我国典型城市和高山地区碳质气溶胶及单颗粒混合状态研究
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摘要
气溶胶广泛存在于大气中,而碳质气溶胶是大气气溶胶的主要成分之一。研究表明碳质气溶胶对人体健康、大气能见度、全球气候变化、以及地球辐射平衡等有着重要的影响。本研究通过在我国典型城市和高山地区开展大气气溶胶强化观测,利用多种监测手段和数据分析方法如在线连续观测、透射电镜技术、后向气流轨迹和聚类分析等对大气气溶胶进行了系统的研究,获得了我国典型地区大气气溶胶特别是碳质气溶胶的污染特征和理化性质,并着重研究了大气有机气溶胶来源、形成机制及单颗粒混合状态。
通过在济南和香港进行大气气溶胶进行强化观测,获得了济南和香港碳质气溶胶的浓度水平和季节变化特征。为研究短时间内对污染物排放进行大规模控制措施对空气质量的改善作用,我们对比了北京2007年奥运会同期(2007年8月)、2008年奥运会期间(2008年8月)和2009年奥运会同期(2009年8月)的大气气溶胶及其组分的质量浓度,结果表明短时间大规模的污染减排措施有利于北京空气质量的改善,并且减排措施带来的效果具有一定的持续性；对比了2010年广州亚运会前、中、后期香港和广州的大气气溶胶和碳质气溶胶质量浓度,结果表明对广州及其周边地区的污染物排放的控制,不仅降低了广州地区气溶胶的浓度水平,同时对区域空气质量的改善也有促进作用。通过对比我国南方和北方城市的碳质气溶胶的污染特征表明,北方城市较南方城市有比较高的碳质气溶胶浓度及OC/EC比值,尤其在冬季,可能跟燃煤排放有关系；南方城市通常具有较低的碳质气溶胶浓度及OC/EC比值,说明机动车排放是南方城市碳质气溶胶的重要来源。
为了解我国南方高山地区碳质气溶胶的来源和转化过程,于我国湖南衡山高山站开展了现场观测。研究证实了有机气溶胶的液相以及颗粒相表面的非均相生成过程。利用后向气流轨迹方法分析了衡山采样期间的长距离输送规律,结果表明衡山春季观测期间的气流主要来自珠三角、华北及华东地区,衡山地区空气质量受到了来自这些地区高浓度污染物的跨界输送的影响。另外,结合碳质气溶胶和钾离子浓度、后向气流轨迹分析及卫星火点图证实了衡山春季受到来自东南亚的生物质燃烧排放的影响。
为研究香港地区有机气溶胶光化学老化生成过程和生成速率,对香港夏季和秋季的碳质气溶胶污染特征进行了分析。结果发现香港东涌夏季和秋季SOC和奇氧化合物(OX=O3+NO2)的相关性良好,说明大气光化学反应过程对SOC生成有重要贡献。定量地研究了夏季和秋季不同城市烟羽中大气光化学反应生成的SOC速率,结果表明夏季来自珠三角城市烟羽的SOC生成速率为3.86μg m-3ppmv-1h-1,秋季来自珠三角和香港混合烟羽的SOC生成速率变化范围为1.31-1.46μg m-3ppmv-1h-1,以及秋季来自香港本地烟羽的SOC生成速率为1.82μg m-3ppmv-1h-1。通过与全球其他城市及其下风向的观测比较,如墨西哥城、加州地区、美国东部和南部城市圈等,香港夏季的SOA生成速率处于这些观测的生成速率上限,而秋季的SOA生成速率大体处于这些观测的生成速率下限。
为研究我国典型地区典型天气条件下气溶胶单颗粒的混合状态,利用透射电镜对济南霾过程和香港光化学老化过程中气溶胶样品进行了形貌和混合状态的分析。通过对济南灰霾天,雾天和清洁天的气溶胶单颗粒分析得出分别有91%、97%和86%的颗粒物中含有硫酸铵(AS),并且分别有71.0%、56%和58%的颗粒物是内部混合的。灰霾天的AS-soot (20%)和AS-soot/OM/fly ash (20%)的所占比例比清洁天AS-soot (13%)和AS-soot/OM/fly ash (12%)的比例高,说明在灰霾天高浓度气溶胶的条件下,碰并是一个重要混合机制。雾天、清洁天和灰霾天单颗粒样品的TEM结果对比显示,雾天收集的单颗粒外围在采样膜上都留有清晰可见的“印记”。电镜的能谱分析显示这些“印记”部位含有碳元素,这是由于气溶胶颗粒在雾天吸湿潮解时吸附了大量的有机物；相比于雾天的颗粒,清洁天仅有少量的该类型颗粒。灰霾天收集的部分颗粒的形貌特征类似于雾天的颗粒,而灰霾天的相对湿度较低,通常在50-60%之间,引起这个现象的可能原因是由于硫酸铵颗粒表面混合一定量的可溶性有机组分,在低湿度条件下便可吸附大气中水。TEM分析结果表明香港大气中的有机物几乎都与硫酸盐内部混合在一起。光化学污染事件期间比清洁天的有机外壳厚,说明光化学老化过程生成了大量的二次有机气溶胶,并且发现大气光化学反应促进了气溶胶粒径的增长。
通过对济南城区和工业区大气气溶胶中的微量金属分析,发现工业区站点的微量金属质量浓度是城市站点的1.7倍,表明工业排放对微量金属的浓度水平有显著的贡献。相关性分析和主成分分析结果表明,Cu、Fe、Mn、Pb和Zn主要来自机动车和钢铁冶炼排放；As、Pb和Cr主要来源于燃煤排放；Ba、Al和Ti主要来自于土壤源和道路扬尘；Ni和Sr具有自然源和人为源的混合来源。膜采样和透射电镜分析结果表明,济南大气气溶胶中具有较高浓度微量金属,并且这些微量金属绝大部分与硫酸盐和有机物内部混合在一起,因此,当评估微量金属对人体健康影响时,不仅要考虑其质量浓度水平还要考虑其混合状态。
Atmospheric aerosols are ubiquitous in the Earth's atmosphere. Carbonaceous aerosols, one of the major components of atmospheric aerosols, have received increasing attention in recent years owing to their impacts on global radiation balance, climate change, public health and visibility degradation. In order to better understand the sources, transport processes, formation mechanisms and mixing states of atmospheric aerosols and carbonaceous aerosols, we conducted several intensive field campaigns in urban (Beijing, Ji'nan and Hong Kong), suburban (Tung Chung in Hong Kong) and mountainous (Mt. Heng) sites in China.
