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酒泉盆地形成机制与演化
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摘要
上世纪80年代以来,地质学家对裂陷盆地的研究不断深入,并提出了许多形成机制。这些机制均认为裂陷盆地的形成受制于地幔热隆起,在地表形成长逾数百公里或上千公里的断陷群。酒泉白垩纪盆地在沿其内部次级断陷的走向方向(北东或北北东向)长度不足100km,东西宽200余公里,面积非常狭小。因此,对其形成机制的研究必须首先从区域盆地的研究展开,才能揭示其形成机制,进而探讨其演化过程。
     前人大量的研究成果表明,河西走廊及其相邻地区在白垩纪时期完全处于陆内演化阶段。通过对分布于河西走廊地区、北山-阿拉善地区、祁连山地区以及柴北缘地区的白垩系的分析和对比,认为分布于昌马地区、北山东部地区、银根-额济纳旗地区、民乐地区的下白垩统具有三分式结构,可以与酒泉盆地的赤金堡组、下沟组和中沟组对比。在此基础上,对昌马盆地、民乐盆地、扎格高脑盆地和中口子盆地进行了概略性的分析,重点对银根-额济纳旗盆地从箕状断陷的层序和结构、沉积建造、伸展构造样式和深部构造等方面作了一定的解剖,认为上述盆地与银根-额济纳旗盆地一样,在早白垩世呈现出北东或北北东向展布的隆坳相间的构造格局,并都经历了断陷和坳陷作用两个大的演化阶段。
     基于大量地震资料和前人研究成果的分析,认为酒泉白垩纪盆地基本上表现为北东向(北北东向)和北西向(包括近东西向)2种伸展构造样式;同时结合对区域伸展构造的分析,认为前者是NW-SE向伸展作用形成的,而后者是此种伸展应力场的派生物,既具有走向滑移特征。还表现出倾向滑移特征。在此基础上,通过上述构造样式与盆地充填物厚度关系的研究,区分出了控盆边界断层和次级断层,认为上述伸展构造样式活动于赤金堡组、下沟组沉积期,中沟组沉积期停止活动,具有同步演化的特征。另外,通过对青南次凹、青西低凸起和红南次凹的关系、形态分析,参照前人地震资料,认为它们是坡坪式正断层上盘在赤金堡组、下沟组沉积期,由于强烈的伸展作用造成地壳表部塌陷形成的。
     分布于红柳峡、旱峡地区的火山岩的形成时代,历来是地质工作者争论的问题。本文通过对其地质特征的分析,结合前人同位素年龄,认为它们形成于早白垩世,与下沟组沉积期的伸展作用密切相关。同时,还对前人大量的岩石化学、微量元素、稀土元素以及同位素资料的进行了分析,认为它与国内外裂谷盆地火山岩相似,可能是地幔局部熔融的产物。此外,本文对盆地内喷流岩从地质特征、组构特征和矿物地球化学特征等方面进行了分析,认为此种岩类与赤金堡组、下沟沉积期的强伸展作用有关,分布状况明显的受正断层控制,伸展作用愈强,深部喷流活动愈强,反之则弱。
     通过广泛的野外露头观察和前人大量的钻井、测井资料的分析,识别出酒泉盆地下白垩统中存在冲积扇沉积体系、扇三角洲沉积体系、河流沉积体系、河流三角洲沉积体系、湖泊沉积体系和湖底扇沉积体系。在此基础上,对其亚相、微相作了进一步划分。在此基础上,通过其与伸展构造和物源区关系的研究,认为冲积扇沉积体系、扇三角洲沉积体系和湖底扇沉积体系多发育于赤金堡组、下沟组沉积期凹陷的陡岸地带,而河流三角洲沉积体系主要位于缓岸地带。
     基于不同级别沉积界面的识别,将酒泉盆地下白垩统划分成3个构造层序,沉积层序6个。在此基础上,对沉积层序作了进一步分析。初步认为,发育于赤金堡组内的第一个沉积层序上升半旋回大于下降半旋回,第二个沉积层序上升半旋回小于下降半旋回;下沟组内的2个沉积层序总体上表现为上升半旋回远大于下降半旋回的特征,显示了强烈的伸展作用;而发育于中沟组内的第一个沉积层序之上升半旋回略大于下降半旋回,表明裂陷作用明显减弱;第二个沉积层序大多被剥蚀。
    
    理学博士学位论文
    成都理工大学
     在对现代伸展模式分析的基础上,本文从地层学与沉积学、盆岭式断陷盆地系、深部地
    球动力背景、变质核杂岩等7个方面论证了酒泉盆地相邻地区在早白坐世时存在巨型伸展构
    造系统这一特点。在此基础上,结合区域上’一卜白里统的分布状况及其构成特点,建立了酒泉
    盆地的形成机制。
     论文最后在对盆地形成机制和构造层序分析的基础上,对酒泉盆地的演化过程进行了研
    究,初步认为酒泉盆地表现为2幕断陷活动以及其后的坳陷作用。而且,在幕式伸展活动中,
    盆缘边界断层显示出明显的脉冲性活动特征。这些构造作用使凹陷范围自早而晚依次扩大;
    但随着一次构造事件的减弱,又有新的构造事件发生。在坳陷阶段,总体表现为两次大的坳
    陷作用;在早期的坳陷作用过程中,虽然凹陷范围扩大,但总体仍可反映先前的面貌;晚期
    坳陷作用之大多数沉积记录己遭受剥蚀,因而,我们无法准确地了解该时期盆地的面貌。
The study of rift basins was of interest to many geologists for last 39 years.and many mative mechanics have been put up by geologists. The formative mechanics all indicate that rift basins are controlled by hot crown of mantal, a half-garben cluster that its length usually is more than 1000 km is formed in ground surface. And the length of Jiuquan basin is less than 100 km, but the mark of fault basin is explicit.The study of rift basin require the study of the peripheral basins of Jiuquan basin.
    The previous fluidies indicate that the Hexi corridor and its adjacent region belong to intralcontinental evolvement stage in the early Cretaceous. According to the analysis and the comparison of Cretaceous which occur in Hexi corridor, Beishan-Alashan, Qilian moutain and northern Chaidamu basin, the author thinks that the lower Cretaceous which occur in Changma basin, eastern Beishan, Minle basin and Yingen-Ejinaqi basin can be divided into three parts, and each part can be comparable for the Chijinbao, Xiagou and Zhonggou formation individually. Based on the results, the paper analyses the Changma basin, Minle basin, Zhongkouzi basin and Zhagegaonao basin summarily.Furthermore, Yingen-Ejinaqi basin is studied by its sequences and the architecture of lower Cretaceous,sedimentary formation, extensionl tectonics type and deep structure. This study indicated that the above basins together with Yingen-Ejinaqi basin possess the same evolvement in the rifting process.
