高层建筑配电系统及综合防雷的工程设计研究
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摘要
随着现代社会的发展，建筑物的规模不断扩大，其内各种电气设备的使用日趋增多，尤其是计算机网络信息技术的普及，建筑物越来越多采用各种信息化的电气设备。这给高层建筑的电气设计带来了一些新的问题。
要提高高层建筑配电系统的可靠性，要正确选择各类配电设备的容量，就必须科学、合理的进行负荷计算。本文对负荷计算中的相关问题进行了分析和探讨，就重要设备的容量选择作了较为详细的论述，提出了一些进一步提高配电系统可靠性的措施，并结合工程实例进行负荷计算，计算结果证明本文所述方法是正确合理，可在实际中应用。
在传统的低压供电系统中主要强调过载、短路保护，其目的是保护用电设备、供电线路不受损坏，近来，已提出了人身安全、消防安全的观点。所以目前对于小康住宅和高层建筑的电气设计首先是要考虑到人身的安全和火灾防范，本章主要探讨了低压供电系统中出现漏电时的人身触电危险性及由漏电引起的火灾危险性的原因，并提出了相应的防范措施。
高层建筑比一般建筑遭受雷击的概率要大得多，而一旦遭受雷击，损失将非常严重。另外，普通建筑物防雷系统不但不能保护高层建筑物内的电子设备与计算机系统，反而可能会引入雷电。因此，高层建筑的防雷保护就日显重要，相应地对防雷保护提出了更高的要求。本文对雷电引起的过电压及雷电的电磁兼容性问题进行了分析研究，提出了高层建筑物内电子设备的防雷保护措施。
研究解决这些问题将有助于提高电气设计与施工的质量。
With the development of modern times society, enlarge of building's scale, more and more electrical equipment is applied to building. Especially, with the popularization of computer network information technology, more and more information electrical equipment is applied to building; it brings a few new questions. In order to improve the reliability of power distribution system of high building, choice capacity of power distribution device rightly, it is necessary to calculate charge rightly, the author analyses and investigates relative question with charge calculation, expatiates particularly capacity choice of important equipment , puts forward these measure being used to improve the reliability of power distribution system , makes charge calculation combination to project example, the result shows that these means is right and reasonable, these means can guide project practice .
Tradition low voltage power distribution system mostly emphasizes over loading protection and short circuit protection but these measure can only protect electrical equipment and power supply circuit, lately, people put forward the viewpoint that person safety and fire protection, therefore, for electric design of high building and rich residence, people should firstly think over person safety and fire protection. The author investigates the reason of fatalness of person touch electricity and fire when existing residual current, puts forward correspond protect measure.
High building is easy suffered from lightning stroke, in case being suffered lightning stroke, it should bring huge losing, lightning protection system of common building can not protect electronic device, on the contrary, it may introduce lightning therefore high building's lightning protection is more important. The author analyses and research these question of over voltage and electro-magnetism compatibility of lightning stroke, puts forward these means of lightning protection of electron device in high building.
Research and resolve of above-mentioned question helps to improve quality of electric design and project practice
要提高高层建筑配电系统的可靠性，要正确选择各类配电设备的容量，就必须科学、合理的进行负荷计算。本文对负荷计算中的相关问题进行了分析和探讨，就重要设备的容量选择作了较为详细的论述，提出了一些进一步提高配电系统可靠性的措施，并结合工程实例进行负荷计算，计算结果证明本文所述方法是正确合理，可在实际中应用。
在传统的低压供电系统中主要强调过载、短路保护，其目的是保护用电设备、供电线路不受损坏，近来，已提出了人身安全、消防安全的观点。所以目前对于小康住宅和高层建筑的电气设计首先是要考虑到人身的安全和火灾防范，本章主要探讨了低压供电系统中出现漏电时的人身触电危险性及由漏电引起的火灾危险性的原因，并提出了相应的防范措施。
高层建筑比一般建筑遭受雷击的概率要大得多，而一旦遭受雷击，损失将非常严重。另外，普通建筑物防雷系统不但不能保护高层建筑物内的电子设备与计算机系统，反而可能会引入雷电。因此，高层建筑的防雷保护就日显重要，相应地对防雷保护提出了更高的要求。本文对雷电引起的过电压及雷电的电磁兼容性问题进行了分析研究，提出了高层建筑物内电子设备的防雷保护措施。
研究解决这些问题将有助于提高电气设计与施工的质量。
With the development of modern times society, enlarge of building's scale, more and more electrical equipment is applied to building. Especially, with the popularization of computer network information technology, more and more information electrical equipment is applied to building; it brings a few new questions. In order to improve the reliability of power distribution system of high building, choice capacity of power distribution device rightly, it is necessary to calculate charge rightly, the author analyses and investigates relative question with charge calculation, expatiates particularly capacity choice of important equipment , puts forward these measure being used to improve the reliability of power distribution system , makes charge calculation combination to project example, the result shows that these means is right and reasonable, these means can guide project practice .
