甲胺磷和氯氰菊酯对日本沼虾的毒性作用
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摘要
本文以日本沼虾(Macrobrachium nipponense)为材料，首次研究了甲胺磷和氯氰菊酯对其毒性作用。所测定的生理指标包括耗氧率、排氨率、乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)、Na~+，K~+-ATPase、超氧阴离子自由基(O_2~-)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)、谷胱甘肽转硫酶(GST)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)。综合各实验指标的变化情况比较分析了两种农药对日本沼虾的毒性影响，为评价农药对水生动物的安全性提供了科学依据。
首先对日本沼虾分别进行两种农药的急性毒性实验，测定沼虾的96h半致死浓度(LC_(50))，然后在0～96LC_(50)之间设立6个浓度，对日本沼虾进行24h胁迫实验，测定各实验指标。结果如下：
1．甲胺磷和氯氰菊酯对日本沼虾的96hLC_(50)分别为3.00mg／L和157ng／L，其安全浓度分别为0.30mg／L和15.70ng／L，表明日本沼虾对氯氰菊酯的敏感性明显高于甲胺磷。
2．日本沼虾在甲胺磷胁迫下耗氧率逐渐升高，排氨率下降；而在氯氰菊酯胁迫下耗氧率和排氨率均呈现下降的趋势。说明日本沼虾在两种农药中分别利用不同的适应方式来抵御毒物对基础代谢的胁迫。
3．在甲胺磷和氯氰菊酯的胁迫下，日本沼虾AChE和Na~+，K~+-ATPase活性均受到不同程度的抑制。最高试验浓度农药可抑制Na~+，K~+-ATPase活性达到70％以上，而抑制AchE活性的分别达到40.45％和29.96％。研究表明甲胺磷对AchE活性的抑制明显强于氯氰菊酯，而对Na~+，K~+-ATPase活性的抑制二者相当。
4．甲胺磷和氯氰菊酯农药均能使日本沼虾体内O_2~-含量升高，而在不同的农药中抗氧化酶活性的变化有所不同：在甲胺磷农药胁迫下，除SOD逐渐上升外，其余各酶(CAT、GPX、GST、GR)活性均呈现先上升后下降的变化趋势，表明日本沼虾于低浓度甲胺磷中可通过提高抗氧化酶的活性来抵御毒物的胁迫，而在高浓度下抗氧化酶活性则受到抑制；在氯氰菊酯的胁迫下，日本沼虾各抗氧化酶类活性均显著降低，说明氯氰菊酯对沼虾抗氧化防御系统有较强的毒性作用。
The toxic effects of methamidophos and cypermethrin on the freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium nipponense, were investigated for the first time. Some physiological indexes were measured in experimental regime,including LCso>oxygen consumption rate,ammonia-N excretion rate,AchE and Na=+,K+-ATPase activitiesO2 and some antioxidant enzymes (such as superoxide dismutase,catalase,glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase and glutathione reductase) activities. Each experimental index was synthesized,and toxic effects of two pesticides on M.nipponense were analysed.This research would provide the scientific basis for evaluating pesticides to the safety of aquatic animals.
Firstly,the acute toxicity tests of methamidophos and cypermethrin were made respectively,the LC50 of each pesticide was measured.Secondly,six treatments were putted up in the range of 0-LC50,and the experiment lasted for 24h.,then each experimental index were measured.The results were as follows.
The 96LC50 of methamidophos was 3.00mg/Liand the 96LC50 of cypermethrin was 157ng/L.It was showed that cypermethrin was more poisonous to M. nipponense than methamidophos.
With the increasing concentrations of methamidophos, the oxygen consumption rate was increased,but the ammonia-N excretion rate was decreased.When prawns were exposed to high cypermethrin concentrations,both of the oxygen consumption rate and ammonia-N excretion rate were decreased.It was showed that the prawn has different mode to adapt the toxic effect on the respiration metabolism of M.nipponense.
AChE and Na+,K+-ATPase activities were inhibited by methamidophos and cypermethrin. Na+,K+-ATPase activities of prawns in highest concentration of methamidophos were the same as those in cypermethrin.But the inhibitory rate of AChE activities of prawns exposed to methamidophos were higher significantly than those
exposed to cypermethrin.