    According to the author' s analysis of large set of seismic data and the results of previous fluidies in Jiuquan basin, two types of extensionl faults can be recoguized.they are NE or NNE striking and NW or approximate EW striking. Meanwhile, according to the analysis of the extensionl structures in adjacent region of Jiuquan basin, the author suggest that the former were made by the regional extensionl striking of NW to SE, and the last is derivative structure of the extensionl stress field, and it not only possesses the features of striking sliding, but also that of dip. Based on above all, the author distinguishes the boundary faults and secondary faults of Jiuquan basin, and thinks that the extensionl structures move in the depositional stage of Chijinbao Fm and Xiagou Fm, and stops in the depositional period of Zhonggou Fm, both possesses the feature of synchronous evolvement. Otherwise, by means of the analysis of the relationship and shape of Qingnan subbasin and Hongnan subbasin, and the seismic data
     of the tectornic units, the author thinks that these units results from the earth surface breakdown caused by the topwall deforming made by the extensionl action during the sedimentary period of Chijinbao Fm and Xiagou Fm.
    The volcanics lying in Hongliuxia and Hanxia region formed in the early Cretaceous and are related to the extensionl tectonics occurring duiring the sedimentary period of Xiagou Fm according to the author' s analysis of their geological features and predecessors' isotopic ages. Meanwhile, this paper analyses the geochemical feature of volcanic lithology, rare-earth metal and trace elements and these features are similar to those of volcanics of the typical rift basins all over the world. Otherwise, based on the analysis of feature of geology, fabric and geochemistry of exhalative rock, the author consider that the rock related to the intense extensionl action occurring in the sedimentary period of Xiagou Fm and Chijinbao Fm, that the stronger the extensionl action is, the stronger the exhalative action is.
    Based on field investigation of outcrops and the data of drilled wells and well logging, the author thinks that there are five of sedimentary system type which include alluvial fan, fan delta,
    
    
    river and lake fan, and the author divides each type of them. Furtherore, according to the analysis about the relationship of extensionl structure to provenance. I think that the sedimentary system of alluvial fan, fan delta and lake fan usually develop at bold coast in the depositional period of Chijinbao Fm and Xiagou Fm, and river delta depo
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