Tradition low voltage power distribution system mostly emphasizes over loading protection and short circuit protection but these measure can only protect electrical equipment and power supply circuit, lately, people put forward the viewpoint that person safety and fire protection, therefore, for electric design of high building and rich residence, people should firstly think over person safety and fire protection. The author investigates the reason of fatalness of person touch electricity and fire when existing residual current, puts forward correspond protect measure.
High building is easy suffered from lightning stroke, in case being suffered lightning stroke, it should bring huge losing, lightning protection system of common building can not protect electronic device, on the contrary, it may introduce lightning therefore high building's lightning protection is more important. The author analyses and research these question of over voltage and electro-magnetism compatibility of lightning stroke, puts forward these means of lightning protection of electron device in high building.
Research and resolve of above-mentioned question helps to improve quality of electric design and project practice
引文
[1] 戴瑜兴，黄铁兵．民用建筑电气设计数据手册[M]．中国建筑工业出版社，2003
[2] Bromley K. Electromagnetic compatibility of building cables. Science, Measurement and Technology, IEEE Proceedings, 1994, 141(4): 263-265.
[3] Loyka S L. A Simple Formula for the Ground Resister Calculation. IEEE Trans on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 1999,41(2): 152-154
[4] 李天恩．小康住宅电气设计．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1999
[5] 戴瑜兴．智能化住宅电气工程设计．低压电器，2002，(2)：24-25
[6] 戴瑜兴，汪鲁才．智能化住宅小区电力负荷的计算．低压电器，2000，(5)：35-38
[7] 蔡大为．淡盐城地区小康住宅电气设计．建设电气，1998，(3)：35-37
[8] 刘星平．一起无功补偿的应用实例．电气时代，2001，(5)：45-46
[9] Liu Xiao-dong. Research on TC-SC dynamic system simulation steady impendance characteristics. Automation of Electric power system, 1999,23(5):14-17
[10] Valentine R D. A perspective of low voltage circuit breaker interrupting rating. IEEE Trans on industy applications, 2000, 36(3): 916-919
[11] 王厚余．电气回路存在谐波电流时导体截面的选择．建筑电气，2002，(3)：4-6
[12] 中华人民共和国国标．低压配电设计规范．北京：中国计划出版社，1995
[13] Hague S, Suchicital C, Nelson D J, et al. An innovative technique for packaging power electronic building blocks using metal posts interconnected parallel plate structures. Electronic Components and Technology Conference,48th IEEE, 1998
[14] 刘星平，戴瑜兴．低压三相供电系统中的防触电保护措施．大众用电，2003，(5)：26-27
[15] 唐定宵，崔顺其，唐海．现代建筑电气安装[M]．北京：中国电力出版社，1999
[16] 江日洪，周良才．农业和工矿电网的高电压技术[M]．北京：机械工业出版社，1985
[17] 戴瑜兴．民用建筑电气设备手册[M]．中国建筑工业出版社，1998
