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铸造热锻模具钢热疲劳性能的研究
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摘要
热疲劳断裂是铸造热锻模具的主要失效形式之一,是限制模具寿命的重要因素。因此,改善铸造模具钢的热疲劳性能对于提高热锻模具的使用寿命,加速其在国内的推广与应用具有重要的实际意义。本文采用自约束热疲劳试验法,研究了主要合金元素C、Cr、Mo、V及微量元素Ti、Nb与回火温度对铸造热锻模具钢热疲劳性能的影响规律,并分析了铸造热锻模具钢的热疲劳特性及铸造模具钢热疲劳裂纹的萌生和扩展机理,为铸造热锻模具钢的合金成分优化及热处理工艺的制定提供了理论依据。
     研究结果表明:合金元素对铸造热锻模具钢的热疲劳性能有显著影响,适当的C、Cr、Mo、V以及加入微量元素Ti、Nb可明显提高铸造模具钢的热疲劳抗力。0.3%C铸钢的热疲劳抗力最高,碳含量过高会恶化热疲劳性能。440℃回火时,Cr、Mo溶入α-Fe基体可提高铸钢的热强性;但在600℃回火时,钢中铬含量过多会导致粗大的Cr_(23)C_6析出,过多的钼促使Mo_6C呈链状沿晶界析出,均显著降低铸造模具钢的热疲劳抗力。无论440℃回火还是600℃回火,V/C为3.0的铸钢中均析出细小弥散的VC,其热疲劳性能最好。研究发现:铸造热锻模具钢的热疲劳属于高周热疲劳,其热疲劳抗力主要取决于铸钢的热强性和热稳定性。铸造模具钢的热疲劳裂纹主要在碳化物与基体的交界处和晶界处萌生,热疲劳裂纹的扩展路径既有沿晶扩展,也有穿晶扩展。新型铸造热锻模具钢经合金成分优化,其热疲劳抗力明显高于国产H13锻钢,与8407钢热疲劳性能相近。
Thermal fatigue is one of the main failure patterns for the cast hot-working dies and an important factor to limit the life of hot-working dies. Thus it is very important to improving thermal fatigue resistance of the cast die steels, in order to raise the life of dies and widen the application of the cast hot-wok dies. By using the self-restricting test method, the thermal fatigue properties of the cast die steels with different compositions of C, Cr, Mo, V and addition of micro-elements Ti, Nb under different tempering temperature were studied. The thermal fatigue characteristic of the cast hot-work die steel and the initiation and propagation mechanism of thermal fatigue cracks were also investigated. All of these provide a theoretical basis for alloy composition optimization and heat treatment process of the cast hot-work die steel.
     The results show that the thermal fatigue property of the cast hot-work die steel is markedly influenced by alloy elements. The optimal compositions of C, Cr, Mo, V and addition of Ti, Nb can improve the thermal fatigue resistance of the cast steel obviously. The cast steel containing 3%C possesses the highest resistance to thermal fatigue. Extra high C content would deteriorate the thermal fatigue property. As tempering at 440℃, Cr, Mo inα-Fe matrix can increase heat stability of the cast steels, but as tempering at 600℃, excessive Cr, Mo in steel would result in precipitation of Cr_(23)C_6, and Mo_6C. In the cases, the thermal fatigue resistance of the cast die steel should be reduced substantially. Whether tempering at 440℃or at 600℃, the thermal fatigue property of the cast steel with V/C=3.0 is the best because of the dispersed precipitation of VC in the tempered structure. It is found that the thermal fatigue of the cast hot-work die steel is high-cycle thermal fatigue. The main factor affecting thermal fatigue resistance is heat strength and thermal stability. The thermal fatigue cracks of the cast die steel initiate at the boundary between carbides and matrix or at the grain boundary. The propagation paths of the thermal fatigue cracks are intergranular or transgranular. After the optimization of alloy composition, the thermal fatigue resistance of the new cast hot-work die steel is obviously higher than that of H13 steel, and near to the thermal fatigue property of 8407 steel.
引文
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