中国中小旅游城市竞争力系统结构与评价研究
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摘要
中小旅游城市拥有特色的旅游资源,宜人的生态环境,是我国旅游城市体系中的重要组成部分,在当前世界经济一体化发展的大背景下,旅游城市这一特殊功能类型的城市竞争越来越激烈,中小旅游城市竞争主体地位日益突出,中小旅游城市竞争力问题已经成为国内外经济学、管理学界研究的新课题。
本文紧紧围绕中小旅游城市竞争力系统结构,研究中小旅游城市竞争力系统内涵、结构、内容、环境、功能,分析中小旅游城市竞争力系统运行机理,建立了中小旅游城市竞争力评价模型,并以秦皇岛为例,对提出的理论与方法进行了实证分析,与从全国其他各省选取的23个中小旅游城市进行竞争力评价验证。
针对目前国内外对中小旅游城市竞争力研究存在的不足,本文对我国中小旅游城市进行分析,运用聚类分析法将我国中小旅游城市分为五类:自然资源驱动型、人文资源驱动型、资源综合驱动型、经济资源复合驱动型和经济驱动型。提出和界定了中小旅游城市竞争力内涵,它是指在一定的竞争环境下(包括宏观和微观环境),中小旅游城市通过对自身的旅游、文化、环境、人力、经济等各种资源的整合,达到提升对旅游者的吸引力、居民生活水平的提高、城市获得可持续发展的能力。
中小旅游城市竞争力是一个复杂的社会经济系统,由于其内部影响要素众多,且各要素间存在较强的耦合和非线性相互作用。本文提出中小旅游城市竞争力系统是在特定的自然和社会环境下,以中小旅游城市所拥有的、集聚或控制的旅游资源为基础要素,由中小旅游城市的魅力、宜居、绿色子系统相互联系、相互作用、相互渗透构成的具有特定结构和功能的立体多层次开放的社会复杂系统,简称MSTCCS(Middle and Small Tourist City Competitiveness System)。剖析了系统结构,阐明了系统要素关联及系统功能。
本文运用斜坡球体理论对MSTCCS系统运行机理进行形象阐释,城市魅力、宜居、绿色的有效整合是城市竞争力提升关键,运用ELECTREⅠ模型对中小旅游城市核心魅力进行了识别;基于核心魅力发展旅游业,并形成产业簇群,带动其他产业的发展,提高中小旅游城市魅力、宜居、绿色竞争力。中小旅游城市政府的管理力是其竞争力提升的重要动力,政府的规划和推动力、管理和监督力、积极参与运营营销等主导职能力促使中小旅游城市竞争力提高。加强区域间合作也是中小旅游城市竞争力提升的一个重要的作用力,形成城市群的产业集群,形成利于合作的环境十分重要,宏微观环境对中小旅游城市竞争力作用影响重大。
城市竞争力评价是中小旅游城市竞争力研究的重要内容。本文构建了包括魅力、宜居、绿色的评价指标体系,指标体系目标层有3个;每个目标层下设相应的准则层,共14个;准则层下设相应的指标层,指标层共选择了50项指标进行考察。在指标的选取中,运用中小旅游城市与周边大城市间的指标的差异性来进行评价。由于中小旅游城市竞争力是一个综合性较强的概念,是许多不确定的因素共同作用的结果,影响竞争力的多种因素的重要程度存在着不分明性,不易进行精确的判断,因此中小旅游城市竞争力评价系统实际上属于灰色系统,本文运用灰色关联法对中小旅游城市竞争力进行总体评价。
最后,在实证研究部分,以秦皇岛为例对本文提出的MSTCCS理论进行实证分析,对核心魅力识别ELECTREⅠ模型进行验证,将秦皇岛与从全国其他各省选取的23个中小旅游城市,应用本文设计的中小旅游城市竞争力评价指标体系,对城市竞争力进行综合评价,对秦皇岛市竞争力评价结果进行分析,并提出提高竞争力对策。实证分析结果表明,本文提出的中小旅游城市竞争力系统结构和竞争力评价指标方法是科学和客观可行的。
Middle and Small Tourist City plays an important role in the region and national economy development. With the development of global economy, the country borderline of market, technology and human resource are distinguishing. The competitiveness of tourist city has become more and more impetuosity. Tourist City has attractive tourist resource and ecological environment suitable for living. How to improve the competitiveness of the middle and small tourist city has drawn great attention and become one of the frontier fields of management science and economics.