[18] 戴瑜兴．民用建筑电气设计手册[M]．中国建筑工业出版社，1999
[19] 程大章．住宅小区智能化系统设计与工程实践．上海：同济大学出版社，2001
[20] 刘屏周．剩余电流保护断路电的应用．现代建筑电气设计技术文集，北京：中国物价出版社，1999
[21] 刘光辉．接地与总等电位联结．电气与智能建筑，2003，(6)：23-25
[22] 洪元颐，李逢元．关于住宅总建成设置漏电保护的探讨．北京：电气设计情报网，2000
[23] 林红．高层建筑电气防火设计探讨．江西电力，1999，(3)：25-27
[24] Akagi H. Instantaneous reactive power compensator comprising switching devices without energy storage components. IEEE Transactions on I. A, 1984, 20(3): 625-630
[25] 田方英．接地故障引起的电气火灾及其防范措施．电气与智能建筑，2003，(4)：74-75
[26] Gammon T, Matthews J. Conventional and current-dependent methods for predicting RMS arc currents in building systems Industrial and Commercial. Power Systems Technical Conference, 2001 Conference Record, Papers Presented at the 2001 Annual Meeting, 2001 IEEE, 2001
[27] 宋长录，张亚贤．漏电保护器在高层建筑电气保护系统中的应用及接线．黑龙江水利科技，1999，(1)：35-36
[28] 李兴林，李华英．接地故障保护的设置和整定．建筑电气，2002，(2)：381-385
[29] 中华人民共和国国标．建筑物防雷设计规范，北京：中国计划出版社，2000
[30] Rake V A, Unman M A, Fernandez M I, Mata C T, et al. Direct lightning strikes to the lightning protective system of a residential building: triggered-lightning experiments. Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting, 2002 IEEE, 2002
[31] Orlando A, Schietroma F. Attenuations by a lightning protection system of induced voltages due to direct strikes to a building. IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 1996,38(1): 43-50
[32] Rake V A, Unman M A, Fernandez M I, et al. Direct lightning strikes to the lightning protective system of a residential building, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 2002,17(2): 575-586
[33] 李立晓．现代信息系统中的防雷设计．中国建筑电气设备选型年鉴，2000-2001，364
[34] Li-Zhi Wu. A study of ground problem about communicating micro-electronic
equipment when a lightning hits a building. High Voltage Engineering, 1999, (2): 381-384
[35] 戴瑜兴．高层建筑电气设计及电气设备选型手册[M]．长沙：湖南科学技术出版社，1995
[36] 刘星平，戴瑜兴．智能大厦电子信息系统的防雷措施．电气与智能建筑，2003，(6)：29-32
[37] Yamamoto K, Kawasaki Z I, Matsuura K, et al. Shielding effect of reinforced concrete building on direct lightning stroke to distribution power line. High Voltage Engineering, 1999, (2): 204-207
[38] Cardoso J R, Orlandi A. Transient induced voltage computation in a high building struck by lightning Sartor, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 1998,34(5): 2815-2818
[39] 张小青．建筑物内电子设备的防雷保护[M]．北京：电子工业出版社，2000
[40] Perry T S. Today's view of magnetic Fields. IEEE spectrum, 1994, 31(12):14-23
[41] 张公忠．城市数字化与智能建筑．智能建筑技术与应用，北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2001
[2] Bromley K. Electromagnetic compatibility of building cables. Science, Measurement and Technology, IEEE Proceedings, 1994, 141(4): 263-265.
