡啶为唯一碳、氮和能源生长的优势降解菌,考察了该菌在不同营养条件下降解吡啶的特性,该菌利用吡啶的生长动力学特征,降解吡啶与喹啉的代谢途径以及氮杂环化合物结构与生物降解活性的相关关系。主要结果有:
(1)吡啶优势降解菌DN-06被鉴定为无色杆菌Achromobacter sp.,是新发现的吡啶降解菌。DN-06的最佳生长环境是pH = 7-8,温度30-35℃和摇床转速为150-170 r/min。在最佳生长条件下,不同金属离子、氮源物质、碳源物质对吡啶降解的影响各异。(I)Fe~(3+)、Mn~(2+)和Zn~(2+)能促进吡啶的降解;Mo(VI)与Cu~(2+)抑制DN-06菌对吡啶的降解,且Cu~(2+)的抑制作用显著。(II)添加尿素(< 36 mg/L)与NH4Cl(< 200 mg/L)并不影响菌体生长与降解吡啶的速率;NaNO2对DN-06降解吡啶有明显抑制作用;当NaNO_3浓度为0-30 mg/L时,其对吡啶的生物降解无影响,当NaNO_3浓度为50-80 mg/L时,则对吡啶的生物降解起到抑制作用。(III)低浓度葡萄糖对吡啶的降解具有促进作用;在不同混合物(苯酚+吡啶,吡啶+喹啉)降解试验中,DN-06能同时降解两种基质,且共基质间存在拮抗作用,吡啶受苯酚与喹啉的影响大于吡啶对苯酚与喹啉的影响。
(2) DN-06利用吡啶的生长动力学符合抑制动力学方程。在最佳降解条件下,DN-06利用50~4300 mg/L吡啶生长,DN-06菌的适应期随着吡啶浓度的增高而延长,DN-06的比生长速率(μ)表现出先增大后降低的趋势。通过抑制动力学方程(Haldane、Yano、Webb和Aiba方程)以及Monod方程对各个初始浓度S0及对应比生长速率(μ)进行非线性拟合,结果是Haldane与Yano方程在实验浓度范围内能与实测数据很好的吻合,表明高浓度的吡啶对微生物生长具有抑制作用。Haldane方程的动力学参数为μmax= 0.161 h~(- 1),K_S = 142.6 mg /L,Ki= 4234.5 mg /L。较大的μmax和KS值表明菌株DN-06对吡啶具有快速降解以及能耐受高浓度吡啶的抑制作用的能力。
(3) DN-06以独特的双代谢途径来降解吡啶,对喹啉的降解则通过8-羟基香豆素途径来实现。联合使用多种手段,包括紫外光谱扫描、HPLC与GC/MS检测中间产物以及相关酶活性分析,研究了DN-06降解吡啶与喹啉的代谢途径。检测结果表明:DN-06降解吡啶的途径是直接还原开环,具有在N-C2处与C2-C3处打开吡啶环的两个开环途径;DN-06降解喹啉则是通过8-羟基香豆素途径来实现:喹啉2(1H)-喹喏酮8-羟基香豆素2,3-二羟基苯丙酸。无色杆菌Achromobacter sp.DN-06是新报道的降解吡啶与喹啉的降解菌,所提出的代谢途径为吡啶与喹啉的微生物降解的补充。
(4)样品中同时测定喹啉与2-羟基喹啉含量分析方法的建立。基于等吸收点以及考虑胞外聚合物(EPS)的光谱干扰,建立三波长(289、326和380 nm)紫外分光光度法同时测定样品中喹啉与2-羟基喹啉的分析方法。该方法具有操作步骤简单、快速处理等优点,非常适合于喹啉生物过程中底物与主要中间产物的分析,为监控喹啉生物降解过程提供一个快速而有效的表征手段。
(5)含氮杂环化合物的化学结构与其生物降解活性具有相关性。通过实验获得焦化废水活性污泥对7种吡啶与喹啉类化合物的平均降解速率并以此表征生物降解活性,运用Gaussian软件在B3LYP/6-311+G(d)理论水平下进行量子化学计算,手动分子拓扑学连接性指数的计算,获得建模参数,运用偏最小二乘法(PLS)建立了能稳定预测NHCs(吡啶及喹啉类物质)在水体生物降解活性的模型。模型变量重要性分析表明最高占有轨道能量和分子前线轨道能量差(ELUMO–EHOMO)、最负氢原子电荷(QH–)以及三价连接指数(4XVP)对吡啶与喹啉类物质的生物降解速率有着重要的制约作用。
以上结果说明DN-06是特异的功能降解菌,活性污泥在焦化废水长期、高污染物压力条件下可诱导出功能特异的降解菌,焦化废水活性污泥可作为强化功能降解菌的主要来源。
Nitrogen heterocyclic compounds (NHCs) are the main organic contamination in coking wastewater. The concent of NHCs is about 20-30% of total organic compounds and their total concentration exceeds 200 mg/L. Most NHCs with malodor and toxicity pose a threat to the environment and human health, and provide inhibition effects on microorganism activities. More than 90% of HNCs was found to be removed during the aerobic stage of coking wastewater treatment process, which indicates activated sludge domesticated by the complex pollutants in coking wastewater may contain diverse bacteria with versatile degrading characteristis. The obtainment and investigation of versatile degrading bacteria will contribute to improve the removal efficiencies of NHCs from wastewater in biological treatment, and decrease environmental pollution of