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烟叶专卖品的市场化改革及政策调整取向
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摘要
本论文研究的是烟叶在农产品市场化环境下的政府管制和专卖制度变革问题。由于其制品的有害性,烟草行业一直是在世界范围内受政府管制较多的一个行业,但我国学者以往的研究都侧重于诸如电信、航空、铁路、电力等自然垄断产业,较少涉猎烟草行业和专卖制度这一领域。在烟草专卖制度确立和实施以来,我国经济体制发生了深刻变化,正由传统的计划经济向市场经济转变,逐步建立起完善的社会主义市场经济体制。在市场经济环境下,烟草专卖制度如何与市场经济相结合是烟草行业面临的重大问题,如何解决这个问题将对烟草行业的发展产生深远影响。更为值得关注的是烟叶既是农产品,又是烟草专卖品,在其他农产品全部实行市场化条件下,烟叶面临着巨大的挑战。在整个经济体制改革不断深化并基本确立市场经济体制的宏观环境中,烟叶体制市场化改革的步伐明显滞后,并因其计划配置、纵向管理、专卖专营和行政调控的行业特点,被系统外称为“市场经济中的计划孤岛”,“最后的官方作物”。在市场化改革已经成为共识的今天,烟叶经济显然不能独立于农业经济和整个经济体制改革之外,继续按照传统的方式运行。
     在这样的背景下,论文以市场经济体制在我国的实践为切入点,运用产业的管制经济学理论框架和方法论,采用分析、比较、实证的手段,深入剖析我国烟草专卖制度。论文突出以政府管制的职能转变和专卖制度的变革和重构为基本视角来分析我国烟叶专卖管制的现状和问题,探讨在市场环境下烟叶专卖的发展路径,并通过对世界各国烟草行业管制的国际比较,尝试从行业自身和外部环境层面提出制度变革的政策建议。
     本项研究认为,烟叶市场化改革的方向和目标是要在专卖专营制度下引入竞争机制,在市场引导下,实施政府的计划控制和管理,建立一种既符合烟叶产业特点,又能适应市场化改革趋势要求的市场——计划型的内圆外方体制。具体而言,这一体制,一要有利于有效利用和合理配置烟叶资源,逐步实现烟叶供需总量平衡、结构合理的目标,提高我国烟叶的总体质量水平和竞争力,促进烟叶的可持续发展;二要有利于合理分割和分配烟草行业利益,建立烟农、烟草公司和烟厂之间稳定和良性的产业联系,促进行业内部组织方式和运行机制的创新,不断提高烟草行业总体效益;三要有利于增加烟叶产业经济体制的灵活性和适应性,在体制安排上确保烟叶经济运行能够对外部经济环境和政策(特别是对大农业经济形势和政策)的变化做出适时反应,并完成自我调整。
     总体上看,这一体制改革包括四个核心要件,即专卖体制,计划资源市场化配置的供给管理(Supply management),合理的定价和税收,科学的政策措施。
     论文重点在以下几个方面进行了创新性探索:
     一是将烟草专卖品置于宏观市场经济条件下进行全面系统深刻的研究分析。研究认为转轨国家不应把“市场”和“政府”对立起来,而是应该在二者之间保持恰到好处的平衡。对于烟草这一特殊商品而言,它需要更多的政府介入和管理控制,而不能从概念出发或受新自由主义理论误导,盲目推崇市场改革。这为我国烟草专卖体制的存在提供了理论基础。当然,重要的是在专卖体制下引入竞争机制,强化内部管理和机制创新,以期提高系统内部效率,增加政策收益。具体而言,要在坚持满足卷烟生产需要的烟叶计划总量控制前提下,建立以市场需求为核心的计划资源配置机制。所以,建立市场——计划型管理体制是本研究的重要成果和论文其他内容的基石。
     二是对烟叶在政府管制下的市场化运行框架和机制进行了重新的设计。论文尤其强调计划的严肃性,以及重新设计烟叶的生产经营主体。论文根据利润函数、生产函数模型及其优化理论提出了烟叶收购价格调整的理论模型,成为烟草行业进行价格调整的重要依据。从理论上论证增加烟叶收购价的弹性、提高收购价水平(保证烟农获得高于一般农业生产的平均利润)和逐步放开调拨价的合理性和必要性,为烟叶价格政策的变动提供理论支撑。同时,烟叶税制的改革研究,能够理清烟叶税存在的经济学理由。
     三是较为系统地阐述了烟叶发展的政策措施。论文从多个方面详尽的设计了烟叶生产平稳可持续发展的政策框架。这一设计既充分考虑了市场经济的特征,又照应作为专卖品的特点,是可供烟草专卖行政主管部门采纳的政策措施。
     论文力求在充足理论支撑下,构建我国烟叶政策目标方向和措施,以克服烟叶对市场化环境的不适应。
This paper studies on the issue of government control and the changes of the flue-cured tobacco monopoly system under the circumstances of general adoption of the market principle of agricultural produce. Due to the harmfulness of the product, tobacco industry has been one that is controlled by governments of various countries in the world. However, previous more studies carried out by researchers in China emphasized on natural monopoly industries such as telecommunications, aviation, railway, electric power, etc., and few studies have been made on tobacco trade and tobacco monopoly system. Since the establishment and implementation of tobacco monopoly system, great changes have taken place in economic system in China. China is changing from traditional planned economy to market-directed economy and a perfect socialist market economy system has been set up gradually. Under the circumstances of market economy, how the tobacco monopoly system to combine with market economy is a fundamental issue faced by tobacco industry, and how to resolve this issue will have a profound significance on the development of tobacco industry. The more important attention needs to be paid is that tobacco is an agricultural produce and a monopolized commodity as well and tobacco is faced with a tremendous challenge at the conditions when the market principle generally adopted for other agri-foods. In the macro-environment that the reform of the entire economic system is going on in-depth continuously and the market economy system is basically established, the pace of market-oriented reform of flue-cured tobacco monopoly system is obviously slower. Moreover, owing to characters of trade such as the planned allocation, vertical management, monopoly of sale, and administrative regulation and control, tobacco trade is called "planned island in market economy", "the last official crop" by people outside the tobacco trade. Today, as the market-oriented reform has become a common opinion, it is obviously that tobacco economy cannot be independent of agricultural economy and comprehensive economic structure reform and continuously operates according to traditional mode.
