通风空调系统管网聚集物的燃烧特性及系统火灾预测研究
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摘要
在公共疫情传播、火灾安全等影响公共安全的多种因素成为国内外社会各界共同关注焦点的今天,建筑通风空调系统作为兼顾改善室内环境品质和消防等维护环境安全的重要建筑环境设备,也日益引起政府,研究者的广泛关注。众多的研究证明,建筑通风空调系统及其系统内的聚集物不仅分别作为影响室内环境品质和人员健康的潜在污染源和重要污染物,同样更是潜在的建筑火灾蔓延渠道和可能的火灾助燃物。为此,通风空调系统管网的动力特性和聚集物燃烧和火灾传播机理需要深入研究和了解。然而,国内外的研究工作主要集中在常态下系统特性及其污染物的沉降和流动传播机理上,而忽略了在火灾这一重要的非常态下的系统聚集物燃烧特性及火灾蔓延机理研究。因此,本文在结合传统的研究理论的基础上,以火灾研究领域中具有某些共性的建筑狭长受限空间的基础和应用研究理论为切入点,采用现场采样分析验证以及实验和数值模拟研究方法,重点对聚集物在建筑通风空调系统中的燃烧特性和火灾蔓延规律进行了比较深入的分析研究。论文的主要研究工作和成果有:
(1)在回顾国内外众多针对常见的且具有一定共性的各类建筑狭长受限空间火灾的研究工作的基础上,提出了以通风空调系统管网内壁面为环境边界,以风管内聚集物燃烧为研究对象,从聚集物的沉积演变到聚集物的热解及着火燃烧,最后导致聚集物的火灾蔓延及烟气扩散的三段式理论。重点回顾了通风空调系统管网聚集物热解模型和着火的相关理论,以及火灾模拟时采用的大涡模拟理论及FDS数值模拟软件。为深入开展相关理论及实验研究奠定理论基础。
(2)在前人所提出的对建筑通风空调系统管网火灾危害性带有估计性结论的基础上,通过现场建筑环境调查和聚集物存在性调查,并随机取样分析等方法解决了系统管网聚集物的可燃性问题。实验结果充分证明,通风空调系统中聚集物的大量聚积是客观存在的,引发或促进火灾的危害程度也是不容忽略的。
(3)建立了一个实尺寸单风管聚集物燃烧物理模型,通过统计学正交设计方法建立工况组合,计算得到各个时刻风管内气流温度、流速等的变化及发展情况。为更好的考查火灾影响因素及火灾危害程度,首次提出了“着火温度概率函数PFT~*”的综合考查指标,并由此进行因素分析和单因素分析,有关结论为火灾的预测和预防提供参考。
(4)通过自行搭建的全尺寸单风管聚集物火灾实验平台,建立了反映聚集物燃烧特性的均匀设计实验模型和对比性实验模型。首次提出了“动态着火温度”的概念,并采用统计学中的数量化理论对实验结果进行分析,得出了因素分析的相关结论。对实验和数值模拟方法得出的数据和结论进行了分析和讨论,进一步阐述了风管聚集物火灾的客观危害性以及建模方法的有效性。
(5)建立了通风空调系统管网火灾蔓延模型。通过正交设计工况和对比性工况数值模拟对管网内的火灾综合特性和各管段的温度场耦合关系进行深入的分析,结合考查指标“着火温度概率函数PFT~*”对系统管网的火灾蔓延进行客观评价和预测。结合前文的分析,从而对系统管网的火灾蔓延机理和特征有了全面的了解。
(6)提出了一种针对建筑通风空调系统管网火灾评价和预测的新方法。对系统管网火灾的危险性进行综合分析,在综合阐述现有评价方法的基础上,根据前文所提出的“着火温度概率函数”等考查指标及相关方法,提出解决通风空调系统火灾评价和预测的新方法,并对其合理性进行了论证性分析。进而,根据全文的理论性和实践性分析,结合现有工程规范标准以及工程实际中可能出现的问题,提出建筑通风空调系统管网火灾的综合防治措施。
When the dissemination of public epidemic and fire security become the main focus in nowadays, the HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning) system, considered as the important building environmental equipment to improve indoor air quality and protect fire, has attracted more and more attentions. It has been certified widely that the HVAC system is the potential headstream of not only contamination but also the building fire as a result of its sediments. Consequently, it is very important to look deep into the dynamic performance of duct network and the mechanism of both sediments combustion and fire spreading. However, the current research are all concentrated on the system properties in normal condition and mechanisms of contaminant sedimentation and diffusion, but neglect the system properties and the fire breakout and spreading in the special situation. Therefore, in this dissertation, the combustion performances of the sediments and the characteristics and mechanisms of fire spreading in the HAVC systems are deeply analyzed by the way of spot sampling, experiments and numerical simulation from the angle of long-narrow confined space in the buildings in the fire research, based on the theories of long-narrow confined space in the buildings and some other traditional theories. The main research work and its conclusions are introduced as follows:
(1) After reviewing the current fire research on the long-narrow confined space in the buildings, a three-phase theory is put forward on sediments sedimentation, sediments pyrogenation and ignition and fire spread, in which the air duct system is set up as geometry boundary, and sediments are taken as the research subject. Theory of the large eddy three-dimensional mathematics model for the fire burning in the narrow and long underground confined space is set up for the fire spread model and FDS (Fire Dynamics Simulator) software is adopted for fire simulation, which are all the theoretical basis of the research below.