Atmospheric carbonaceous aerosols measurements were carried out in Beijing, Ji'nan and Hong Kong. We obtained the concentration levels and seasonal variations of carbonaceous aerosols in Ji'nan and Hong Kong sites. In order to investigate the effects of massive short-term emission control measures adopted around2008on the air quality in Beijing, we conducted intensive field studies in three consecutive Augusts from2007,2008and2009. The three-year comparison of data indicated that the emission control measures improved the air quality during the2008Beijing Olympic Games as well as leaving long-term impact on the air quality in Beijing. Through comparing the characteristics of carbonaceous aerosols in northern and southern China, we found that the concentrations of carbonaceous aerosols and OC/EC ratios were higher in northern China than those in southern China, especially in winter, which were possibly due to the coal combustions.
To understand the sources and formation processes of atmospheric carbonaceous aerosols in rural and mountainous areas of the southern China, an intensive measurement campaign was conducted at the summit of Mt. Heng during the spring of2009. The mean concentrations of OC, EC and PM2.5were3.01,0.54,40.7μg m-3, respectively. The estimated average SOC concentration was1.85μg m-3(1.52μg m-3for non-biomass burning period), accounting for more than half of the OC mass at Mt. Heng. We observed a good correlation between droplet-mode sulfate and SOC, indicating the occurrence of in-cloud SOA formation at Mt. Heng. The positive relationship between aerosol acidity and SOC suggests the enhancement of SOC by acid-catalyzed heterogeneous reactions. During the observation period, the air masses were mostly from the PRD and the eastern coast regions, demonstrating the impact of the long-range transport of pollutants from these developed regions to the rural areas in southern China. High concentrarions of carbonaceous aerosols and potasium were observed at the early stage of the observation, which were found to be related with the biomass burning events in Southeast Asia.
To study the production and aging of organic aerosols in a subtropical environment, we measured hourly resolved organic carbon (OC) and element carbon (EC) in PM2.5at a receptor site (Tung Chung, TC) in Hong Kong from August2011to May2012. We found that the SOC and odd oxygen (Ox) were highly correlated during the summer and autumn seasons, suggesting that photochemical processing contributed to the formation of organic aerosols. Therefore, we quantitatively studied the photochemical aging of organic aerosol during the smog episodes in summer and autumn. The results showed that the PRD cities and Hong Kong were the source regions and that aerosol particles became more aged as they were advected toward the receptor TC site. The SOC production rates were estimated to be in the range of1.31-1.82μg m-3ppmv-1h-1in autumn and3.86μg m"3ppmv-1h-1in summer, with the summer rate in the upper end of the range observed in the U.S. and Mexico City. The reduced rates in the autumn episodes may be due to decreased level of photochemistry. The results of this study can help improve modeling the formation of organic aerosols in polluted sub-tropical environments.
