机械压汽蒸馏技术的实验应用与仿真研究
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摘要
机械压汽蒸馏海水淡化技术,利用压缩机压缩低温饱和蒸汽,使其变成高温过热蒸汽,过热蒸汽冷凝生成淡水,释放潜热加热饱和盐水,盐水部分蒸发生成饱和蒸汽。这种工艺,不仅能有效缓解盐水结垢和腐蚀问题,而且能充分回收冷凝潜热,因而具有比较高的热效率。
本文设计建立的机械压汽蒸馏海水淡化实验系统,采用了离心压缩机,其构造生产能力为2m3d-1。实验研究了压缩比、蒸发温度和盐水浓度等主要参数对淡水产量和能耗的影响。蒸发温度介于89.1。C-97.6℃之间,离心压缩机的压缩比处在1.1-1.25之间。当盐水浓度质量比为2.0%到4.0%时,实验系统运行良好。实验结果表明,这个实验系统生产淡水的单位能耗,为59.4-86.4kJkg-1。
用热力学第二定律,分析了机械压汽蒸馏海水淡化实验系统的(?)效率。把海水的初始状态作为参考状态,建立了数学模型,用来分析了压缩比、蒸发温度和盐水浓度等对实验系统(?)效率的影响。实验研究了系统构件在生产淡水过程中的(?)损。分析结果表明,实验系统的(?)效率为10.7%(如果考虑排泄损失则为3.3%)；其中蒸发-冷凝器、离心压缩机和预热器(含水泵)的(?)损,分别占23.2%,37.5%和28.6%。
研究了利用机械压汽蒸馏技术,浓缩工业废液-安赛蜜稀溶液,回收工业原料的可行性和经济性。实验采用循环蒸馏浓缩工艺,将溶液逐渐浓缩到设计的浓度。对水蒸汽的压缩过程进行了热力学分析,给出了压缩机合理的压缩参数。给出了蒸发冷凝器的详细设计方程,设计建造了循环蒸馏浓缩实验系统。实验测试了蒸发温度在73℃到100℃之间,实验系统从溶液中蒸发掉水分的能力。浓缩过程以蒸发水分计算,则利用该工艺,从溶液中蒸发出1吨水的成本大约为28元／吨；而传统工艺利用热力蒸汽蒸馏,成本大约为110元／吨。
以TRNSYS为平台,依照实验系统参数,建立生产能力为2m3d-1的机械压汽蒸馏实验系统的仿真模型。对比研究了在实验条件下,仿真系统和实验系统淡水生产能耗。模拟数据表明仿真系统的结果与实验结果近似。
为了进一步研究,机械压汽蒸馏系统中辅助热能的能耗。在TRNSYS系统内,机械压汽蒸馏仿真系统内的加热系统由电加热系统和太阳能加热系统构成,优先使用太阳能加热。太阳能集热器能力不足时,以电加热器补充。以合肥地区的气象参数为基础,模拟研究了辅助热源太阳能,在机械压汽蒸馏系统中发挥的作用。详细分析了真空管太阳能集热器的模拟原理,建立了集热面积为4m2的真空管集热系统作为辅助加热系统。集热器的出口温度控制为75℃。通过水泵流速的调节,控制真空管集热器的出口水温,用水箱来减缓太阳辐射变化,对蒸馏系统压缩机的性能的影响。在太阳辐射强度为600Wm-2以上,蒸发温度为70℃时,太阳能作为辅助热源,可节约的能耗大约为25%。
In a system of mechanical vapor compression desalination(MVCD), the low-temperature saturated steam is compressed into a high-temperature superheated state by a compressor, the high-temperature superheated steam is then condensed in a condenser. While the saturated salt water is heated by the latent release so that the salt water can be partially evaporated to saturated steam in an evaporator. This thermophysical process can effectively alleviate brine fouling and corrosion problems of salt water, and fully recover latent heat of condensation, therefore it can result in a higher thermal efficiency of the system.