NHCs. In the present work, using pyridine and quinoline as model componds of NHCs, the NHCs-degrading bacteria were isolated from the activated slude of a coking wastewater treatment. The degradation characterstics under various growth and nutrition condition, the growth kinetics and metabolic pathways of the isolated were investigated. The quantitative structure biodegradation relationships (QSBR) of NHCs were also studied. The conculsions are as follows:
(1) A pyridine-degading bacterium species (named as DN-06) was novely isolated from the aerobic activated sludge in coking wastewater treatment plant. DN-06 was identif ied as Achromobacter sp. using 16S rDNA sequence analysis. The optimal growth conditions are: pH 7-8, 30-35°C and shaing speed 150-170 r/min. The effects of different nutiution condition including various metal ions, nitrogen and carbon source on pyridine biodegradation by DN-06 were investagted. (I) Fe~(3+), Mn~(2+) and Zn~(2+) facilitate pyridine degradation, while Mo(VI) and Cu~(2+) provide inhibition effect. (II) Urea (< 36 mg/L) and ammonia (< 200 mg/L) do not affect pyridine degradation. Nitrite inhibites distinctly pyridine degradation by DN-06. Low concentration of nitrate (< 30 mg/L) has negligible effect on pyridine degradation, but high concentration of nitrate (50-80 mg/L) will inhibit pyridine degradation. (III) Low concentration of glucose can accelerate DN-06 growth and pyridine degradation. DN-06 can utilize both substrates in the double-substrate experiments, such as phenol+pyridine, and pyridine+quinoline. Antagonistic effect was found between the substrates, and the effects on pyridine by phenol and quinoline are larger than effects from pyridine.
(2) The growth kinetics of DN-06 follows inhibition kinetic quation. DN-06 utilizes pyridine in a wide concentratin from 50-4300 mg/L. As pyridine concentration increases, the lag period is prolong and the specific growth rate (μ) increases first and then edcreases. Five models (i.e. Haldane, Yano, Aiba, Webb and monod model) were used to fitted by non-linear regression on S0 andμ. Rusults indicate that Haldane and Yano kinetic models are more suitable models for full substrate concentration range with the highest R2 values of 0.929. R2 = 0.929. The growth of Achromobacter sp. DN-06 follows substrate inhibition kinetic model. The kinetic parameters ofμmax, Ks and Ki in Haldane model are 0.161 h~(- 1), 142.6 mg /L and 4234.5 mg /L, respectively. The high values ofμmax and Ks indicate that Achromobacter sp. DN-06 has a good tolerance against high pyridine concentrations.