     Under this background and based on the practices of market economy in China, by using the theoretical framework and methodology of directed economy of industry and the methods of analysis, comparison, and case study, the paper analyzes China's tobacco monopoly system in depth and with the functional changes of government control and the reform and reorganization of tobacco monopoly system as the angle of view, it analyses the current situation and problems of China's tobacco monopoly system, approaches the development path of tobacco monopoly system under market environment, and through comparison of tobacco trade control systems of different countries in the world, the paper also tries to put forward comments on institutional reform from tobacco trade per se and external environment aspects.
     This study considers that the orientation and objectives of market-oriented reform of tobacco is introduction of competitive system, and the government's planned control and management should be implemented under the guidance of market and a market-planned internally flexible and externally rigorous type system that accords with the characters of tobacco trade and suits the requirements of market-oriented reform should be established. Generally speaking, this system should be favorable to the effective utilization and rational alocation of tobacco resource and gradually realizing the objectives of balance of total supply and demand and rational structure, and enhancing the general quality level and competitive power and promoting the sustainable development of tobacco production. Secondly, this system should favorable to the rational split and distribution of the benefits of tobacco trade and to the promotion of the establishment of stable and good relations among tobacco farmers, tobacco companies and tobacco factories, so as to promote the innovation of internal organization mode and operational mechanism and increase the overall benefits of tobacco trade. Thirdly, it should be favorable to the flexibility and adaptability of the economic system of tobacco industry, and the established system should guarantee the timely response to the changes of external economic environment and policy (especially the economic situation and policy of agriculture) the accomplishment of self-regulation.
     Generally speaking, the reform of this system contains four core components, namely monopoly system of sale, supply management of market allocation of planned resources, rational pricing and taxation, and scientific policy measures. This paper focuses on the innovative exploration of the following aspects:
     Firstly, this paper carries out studies and analysis on the monopolized tobacco product under the macro-market economy conditions. The paper considers that the "market" and "government" should not be conflicted in economic transforming countries, but a well balance between them should be kept. As for the special commodity of tobacco, it needs more government intervention and management control, but not proceed from the concepts or worship blindly market reform resulted from misdirection of the theory of new liberalism, thus providing theoretical basis for the existence of tobacco monopoly system in China. Naturally, the important thing is the introduction of competitive mechanism under tobacco monopoly system, strengthening internal management and innovation of mechanism, so as to improve the internal efficiency, decrease corruption and overexpansion of departmental benefits. Speaking concretely, the planned resource allocation mechanism with market demand as its core should be established under the prerequisite of persisting the control of planned total quantity of tobacco for the sake of meeting the demand of cigarette production. Therefore, the establishment of market-planned type management system is an important result of this study and the foundation of other contents of the paper.
     Secondly, this paper redesigns the market-operating framework and mechanism of tobacco under the control of government, especially emphasizes the seriousness of plan and the redesigns the main body of tobacco production and business. Based on the profit function, production function model and its theory of optimization, this paper has put forward a theoretical model for readjustment of tobacco purchasing price and it has become an important basis of price readjustment conducted by tobacco trade. The paper proves theoretically the elasticity of increase tobacco purchasing price, the rationality and necessity of increasing the level of procurement price (the average profit obtained by tobacco farmers should be higher than that by farmers are engaged in common agricultural production) and gradually relaxing allocation price, and thus providing theoretical basis for changes of tobacco price policy. In the meantime, the studies on the reform of taxation system will further give clear economic reasons of taxation of tobacco.
     Thirdly, the paper has made a systematic exposition of policy measures of development of tobacco production. It has designed a detailed policy framework for sustainable development of tobacco production in 10 aspects. The design not only has fully considered the characteristics of market economy, but also has considered the characteristics of tobacco as a monopolized commodity.
     The paper strives to construct the objectives, direction, and approaches of tobacco policy in China based on the adequate theoretical support so as to overcome the inadaptability of tobacco to market-directed environment.
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