(2) The investigations of building environment and sediment existence were taken, and random sampling were adopt in several commercial and industrial buildings to certify the combustibility of sediments in the air duct system. It is approved that a mass of sediments in air duct system do harm to fire due to their existence and combustibility.
(3) A model of the single air duct system for sediments combustion is established and several cases are finished according to the orthogonal design, and the variances of temperature and velocities of the air flow are also calculated. A new parameter of PFT* (Probability of Fire-happened Temperature) is put forwarded for the first time, and the factor analysis is taken finally for fire evaluation and forecast on air duct system.
(4) A new experimental platform of actual-dimension single air duct system has been built in the lab, and accordingly the models of both homogeneous design experiment and control experiment are set up for sediments combustion in the air duct system. The new parameter of dynamic ignition temperature (T*) is advanced for fire characteristic on sediments in air duct system. The quantification theory is used to analyze the influence factors. Further discuss are made on the experiment data and simulation data. The hazardness of sediments to cause the fire and the validity of the model is further specified finally.
(5) A model for sediments combustion in the actual-dimension compositive air duct system has been set up, and the comprehensive properties of the fire and the temperature field in the air duct system are simulated by the orthogonal design cases and comparative cases. The estimation and forecast of the fire spreading are completed combining the parameter of PFT* (Probability of Fire-happened Temperature). A full understand of the characteristics and mechanism of fire spreading in the air duct system is achieved based on the above analyses.
(6) A new fire risk evaluation method in the air duct system is advanced and validated based on the current evaluation methods and the analyses of fire hazardness. Consequently, integrated control measures on the air duct system fire are brought forward based on the experimental and theoretic analyses in this dissertation, engineering application and related regulations.
(1)在回顾国内外众多针对常见的且具有一定共性的各类建筑狭长受限空间火灾的研究工作的基础上,提出了以通风空调系统管网内壁面为环境边界,以风管内聚集物燃烧为研究对象,从聚集物的沉积演变到聚集物的热解及着火燃烧,最后导致聚集物的火灾蔓延及烟气扩散的三段式理论。重点回顾了通风空调系统管网聚集物热解模型和着火的相关理论,以及火灾模拟时采用的大涡模拟理论及FDS数值模拟软件。为深入开展相关理论及实验研究奠定理论基础。
(2)在前人所提出的对建筑通风空调系统管网火灾危害性带有估计性结论的基础上,通过现场建筑环境调查和聚集物存在性调查,并随机取样分析等方法解决了系统管网聚集物的可燃性问题。实验结果充分证明,通风空调系统中聚集物的大量聚积是客观存在的,引发或促进火灾的危害程度也是不容忽略的。
(3)建立了一个实尺寸单风管聚集物燃烧物理模型,通过统计学正交设计方法建立工况组合,计算得到各个时刻风管内气流温度、流速等的变化及发展情况。为更好的考查火灾影响因素及火灾危害程度,首次提出了“着火温度概率函数PFT~*”的综合考查指标,并由此进行因素分析和单因素分析,有关结论为火灾的预测和预防提供参考。
(4)通过自行搭建的全尺寸单风管聚集物火灾实验平台,建立了反映聚集物燃烧特性的均匀设计实验模型和对比性实验模型。首次提出了“动态着火温度”的概念,并采用统计学中的数量化理论对实验结果进行分析,得出了因素分析的相关结论。对实验和数值模拟方法得出的数据和结论进行了分析和讨论,进一步阐述了风管聚集物火灾的客观危害性以及建模方法的有效性。
(5)建立了通风空调系统管网火灾蔓延模型。通过正交设计工况和对比性工况数值模拟对管网内的火灾综合特性和各管段的温度场耦合关系进行深入的分析,结合考查指标“着火温度概率函数PFT~*”对系统管网的火灾蔓延进行客观评价和预测。结合前文的分析,从而对系统管网的火灾蔓延机理和特征有了全面的了解。
(6)提出了一种针对建筑通风空调系统管网火灾评价和预测的新方法。对系统管网火灾的危险性进行综合分析,在综合阐述现有评价方法的基础上,根据前文所提出的“着火温度概率函数”等考查指标及相关方法,提出解决通风空调系统火灾评价和预测的新方法,并对其合理性进行了论证性分析。进而,根据全文的理论性和实践性分析,结合现有工程规范标准以及工程实际中可能出现的问题,提出建筑通风空调系统管网火灾的综合防治措施。