(3) The metabolic pathways of pyridine and quinoline by DN-06 were investigated using intermediary metabolite detection by UV spectroscopy, HPLC and GC/MS, and assays of enzyme activities. The metabolic pathways of pyridine in Achromobacter sp. DN-06 likely involve the direct cleavages of the ring via both the N-C2 and C2-C3 cleavage pathways. The metabolic pathway of quinoline by DN-06 was proposed, that is, via 8-hydroxycoumarin pathway, since metabolic intermediates were identified, including 2-hydroxyquinoline, 2,3-dihydroxyphenylpropione and 8-hydroxycoumarin. Achromobacter sp.DN-06 is the newly reported pyridine and quinoline-degraing bacterium. The metabolic pathways of pyridine and quinoline provide a supplement for NHCs degradation.
(4) A tri-wavelength UV/Vis spectrophotometric method for rapid determination of quinoline (Q) and 2-hydroxyquinoline (HQ) during Q biodegradation was developed on the base of the spectral measurements at 289 (the isosbestic point of Q and HQ), 326, and 380 nm(EPS). The spectral interference of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in the process samples could be minimized, and the amounts of Q and HQ could be simultaneously quantified.The present method is simple, rapid, and suitable for the investigation in Q biodegradation processes.
(5) A correlation between chemical structures of NHCs and their biodegradation activities was found. Mainly based on some quantum chemical descriptors computed at the B3LYP/6-311+G(d) level with Gaussian software, and the manually calculated molecular connectivity indexes(MCI), by the use of least squares analysis, a quantitative structure-biodegradation relationship (QSBR) model for biodegradation rates of selected 7 NHCs were obtained.The correlation coefficients of the obtained models are significant. The results showed that the eigenvalue of the highest occupied molecular orbital(ELUMO–EHOMO), mulliken atomic charges on the most negative hydrogen atom(Q_H~–), and trialence MCI(~4X~V_P ) play an important role in governing the biodegradation of NHCs.
The results indicate that bacteria can obtain specific degradation characteristics under pollutants pressure and long-term domestication in coking wastewater, and the activated sludge in coking wastewater treatment opens the door for the source of functional bacteria.
(1)吡啶优势降解菌DN-06被鉴定为无色杆菌Achromobacter sp.,是新发现的吡啶降解菌。DN-06的最佳生长环境是pH = 7-8,温度30-35℃和摇床转速为150-170 r/min。在最佳生长条件下,不同金属离子、氮源物质、碳源物质对吡啶降解的影响各异。(I)Fe~(3+)、Mn~(2+)和Zn~(2+)能促进吡啶的降解;Mo(VI)与Cu~(2+)抑制DN-06菌对吡啶的降解,且Cu~(2+)的抑制作用显著。(II)添加尿素(< 36 mg/L)与NH4Cl(< 200 mg/L)并不影响菌体生长与降解吡啶的速率;NaNO2对DN-06降解吡啶有明显抑制作用;当NaNO_3浓度为0-30 mg/L时,其对吡啶的生物降解无影响,当NaNO_3浓度为50-80 mg/L时,则对吡啶的生物降解起到抑制作用。(III)低浓度葡萄糖对吡啶的降解具有促进作用;在不同混合物(苯酚+吡啶,吡啶+喹啉)降解试验中,DN-06能同时降解两种基质,且共基质间存在拮抗作用,吡啶受苯酚与喹啉的影响大于吡啶对苯酚与喹啉的影响。
(2) DN-06利用吡啶的生长动力学符合抑制动力学方程。在最佳降解条件下,DN-06利用50~4300 mg/L吡啶生长,DN-06菌的适应期随着吡啶浓度的增高而延长,DN-06的比生长速率(μ)表现出先增大后降低的趋势。通过抑制动力学方程(Haldane、Yano、Webb和Aiba方程)以及Monod方程对各个初始浓度S0及对应比生长速率(μ)进行非线性拟合,结果是Haldane与Yano方程在实验浓度范围内能与实测数据很好的吻合,表明高浓度的吡啶对微生物生长具有抑制作用。Haldane方程的动力学参数为μmax= 0.161 h~(- 1),K_S = 142.6 mg /L,Ki= 4234.5 mg /L。较大的μmax和KS值表明菌株DN-06对吡啶具有快速降解以及能耐受高浓度吡啶的抑制作用的能力。