To evaluate the wintertime regional brown haze in northern China, trace gases and aerosols were measured at an urban site in Ji'nan from9-20November,2009. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) was applied to analyze the individual particle aerosols. We found that over90%of particles contained ammoniated sulfate (AS) in foggy, clear and haze days. Based on their mixing states, aerosol particles were further grouped into eight classes:AS-soot, AS-OM, AS-fly ash, AS-CaSO4, AS-soot/OM/fly ash, AS, AS-mineral, and others. Based on the estimations from TEM analysis, relative number fractions of both AS-soot (20%) and AS-soot/OM/fly ash (20%) from hazy days exceeded those from clear days (13%and12%), implying that coagulation is an important mixing mechanism in polluted air. Comparisons of TEM images of individual particles collected in foggy, clear and haze days, we found that many ambient AS particles from foggy and hazy days retained considerable water on their surfaces.
We investigated the microscopic characteristics of individual particle aerosols collected in one photochemical pollution episode in Hong Kong. The results revealed large contrasts of aerosol physico-chemical properties on clean and smoggy days, with thick organic coatings internally mixed with inorganic sulfate for all particle sizes in the aged plumes from the PRD region.
Trace metals in PM2.5were measured at one industrial site and one urban site in Ji'nan during September,2010. Individual particle aerosols and PM2.5samples were collected concurrently at both sites. The results show that mass concentrations of PM2.5(130μg m-3) and trace metals (4.03μgm-3) at the industrial site were1.3times and1.7times higher than those at the urban site, respectively, indicating that industrial activities nearby the city can emit trace metals into the surrounding atmosphere. Correlation coefficient analysis and principal component analysis revealed that Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn were originated from vehicular traffic and industrial emissions at both sites; As, Cr, and part of Pb from coal-fired power plant; Ba and Ti from natural soil. Based on the TEM analysis, we found that most of the trace metals were internally mixed with secondary sulfate/organic particles. These internally mixed trace metals in the urban air may have different toxic abilities compared with externally mixed trace metals.
通过在济南和香港进行大气气溶胶进行强化观测,获得了济南和香港碳质气溶胶的浓度水平和季节变化特征。为研究短时间内对污染物排放进行大规模控制措施对空气质量的改善作用,我们对比了北京2007年奥运会同期(2007年8月)、2008年奥运会期间(2008年8月)和2009年奥运会同期(2009年8月)的大气气溶胶及其组分的质量浓度,结果表明短时间大规模的污染减排措施有利于北京空气质量的改善,并且减排措施带来的效果具有一定的持续性；对比了2010年广州亚运会前、中、后期香港和广州的大气气溶胶和碳质气溶胶质量浓度,结果表明对广州及其周边地区的污染物排放的控制,不仅降低了广州地区气溶胶的浓度水平,同时对区域空气质量的改善也有促进作用。通过对比我国南方和北方城市的碳质气溶胶的污染特征表明,北方城市较南方城市有比较高的碳质气溶胶浓度及OC/EC比值,尤其在冬季,可能跟燃煤排放有关系；南方城市通常具有较低的碳质气溶胶浓度及OC/EC比值,说明机动车排放是南方城市碳质气溶胶的重要来源。
为了解我国南方高山地区碳质气溶胶的来源和转化过程,于我国湖南衡山高山站开展了现场观测。研究证实了有机气溶胶的液相以及颗粒相表面的非均相生成过程。利用后向气流轨迹方法分析了衡山采样期间的长距离输送规律,结果表明衡山春季观测期间的气流主要来自珠三角、华北及华东地区,衡山地区空气质量受到了来自这些地区高浓度污染物的跨界输送的影响。另外,结合碳质气溶胶和钾离子浓度、后向气流轨迹分析及卫星火点图证实了衡山春季受到来自东南亚的生物质燃烧排放的影响。