Methamidophos and cypermethrin led to higher O2 value,but the alterations of activities of antioxidant enzymes were different.With the effects of methamidophos, SOD activities of the prawns increased in six concentrations,but the others increased in lower concentrations and decreased in higher concentrations.correspondingly all of the antionxidant enzymes activities of prawns exposed to cypermethrin deceased significantly.lt was showed that cypermethrin was more poisonous on antioxidant enzymes of M.nipponense than methamidophos.
首先对日本沼虾分别进行两种农药的急性毒性实验，测定沼虾的96h半致死浓度(LC_(50))，然后在0～96LC_(50)之间设立6个浓度，对日本沼虾进行24h胁迫实验，测定各实验指标。结果如下：
1．甲胺磷和氯氰菊酯对日本沼虾的96hLC_(50)分别为3.00mg／L和157ng／L，其安全浓度分别为0.30mg／L和15.70ng／L，表明日本沼虾对氯氰菊酯的敏感性明显高于甲胺磷。
2．日本沼虾在甲胺磷胁迫下耗氧率逐渐升高，排氨率下降；而在氯氰菊酯胁迫下耗氧率和排氨率均呈现下降的趋势。说明日本沼虾在两种农药中分别利用不同的适应方式来抵御毒物对基础代谢的胁迫。
3．在甲胺磷和氯氰菊酯的胁迫下，日本沼虾AChE和Na~+，K~+-ATPase活性均受到不同程度的抑制。最高试验浓度农药可抑制Na~+，K~+-ATPase活性达到70％以上，而抑制AchE活性的分别达到40.45％和29.96％。研究表明甲胺磷对AchE活性的抑制明显强于氯氰菊酯，而对Na~+，K~+-ATPase活性的抑制二者相当。
4．甲胺磷和氯氰菊酯农药均能使日本沼虾体内O_2~-含量升高，而在不同的农药中抗氧化酶活性的变化有所不同：在甲胺磷农药胁迫下，除SOD逐渐上升外，其余各酶(CAT、GPX、GST、GR)活性均呈现先上升后下降的变化趋势，表明日本沼虾于低浓度甲胺磷中可通过提高抗氧化酶的活性来抵御毒物的胁迫，而在高浓度下抗氧化酶活性则受到抑制；在氯氰菊酯的胁迫下，日本沼虾各抗氧化酶类活性均显著降低，说明氯氰菊酯对沼虾抗氧化防御系统有较强的毒性作用。
The toxic effects of methamidophos and cypermethrin on the freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium nipponense, were investigated for the first time. Some physiological indexes were measured in experimental regime,including LCso>oxygen consumption rate,ammonia-N excretion rate,AchE and Na=+,K+-ATPase activitiesO2 and some antioxidant enzymes (such as superoxide dismutase,catalase,glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase and glutathione reductase) activities. Each experimental index was synthesized,and toxic effects of two pesticides on M.nipponense were analysed.This research would provide the scientific basis for evaluating pesticides to the safety of aquatic animals.
Firstly,the acute toxicity tests of methamidophos and cypermethrin were made respectively,the LC50 of each pesticide was measured.Secondly,six treatments were putted up in the range of 0-LC50,and the experiment lasted for 24h.,then each experimental index were measured.The results were as follows.
The 96LC50 of methamidophos was 3.00mg/Liand the 96LC50 of cypermethrin was 157ng/L.It was showed that cypermethrin was more poisonous to M. nipponense than methamidophos.
With the increasing concentrations of methamidophos, the oxygen consumption rate was increased,but the ammonia-N excretion rate was decreased.When prawns were exposed to high cypermethrin concentrations,both of the oxygen consumption rate and ammonia-N excretion rate were decreased.It was showed that the prawn has different mode to adapt the toxic effect on the respiration metabolism of M.nipponense.
AChE and Na+,K+-ATPase activities were inhibited by methamidophos and cypermethrin. Na+,K+-ATPase activities of prawns in highest concentration of methamidophos were the same as those in cypermethrin.But the inhibitory rate of AChE activities of prawns exposed to methamidophos were higher significantly than those
exposed to cypermethrin.
Methamidophos and cypermethrin led to higher O2 value,but the alterations of activities of antioxidant enzymes were different.With the effects of methamidophos, SOD activities of the prawns increased in six concentrations,but the others increased in lower concentrations and decreased in higher concentrations.correspondingly all of the antionxidant enzymes activities of prawns exposed to cypermethrin deceased significantly.lt was showed that cypermethrin was more poisonous on antioxidant enzymes of M.nipponense than methamidophos.
引文
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