(3) DN-06以独特的双代谢途径来降解吡啶,对喹啉的降解则通过8-羟基香豆素途径来实现。联合使用多种手段,包括紫外光谱扫描、HPLC与GC/MS检测中间产物以及相关酶活性分析,研究了DN-06降解吡啶与喹啉的代谢途径。检测结果表明:DN-06降解吡啶的途径是直接还原开环,具有在N-C2处与C2-C3处打开吡啶环的两个开环途径;DN-06降解喹啉则是通过8-羟基香豆素途径来实现:喹啉2(1H)-喹喏酮8-羟基香豆素2,3-二羟基苯丙酸。无色杆菌Achromobacter sp.DN-06是新报道的降解吡啶与喹啉的降解菌,所提出的代谢途径为吡啶与喹啉的微生物降解的补充。
(4)样品中同时测定喹啉与2-羟基喹啉含量分析方法的建立。基于等吸收点以及考虑胞外聚合物(EPS)的光谱干扰,建立三波长(289、326和380 nm)紫外分光光度法同时测定样品中喹啉与2-羟基喹啉的分析方法。该方法具有操作步骤简单、快速处理等优点,非常适合于喹啉生物过程中底物与主要中间产物的分析,为监控喹啉生物降解过程提供一个快速而有效的表征手段。
(5)含氮杂环化合物的化学结构与其生物降解活性具有相关性。通过实验获得焦化废水活性污泥对7种吡啶与喹啉类化合物的平均降解速率并以此表征生物降解活性,运用Gaussian软件在B3LYP/6-311+G(d)理论水平下进行量子化学计算,手动分子拓扑学连接性指数的计算,获得建模参数,运用偏最小二乘法(PLS)建立了能稳定预测NHCs(吡啶及喹啉类物质)在水体生物降解活性的模型。模型变量重要性分析表明最高占有轨道能量和分子前线轨道能量差(ELUMO–EHOMO)、最负氢原子电荷(QH–)以及三价连接指数(4XVP)对吡啶与喹啉类物质的生物降解速率有着重要的制约作用。
以上结果说明DN-06是特异的功能降解菌,活性污泥在焦化废水长期、高污染物压力条件下可诱导出功能特异的降解菌,焦化废水活性污泥可作为强化功能降解菌的主要来源。
Nitrogen heterocyclic compounds (NHCs) are the main organic contamination in coking wastewater. The concent of NHCs is about 20-30% of total organic compounds and their total concentration exceeds 200 mg/L. Most NHCs with malodor and toxicity pose a threat to the environment and human health, and provide inhibition effects on microorganism activities. More than 90% of HNCs was found to be removed during the aerobic stage of coking wastewater treatment process, which indicates activated sludge domesticated by the complex pollutants in coking wastewater may contain diverse bacteria with versatile degrading characteristis. The obtainment and investigation of versatile degrading bacteria will contribute to improve the removal efficiencies of NHCs from wastewater in biological treatment, and decrease environmental pollution of NHCs. In the present work, using pyridine and quinoline as model componds of NHCs, the NHCs-degrading bacteria were isolated from the activated slude of a coking wastewater treatment. The degradation characterstics under various growth and nutrition condition, the growth kinetics and metabolic pathways of the isolated were investigated. The quantitative structure biodegradation relationships (QSBR) of NHCs were also studied. The conculsions are as follows:
(1) A pyridine-degading bacterium species (named as DN-06) was novely isolated from the aerobic activated sludge in coking wastewater treatment plant. DN-06 was identif ied as Achromobacter sp. using 16S rDNA sequence analysis. The optimal growth conditions are: pH 7-8, 30-35°C and shaing speed 150-170 r/min. The effects of different nutiution condition including various metal ions, nitrogen and carbon source on pyridine biodegradation by DN-06 were investagted. (I) Fe~(3+), Mn~(2+) and Zn~(2+) facilitate pyridine degradation, while Mo(VI) and Cu~(2+) provide inhibition effect. (II) Urea (< 36 mg/L) and ammonia (< 200 mg/L) do not affect pyridine degradation. Nitrite inhibites distinctly pyridine degradation by DN-06. Low concentration of nitrate (< 30 mg/L) has negligible effect on pyridine degradation, but high concentration of nitrate (50-80 mg/L) will inhibit pyridine degradation. (III) Low concentration of glucose can accelerate DN-06 growth and pyridine degradation. DN-06 can utilize both substrates in the double-substrate experiments, such as phenol+pyridine, and pyridine+quinoline. Antagonistic effect was found between the substrates, and the effects on pyridine by phenol and quinoline are larger than effects from pyridine.