Based on the theory of middle and small tourist city competitiveness system, this thesis researches on connotations, structures, contents, environment and functions, analysis operating mechanism of middle and small tourist city competitivenss system, and then establishes the evaluation model of middle and small tourist city competitivenss. Taking Qinhuangdao for example, the thesis analysis the extablished theory and method, validates the competitivenss of Qinhuangdao and 23 tourists city from other provinces in China.
Aimed at the existing problems in the middle and small tourist city competitivenss, the thesis analysis the middle and small tourist city in our country and classify them into five classes: natural resources driving type, humanistic resources driving type, integrated resource driving type, integrated resource and economic driving type, economic driving type. The thesis puts forward and defines middle and small tourist city competitivenss, which is under the competitive environment, the middle and small tourism city increase city attractiveness, living level of resident, city’s sustainable development by tourism, culture, environment, human, and economy resources integration.
Middle and Small Tourist City Competitiveness is a complex economic society system and has many internal determinants, which exist strongly nonlinear coupling interaction. The thesis puts forward that Middle and Small Tourist City Competitiveness System, namely MSTCCS, is composed by attraction, suitable for living, sustainable development. The thesis fabricates MSTCCS structural, expounds the MSTCCS functions and its structure and the optimal method of function.
The structural of MSTCCS is explained with‘the Slope Spheroid Mechanics Model’. Attractiveness is very important to tourist city and knowing what is the most attractive factor in tourist city is the key to improve the tourist city compeititiveness. This thesis analyzes the complex system problem of how to identify the core attractiveness of tourist city, defining the index of core attractive factor of tourist city from the point of view of economics and strategic management by the method of system analysis and pointing out that the index of the core attractiveness of tourist city has the characters of durability and uniqueness. On the basis of this, the thesis development the system analysis model identifying the core attractiveness by improving the method of ELECTREⅠ(Elimination et Choice Translating Reality). The government should improve innovationa ability, develop tourist cluster, improve human resource, enhance on cooperation of regional. Additional, the indeterminance in tourist should also be used to improve the competitiveness of the middle and small tourist city.
Based on the concept framework of middle and small tourist city competitiveness and the theory of MSTCCS, the index system of city competitiveness evaluation is designed, which includes the indicated index of attractiveness, suitable for living, and sustainalbe ability. The thesis chooses many differences index between middle&small tourist city and big city. For MSTCCS is so complex and is the result of many indeterminacy factors, the importance of the indexes is difficult to distinguish. So MSTCCS is belonged to grey system, the thesis evaluations middle and small tourist city competitiveness by grey relational degree method.
Finally, Taking Qinhuangdao as an example, compared with other 23 small tourist city using the small tourist city, the thesis studies theory and method of MSTCCS evaluation and management. The achievements of this study indicate that the theory and method are scientific and feasible.