[3] Loyka S L. A Simple Formula for the Ground Resister Calculation. IEEE Trans on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 1999,41(2): 152-154
[4] 李天恩．小康住宅电气设计．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1999
[5] 戴瑜兴．智能化住宅电气工程设计．低压电器，2002，(2)：24-25
[6] 戴瑜兴，汪鲁才．智能化住宅小区电力负荷的计算．低压电器，2000，(5)：35-38
[7] 蔡大为．淡盐城地区小康住宅电气设计．建设电气，1998，(3)：35-37
[8] 刘星平．一起无功补偿的应用实例．电气时代，2001，(5)：45-46
[9] Liu Xiao-dong. Research on TC-SC dynamic system simulation steady impendance characteristics. Automation of Electric power system, 1999,23(5):14-17
[10] Valentine R D. A perspective of low voltage circuit breaker interrupting rating. IEEE Trans on industy applications, 2000, 36(3): 916-919
[11] 王厚余．电气回路存在谐波电流时导体截面的选择．建筑电气，2002，(3)：4-6
[12] 中华人民共和国国标．低压配电设计规范．北京：中国计划出版社，1995
[13] Hague S, Suchicital C, Nelson D J, et al. An innovative technique for packaging power electronic building blocks using metal posts interconnected parallel plate structures. Electronic Components and Technology Conference,48th IEEE, 1998
[14] 刘星平，戴瑜兴．低压三相供电系统中的防触电保护措施．大众用电，2003，(5)：26-27
[15] 唐定宵，崔顺其，唐海．现代建筑电气安装[M]．北京：中国电力出版社，1999
[16] 江日洪，周良才．农业和工矿电网的高电压技术[M]．北京：机械工业出版社，1985
[17] 戴瑜兴．民用建筑电气设备手册[M]．中国建筑工业出版社，1998
[18] 戴瑜兴．民用建筑电气设计手册[M]．中国建筑工业出版社，1999
[19] 程大章．住宅小区智能化系统设计与工程实践．上海：同济大学出版社，2001
[20] 刘屏周．剩余电流保护断路电的应用．现代建筑电气设计技术文集，北京：中国物价出版社，1999
[21] 刘光辉．接地与总等电位联结．电气与智能建筑，2003，(6)：23-25
[22] 洪元颐，李逢元．关于住宅总建成设置漏电保护的探讨．北京：电气设计情报网，2000
[23] 林红．高层建筑电气防火设计探讨．江西电力，1999，(3)：25-27
[24] Akagi H. Instantaneous reactive power compensator comprising switching devices without energy storage components. IEEE Transactions on I. A, 1984, 20(3): 625-630
[25] 田方英．接地故障引起的电气火灾及其防范措施．电气与智能建筑，2003，(4)：74-75
[26] Gammon T, Matthews J. Conventional and current-dependent methods for predicting RMS arc currents in building systems Industrial and Commercial. Power Systems Technical Conference, 2001 Conference Record, Papers Presented at the 2001 Annual Meeting, 2001 IEEE, 2001
[27] 宋长录，张亚贤．漏电保护器在高层建筑电气保护系统中的应用及接线．黑龙江水利科技，1999，(1)：35-36
[28] 李兴林，李华英．接地故障保护的设置和整定．建筑电气，2002，(2)：381-385
[29] 中华人民共和国国标．建筑物防雷设计规范，北京：中国计划出版社，2000
[30] Rake V A, Unman M A, Fernandez M I, Mata C T, et al. Direct lightning strikes to the lightning protective system of a residential building: triggered-lightning experiments. Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting, 2002 IEEE, 2002
[31] Orlando A, Schietroma F. Attenuations by a lightning protection system of induced voltages due to direct strikes to a building. IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 1996,38(1): 43-50
[32] Rake V A, Unman M A, Fernandez M I, et al. Direct lightning strikes to the lightning protective system of a residential building, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 2002,17(2): 575-586
[33] 李立晓．现代信息系统中的防雷设计．中国建筑电气设备选型年鉴，2000-2001，364
[34] Li-Zhi Wu. A study of ground problem about communicating micro-electronic
equipment when a lightning hits a building. High Voltage Engineering, 1999, (2): 381-384
[35] 戴瑜兴．高层建筑电气设计及电气设备选型手册[M]．长沙：湖南科学技术出版社，1995
[36] 刘星平，戴瑜兴．智能大厦电子信息系统的防雷措施．电气与智能建筑，2003，(6)：29-32
[37] Yamamoto K, Kawasaki Z I, Matsuura K, et al. Shielding effect of reinforced concrete building on direct lightning stroke to distribution power line. High Voltage Engineering, 1999, (2): 204-207
[38] Cardoso J R, Orlandi A. Transient induced voltage computation in a high building struck by lightning Sartor, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 1998,34(5): 2815-2818
[39] 张小青．建筑物内电子设备的防雷保护[M]．北京：电子工业出版社，2000
[40] Perry T S. Today's view of magnetic Fields. IEEE spectrum, 1994, 31(12):14-23
[41] 张公忠．城市数字化与智能建筑．智能建筑技术与应用，北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2001
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