The designed and established experimental system of mechanical vapor compression desalination(MVCD) uses a centrifugal compressor. Its production capacity is2m3/d. The effects of the parameters of compression ratio, evaporation temperature and salt concentration on the production and energy consumption of freshwater were investigated. It was found that the MVCD system can operate well when the evaporating temperature is the range from89.1℃to97.6℃, the compression ratio in the range from1.1to1.25, and brine concentration in mass ratio varies from2.0%to4.0%. The energy consumption of fresh water of the MVCD system is59.4-86.4k.Jkg-1.
The second law of thermodynamics was used to analyze the exergy efficiency of the MVCD system. A mathematical model was developed to analyze the effects of the compression ratio, evaporation temperature and salt concentration on the exergy efficiency of the system, when the initial state of seawater is assumed to be the reference state. The results of analysis indicate that the exergy efficiency of the system is10.7%, and the exergy losses of the evaporator-condenser, the centrifugal compressor, the water pump and the preheater respectively are respectively23.2%,37.5%, and28.6%.
The feasibility and economy of the MVCD system for distilling acesulfame dilute solution to recover industrial raw materials was investigated. The solution was gradually concentrated to the concentration of the design by the cycle distillation process. The thermodynamic process of the compression of the vapor was analysed. The parameters of the compressor were designed. Based on the thermodynamic equation of the evaporator-condenser, the distillation experimental system was set up. The ability of the experimental system was tested when the evaporating temperature was the range from73℃to100℃. The economic cost of the MVCD technology is about28RMB/D, while the traditional process cost about110RMB/D, here RMB=Yuan,D=1000kg.
The commercial software platform TRNSYS was used to establish a thermodynamical model to describe the operation of test MVCD system with the production capacity2m3d-1. The fresh water production and the temperature distributions at various location points were obtained under different experimental conditions. The energy consumption of fresh water production was also predicted. It was found that the simulation model can describe the operation performance of experimental MVCD system approximately.
The effect solar energy as an auxiliary heat source on the MVCD system was studied with respect to the meteorological parameters in Hefei in the software TRNSYS. The heating system consists of a electric heating and a solar heating system. The solar heating system was a4m2vacuum tube solar collector,and the outlet temperature was controlled to75℃. Through adjusting the flow speed in water pump, the temperature of the outlet water of vacuum tube solar collector can be properly controlled, and the water tank can buffer the impact of solar radiation on the performance of the compressor of the MVCD system. When solar radiation intensity is over600Wm-2, the evaporation temperature is about70℃, using the auxiliary solar energy, the system can save about25%of the auxiliary energy consumption.
本文设计建立的机械压汽蒸馏海水淡化实验系统,采用了离心压缩机,其构造生产能力为2m3d-1。实验研究了压缩比、蒸发温度和盐水浓度等主要参数对淡水产量和能耗的影响。蒸发温度介于89.1。C-97.6℃之间,离心压缩机的压缩比处在1.1-1.25之间。当盐水浓度质量比为2.0%到4.0%时,实验系统运行良好。实验结果表明,这个实验系统生产淡水的单位能耗,为59.4-86.4kJkg-1。
用热力学第二定律,分析了机械压汽蒸馏海水淡化实验系统的(?)效率。把海水的初始状态作为参考状态,建立了数学模型,用来分析了压缩比、蒸发温度和盐水浓度等对实验系统(?)效率的影响。实验研究了系统构件在生产淡水过程中的(?)损。分析结果表明,实验系统的(?)效率为10.7%(如果考虑排泄损失则为3.3%)；其中蒸发-冷凝器、离心压缩机和预热器(含水泵)的(?)损,分别占23.2%,37.5%和28.6%。
研究了利用机械压汽蒸馏技术,浓缩工业废液-安赛蜜稀溶液,回收工业原料的可行性和经济性。实验采用循环蒸馏浓缩工艺,将溶液逐渐浓缩到设计的浓度。对水蒸汽的压缩过程进行了热力学分析,给出了压缩机合理的压缩参数。给出了蒸发冷凝器的详细设计方程,设计建造了循环蒸馏浓缩实验系统。实验测试了蒸发温度在73℃到100℃之间,实验系统从溶液中蒸发掉水分的能力。浓缩过程以蒸发水分计算,则利用该工艺,从溶液中蒸发出1吨水的成本大约为28元／吨；而传统工艺利用热力蒸汽蒸馏,成本大约为110元／吨。
以TRNSYS为平台,依照实验系统参数,建立生产能力为2m3d-1的机械压汽蒸馏实验系统的仿真模型。对比研究了在实验条件下,仿真系统和实验系统淡水生产能耗。模拟数据表明仿真系统的结果与实验结果近似。