本文紧紧围绕中小旅游城市竞争力系统结构,研究中小旅游城市竞争力系统内涵、结构、内容、环境、功能,分析中小旅游城市竞争力系统运行机理,建立了中小旅游城市竞争力评价模型,并以秦皇岛为例,对提出的理论与方法进行了实证分析,与从全国其他各省选取的23个中小旅游城市进行竞争力评价验证。
针对目前国内外对中小旅游城市竞争力研究存在的不足,本文对我国中小旅游城市进行分析,运用聚类分析法将我国中小旅游城市分为五类:自然资源驱动型、人文资源驱动型、资源综合驱动型、经济资源复合驱动型和经济驱动型。提出和界定了中小旅游城市竞争力内涵,它是指在一定的竞争环境下(包括宏观和微观环境),中小旅游城市通过对自身的旅游、文化、环境、人力、经济等各种资源的整合,达到提升对旅游者的吸引力、居民生活水平的提高、城市获得可持续发展的能力。
中小旅游城市竞争力是一个复杂的社会经济系统,由于其内部影响要素众多,且各要素间存在较强的耦合和非线性相互作用。本文提出中小旅游城市竞争力系统是在特定的自然和社会环境下,以中小旅游城市所拥有的、集聚或控制的旅游资源为基础要素,由中小旅游城市的魅力、宜居、绿色子系统相互联系、相互作用、相互渗透构成的具有特定结构和功能的立体多层次开放的社会复杂系统,简称MSTCCS(Middle and Small Tourist City Competitiveness System)。剖析了系统结构,阐明了系统要素关联及系统功能。
本文运用斜坡球体理论对MSTCCS系统运行机理进行形象阐释,城市魅力、宜居、绿色的有效整合是城市竞争力提升关键,运用ELECTREⅠ模型对中小旅游城市核心魅力进行了识别;基于核心魅力发展旅游业,并形成产业簇群,带动其他产业的发展,提高中小旅游城市魅力、宜居、绿色竞争力。中小旅游城市政府的管理力是其竞争力提升的重要动力,政府的规划和推动力、管理和监督力、积极参与运营营销等主导职能力促使中小旅游城市竞争力提高。加强区域间合作也是中小旅游城市竞争力提升的一个重要的作用力,形成城市群的产业集群,形成利于合作的环境十分重要,宏微观环境对中小旅游城市竞争力作用影响重大。
城市竞争力评价是中小旅游城市竞争力研究的重要内容。本文构建了包括魅力、宜居、绿色的评价指标体系,指标体系目标层有3个;每个目标层下设相应的准则层,共14个;准则层下设相应的指标层,指标层共选择了50项指标进行考察。在指标的选取中,运用中小旅游城市与周边大城市间的指标的差异性来进行评价。由于中小旅游城市竞争力是一个综合性较强的概念,是许多不确定的因素共同作用的结果,影响竞争力的多种因素的重要程度存在着不分明性,不易进行精确的判断,因此中小旅游城市竞争力评价系统实际上属于灰色系统,本文运用灰色关联法对中小旅游城市竞争力进行总体评价。
最后,在实证研究部分,以秦皇岛为例对本文提出的MSTCCS理论进行实证分析,对核心魅力识别ELECTREⅠ模型进行验证,将秦皇岛与从全国其他各省选取的23个中小旅游城市,应用本文设计的中小旅游城市竞争力评价指标体系,对城市竞争力进行综合评价,对秦皇岛市竞争力评价结果进行分析,并提出提高竞争力对策。实证分析结果表明,本文提出的中小旅游城市竞争力系统结构和竞争力评价指标方法是科学和客观可行的。
Middle and Small Tourist City plays an important role in the region and national economy development. With the development of global economy, the country borderline of market, technology and human resource are distinguishing. The competitiveness of tourist city has become more and more impetuosity. Tourist City has attractive tourist resource and ecological environment suitable for living. How to improve the competitiveness of the middle and small tourist city has drawn great attention and become one of the frontier fields of management science and economics.
Based on the theory of middle and small tourist city competitiveness system, this thesis researches on connotations, structures, contents, environment and functions, analysis operating mechanism of middle and small tourist city competitivenss system, and then establishes the evaluation model of middle and small tourist city competitivenss. Taking Qinhuangdao for example, the thesis analysis the extablished theory and method, validates the competitivenss of Qinhuangdao and 23 tourists city from other provinces in China.
Aimed at the existing problems in the middle and small tourist city competitivenss, the thesis analysis the middle and small tourist city in our country and classify them into five classes: natural resources driving type, humanistic resources driving type, integrated resource driving type, integrated resource and economic driving type, economic driving type. The thesis puts forward and defines middle and small tourist city competitivenss, which is under the competitive environment, the middle and small tourism city increase city attractiveness, living level of resident, city’s sustainable development by tourism, culture, environment, human, and economy resources integration.
Middle and Small Tourist City Competitiveness is a complex economic society system and has many internal determinants, which exist strongly nonlinear coupling interaction. The thesis puts forward that Middle and Small Tourist City Competitiveness System, namely MSTCCS, is composed by attraction, suitable for living, sustainable development. The thesis fabricates MSTCCS structural, expounds the MSTCCS functions and its structure and the optimal method of function.