When the dissemination of public epidemic and fire security become the main focus in nowadays, the HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning) system, considered as the important building environmental equipment to improve indoor air quality and protect fire, has attracted more and more attentions. It has been certified widely that the HVAC system is the potential headstream of not only contamination but also the building fire as a result of its sediments. Consequently, it is very important to look deep into the dynamic performance of duct network and the mechanism of both sediments combustion and fire spreading. However, the current research are all concentrated on the system properties in normal condition and mechanisms of contaminant sedimentation and diffusion, but neglect the system properties and the fire breakout and spreading in the special situation. Therefore, in this dissertation, the combustion performances of the sediments and the characteristics and mechanisms of fire spreading in the HAVC systems are deeply analyzed by the way of spot sampling, experiments and numerical simulation from the angle of long-narrow confined space in the buildings in the fire research, based on the theories of long-narrow confined space in the buildings and some other traditional theories. The main research work and its conclusions are introduced as follows:
(1) After reviewing the current fire research on the long-narrow confined space in the buildings, a three-phase theory is put forward on sediments sedimentation, sediments pyrogenation and ignition and fire spread, in which the air duct system is set up as geometry boundary, and sediments are taken as the research subject. Theory of the large eddy three-dimensional mathematics model for the fire burning in the narrow and long underground confined space is set up for the fire spread model and FDS (Fire Dynamics Simulator) software is adopted for fire simulation, which are all the theoretical basis of the research below.
(2) The investigations of building environment and sediment existence were taken, and random sampling were adopt in several commercial and industrial buildings to certify the combustibility of sediments in the air duct system. It is approved that a mass of sediments in air duct system do harm to fire due to their existence and combustibility.
(3) A model of the single air duct system for sediments combustion is established and several cases are finished according to the orthogonal design, and the variances of temperature and velocities of the air flow are also calculated. A new parameter of PFT* (Probability of Fire-happened Temperature) is put forwarded for the first time, and the factor analysis is taken finally for fire evaluation and forecast on air duct system.
(4) A new experimental platform of actual-dimension single air duct system has been built in the lab, and accordingly the models of both homogeneous design experiment and control experiment are set up for sediments combustion in the air duct system. The new parameter of dynamic ignition temperature (T*) is advanced for fire characteristic on sediments in air duct system. The quantification theory is used to analyze the influence factors. Further discuss are made on the experiment data and simulation data. The hazardness of sediments to cause the fire and the validity of the model is further specified finally.
(5) A model for sediments combustion in the actual-dimension compositive air duct system has been set up, and the comprehensive properties of the fire and the temperature field in the air duct system are simulated by the orthogonal design cases and comparative cases. The estimation and forecast of the fire spreading are completed combining the parameter of PFT* (Probability of Fire-happened Temperature). A full understand of the characteristics and mechanism of fire spreading in the air duct system is achieved based on the above analyses.
(6) A new fire risk evaluation method in the air duct system is advanced and validated based on the current evaluation methods and the analyses of fire hazardness. Consequently, integrated control measures on the air duct system fire are brought forward based on the experimental and theoretic analyses in this dissertation, engineering application and related regulations.
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