为了进一步研究,机械压汽蒸馏系统中辅助热能的能耗。在TRNSYS系统内,机械压汽蒸馏仿真系统内的加热系统由电加热系统和太阳能加热系统构成,优先使用太阳能加热。太阳能集热器能力不足时,以电加热器补充。以合肥地区的气象参数为基础,模拟研究了辅助热源太阳能,在机械压汽蒸馏系统中发挥的作用。详细分析了真空管太阳能集热器的模拟原理,建立了集热面积为4m2的真空管集热系统作为辅助加热系统。集热器的出口温度控制为75℃。通过水泵流速的调节,控制真空管集热器的出口水温,用水箱来减缓太阳辐射变化,对蒸馏系统压缩机的性能的影响。在太阳辐射强度为600Wm-2以上,蒸发温度为70℃时,太阳能作为辅助热源,可节约的能耗大约为25%。
In a system of mechanical vapor compression desalination(MVCD), the low-temperature saturated steam is compressed into a high-temperature superheated state by a compressor, the high-temperature superheated steam is then condensed in a condenser. While the saturated salt water is heated by the latent release so that the salt water can be partially evaporated to saturated steam in an evaporator. This thermophysical process can effectively alleviate brine fouling and corrosion problems of salt water, and fully recover latent heat of condensation, therefore it can result in a higher thermal efficiency of the system.
The designed and established experimental system of mechanical vapor compression desalination(MVCD) uses a centrifugal compressor. Its production capacity is2m3/d. The effects of the parameters of compression ratio, evaporation temperature and salt concentration on the production and energy consumption of freshwater were investigated. It was found that the MVCD system can operate well when the evaporating temperature is the range from89.1℃to97.6℃, the compression ratio in the range from1.1to1.25, and brine concentration in mass ratio varies from2.0%to4.0%. The energy consumption of fresh water of the MVCD system is59.4-86.4k.Jkg-1.
The second law of thermodynamics was used to analyze the exergy efficiency of the MVCD system. A mathematical model was developed to analyze the effects of the compression ratio, evaporation temperature and salt concentration on the exergy efficiency of the system, when the initial state of seawater is assumed to be the reference state. The results of analysis indicate that the exergy efficiency of the system is10.7%, and the exergy losses of the evaporator-condenser, the centrifugal compressor, the water pump and the preheater respectively are respectively23.2%,37.5%, and28.6%.
The feasibility and economy of the MVCD system for distilling acesulfame dilute solution to recover industrial raw materials was investigated. The solution was gradually concentrated to the concentration of the design by the cycle distillation process. The thermodynamic process of the compression of the vapor was analysed. The parameters of the compressor were designed. Based on the thermodynamic equation of the evaporator-condenser, the distillation experimental system was set up. The ability of the experimental system was tested when the evaporating temperature was the range from73℃to100℃. The economic cost of the MVCD technology is about28RMB/D, while the traditional process cost about110RMB/D, here RMB=Yuan,D=1000kg.
The commercial software platform TRNSYS was used to establish a thermodynamical model to describe the operation of test MVCD system with the production capacity2m3d-1. The fresh water production and the temperature distributions at various location points were obtained under different experimental conditions. The energy consumption of fresh water production was also predicted. It was found that the simulation model can describe the operation performance of experimental MVCD system approximately.
The effect solar energy as an auxiliary heat source on the MVCD system was studied with respect to the meteorological parameters in Hefei in the software TRNSYS. The heating system consists of a electric heating and a solar heating system. The solar heating system was a4m2vacuum tube solar collector,and the outlet temperature was controlled to75℃. Through adjusting the flow speed in water pump, the temperature of the outlet water of vacuum tube solar collector can be properly controlled, and the water tank can buffer the impact of solar radiation on the performance of the compressor of the MVCD system. When solar radiation intensity is over600Wm-2, the evaporation temperature is about70℃, using the auxiliary solar energy, the system can save about25%of the auxiliary energy consumption.
引文
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