The structural of MSTCCS is explained with‘the Slope Spheroid Mechanics Model’. Attractiveness is very important to tourist city and knowing what is the most attractive factor in tourist city is the key to improve the tourist city compeititiveness. This thesis analyzes the complex system problem of how to identify the core attractiveness of tourist city, defining the index of core attractive factor of tourist city from the point of view of economics and strategic management by the method of system analysis and pointing out that the index of the core attractiveness of tourist city has the characters of durability and uniqueness. On the basis of this, the thesis development the system analysis model identifying the core attractiveness by improving the method of ELECTREⅠ(Elimination et Choice Translating Reality). The government should improve innovationa ability, develop tourist cluster, improve human resource, enhance on cooperation of regional. Additional, the indeterminance in tourist should also be used to improve the competitiveness of the middle and small tourist city.
Based on the concept framework of middle and small tourist city competitiveness and the theory of MSTCCS, the index system of city competitiveness evaluation is designed, which includes the indicated index of attractiveness, suitable for living, and sustainalbe ability. The thesis chooses many differences index between middle&small tourist city and big city. For MSTCCS is so complex and is the result of many indeterminacy factors, the importance of the indexes is difficult to distinguish. So MSTCCS is belonged to grey system, the thesis evaluations middle and small tourist city competitiveness by grey relational degree method.
Finally, Taking Qinhuangdao as an example, compared with other 23 small tourist city using the small tourist city, the thesis studies theory and method of MSTCCS evaluation and management. The achievements of this study indicate that the theory and method are scientific and feasible.
引文
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60张广海,马永健.国内外旅游卫星账户(TSA)研究比较及启示.统计与咨询,2005,(6):44-45
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62赵丽霞.我国经济行业分类对编制旅游卫星账户(TSA)的影响研究.旅游科学,2006,20(2):35-39
63史蒂夫·史密斯,赵丽霞.探悉旅游卫星账户(TSA)的基本思想,2004,19(2):16-21
64苏伟忠,杨英宝,顾朝林.城市旅游竞争力评价初探.旅游学刊,2003,(3):39-42
65魏小安.旅游目的地发展实证研究.北京:中国旅游出版社,2002:120
66聂献忠.现代城市旅游业经营.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2003:66-74.
67汪克会.国内城市旅游形象研究综述.宁夏大学学报,2004,26(5):78-82
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69吴杨.上海都市旅游形象研究.旅游管理硕士论文文库.2000.北京:旅游教育出版社,2001:417
70张莉.城市旅游形象定位研究——以连云港市为例.城市,2002,(1):48-50
71郭舒,曹宁.旅游目的地竞争力问题的一种解释.南开管理评论,2004, 7(2):95-99
72李玲,李娟文.湖北省旅游中心地空间结构系统优化研究.经济地理,2000, (5):740-744
73魏小安.发展休闲产业论纲.浙江大学学报,2006,36(5):107-113
74吴必虎,冯学钢,李咪咪.中国最佳旅游城市标准的理论与实施.旅游学刊,2003,18(6):40-44
75徐红罡.城市旅游与城市发展的动态模式探讨.人文地理,2005,81(1):6-9
76曹宁,郭舒,隋鑫.旅游目的地竞争力问题研究提纲.社会科学家,2003,107(6):89-93
77孟庆民,李国平,杨开忠.新国际分工的动态:概念与机制.中国软科学,(9):112-116.2001
78宿倩.城市旅游产业竞争力研究.[大连理工大学博士论文],2004:65-84
79黄进.旅游城市竞争力研究.改革与战略,2005,(12):17-20
80潘建民,黄进.论旅游城市的竞争力.桂林旅游高等专科学校学报,2004,15(2):9-12
81金波,吴小根.中国旅游城市体系研究.城市研究,1999, 78(5):31-34
82张蕾.中国优秀旅游城市体系分析.城市问题,2005,127(5):33-36
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87甘萌雨,保继刚.城市旅游竞争力研究初步.现代城市研究,2003,(4):22-25
88李丰生,杨莎莎.中国各省(市、区)城市旅游竞争力评估指标体系的构建及其实证评估.生产力研究,2006,(6):137-141
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67汪克会.国内城市旅游形象研究综述.宁夏大学学报,2004,26(5):78-82
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72李玲,李娟文.湖北省旅游中心地空间结构系统优化研究.经济地理,2000, (5):740-744
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75徐红罡.城市旅游与城市发展的动态模式探讨.人文地理,2005,81(1):6-9
76曹宁,郭舒,隋鑫.旅游目的地竞争力问题研究提纲.社会科学家,2003,107(6):89-93
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