(2) The growth kinetics of DN-06 follows inhibition kinetic quation. DN-06 utilizes pyridine in a wide concentratin from 50-4300 mg/L. As pyridine concentration increases, the lag period is prolong and the specific growth rate (μ) increases first and then edcreases. Five models (i.e. Haldane, Yano, Aiba, Webb and monod model) were used to fitted by non-linear regression on S0 andμ. Rusults indicate that Haldane and Yano kinetic models are more suitable models for full substrate concentration range with the highest R2 values of 0.929. R2 = 0.929. The growth of Achromobacter sp. DN-06 follows substrate inhibition kinetic model. The kinetic parameters ofμmax, Ks and Ki in Haldane model are 0.161 h~(- 1), 142.6 mg /L and 4234.5 mg /L, respectively. The high values ofμmax and Ks indicate that Achromobacter sp. DN-06 has a good tolerance against high pyridine concentrations.
(3) The metabolic pathways of pyridine and quinoline by DN-06 were investigated using intermediary metabolite detection by UV spectroscopy, HPLC and GC/MS, and assays of enzyme activities. The metabolic pathways of pyridine in Achromobacter sp. DN-06 likely involve the direct cleavages of the ring via both the N-C2 and C2-C3 cleavage pathways. The metabolic pathway of quinoline by DN-06 was proposed, that is, via 8-hydroxycoumarin pathway, since metabolic intermediates were identified, including 2-hydroxyquinoline, 2,3-dihydroxyphenylpropione and 8-hydroxycoumarin. Achromobacter sp.DN-06 is the newly reported pyridine and quinoline-degraing bacterium. The metabolic pathways of pyridine and quinoline provide a supplement for NHCs degradation.
(4) A tri-wavelength UV/Vis spectrophotometric method for rapid determination of quinoline (Q) and 2-hydroxyquinoline (HQ) during Q biodegradation was developed on the base of the spectral measurements at 289 (the isosbestic point of Q and HQ), 326, and 380 nm(EPS). The spectral interference of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in the process samples could be minimized, and the amounts of Q and HQ could be simultaneously quantified.The present method is simple, rapid, and suitable for the investigation in Q biodegradation processes.
(5) A correlation between chemical structures of NHCs and their biodegradation activities was found. Mainly based on some quantum chemical descriptors computed at the B3LYP/6-311+G(d) level with Gaussian software, and the manually calculated molecular connectivity indexes(MCI), by the use of least squares analysis, a quantitative structure-biodegradation relationship (QSBR) model for biodegradation rates of selected 7 NHCs were obtained.The correlation coefficients of the obtained models are significant. The results showed that the eigenvalue of the highest occupied molecular orbital(ELUMO–EHOMO), mulliken atomic charges on the most negative hydrogen atom(Q_H~–), and trialence MCI(~4X~V_P ) play an important role in governing the biodegradation of NHCs.
The results indicate that bacteria can obtain specific degradation characteristics under pollutants pressure and long-term domestication in coking wastewater, and the activated sludge in coking wastewater treatment opens the door for the source of functional bacteria.
引文
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