为研究香港地区有机气溶胶光化学老化生成过程和生成速率,对香港夏季和秋季的碳质气溶胶污染特征进行了分析。结果发现香港东涌夏季和秋季SOC和奇氧化合物(OX=O3+NO2)的相关性良好,说明大气光化学反应过程对SOC生成有重要贡献。定量地研究了夏季和秋季不同城市烟羽中大气光化学反应生成的SOC速率,结果表明夏季来自珠三角城市烟羽的SOC生成速率为3.86μg m-3ppmv-1h-1,秋季来自珠三角和香港混合烟羽的SOC生成速率变化范围为1.31-1.46μg m-3ppmv-1h-1,以及秋季来自香港本地烟羽的SOC生成速率为1.82μg m-3ppmv-1h-1。通过与全球其他城市及其下风向的观测比较,如墨西哥城、加州地区、美国东部和南部城市圈等,香港夏季的SOA生成速率处于这些观测的生成速率上限,而秋季的SOA生成速率大体处于这些观测的生成速率下限。
为研究我国典型地区典型天气条件下气溶胶单颗粒的混合状态,利用透射电镜对济南霾过程和香港光化学老化过程中气溶胶样品进行了形貌和混合状态的分析。通过对济南灰霾天,雾天和清洁天的气溶胶单颗粒分析得出分别有91%、97%和86%的颗粒物中含有硫酸铵(AS),并且分别有71.0%、56%和58%的颗粒物是内部混合的。灰霾天的AS-soot (20%)和AS-soot/OM/fly ash (20%)的所占比例比清洁天AS-soot (13%)和AS-soot/OM/fly ash (12%)的比例高,说明在灰霾天高浓度气溶胶的条件下,碰并是一个重要混合机制。雾天、清洁天和灰霾天单颗粒样品的TEM结果对比显示,雾天收集的单颗粒外围在采样膜上都留有清晰可见的“印记”。电镜的能谱分析显示这些“印记”部位含有碳元素,这是由于气溶胶颗粒在雾天吸湿潮解时吸附了大量的有机物；相比于雾天的颗粒,清洁天仅有少量的该类型颗粒。灰霾天收集的部分颗粒的形貌特征类似于雾天的颗粒,而灰霾天的相对湿度较低,通常在50-60%之间,引起这个现象的可能原因是由于硫酸铵颗粒表面混合一定量的可溶性有机组分,在低湿度条件下便可吸附大气中水。TEM分析结果表明香港大气中的有机物几乎都与硫酸盐内部混合在一起。光化学污染事件期间比清洁天的有机外壳厚,说明光化学老化过程生成了大量的二次有机气溶胶,并且发现大气光化学反应促进了气溶胶粒径的增长。
通过对济南城区和工业区大气气溶胶中的微量金属分析,发现工业区站点的微量金属质量浓度是城市站点的1.7倍,表明工业排放对微量金属的浓度水平有显著的贡献。相关性分析和主成分分析结果表明,Cu、Fe、Mn、Pb和Zn主要来自机动车和钢铁冶炼排放；As、Pb和Cr主要来源于燃煤排放；Ba、Al和Ti主要来自于土壤源和道路扬尘；Ni和Sr具有自然源和人为源的混合来源。膜采样和透射电镜分析结果表明,济南大气气溶胶中具有较高浓度微量金属,并且这些微量金属绝大部分与硫酸盐和有机物内部混合在一起,因此,当评估微量金属对人体健康影响时,不仅要考虑其质量浓度水平还要考虑其混合状态。
Atmospheric aerosols are ubiquitous in the Earth's atmosphere. Carbonaceous aerosols, one of the major components of atmospheric aerosols, have received increasing attention in recent years owing to their impacts on global radiation balance, climate change, public health and visibility degradation. In order to better understand the sources, transport processes, formation mechanisms and mixing states of atmospheric aerosols and carbonaceous aerosols, we conducted several intensive field campaigns in urban (Beijing, Ji'nan and Hong Kong), suburban (Tung Chung in Hong Kong) and mountainous (Mt. Heng) sites in China.
Atmospheric carbonaceous aerosols measurements were carried out in Beijing, Ji'nan and Hong Kong. We obtained the concentration levels and seasonal variations of carbonaceous aerosols in Ji'nan and Hong Kong sites. In order to investigate the effects of massive short-term emission control measures adopted around2008on the air quality in Beijing, we conducted intensive field studies in three consecutive Augusts from2007,2008and2009. The three-year comparison of data indicated that the emission control measures improved the air quality during the2008Beijing Olympic Games as well as leaving long-term impact on the air quality in Beijing. Through comparing the characteristics of carbonaceous aerosols in northern and southern China, we found that the concentrations of carbonaceous aerosols and OC/EC ratios were higher in northern China than those in southern China, especially in winter, which were possibly due to the coal combustions.
To understand the sources and formation processes of atmospheric carbonaceous aerosols in rural and mountainous areas of the southern China, an intensive measurement campaign was conducted at the summit of Mt. Heng during the spring of2009. The mean concentrations of OC, EC and PM2.5were3.01,0.54,40.7μg m-3, respectively. The estimated average SOC concentration was1.85μg m-3(1.52μg m-3for non-biomass burning period), accounting for more than half of the OC mass at Mt. Heng. We observed a good correlation between droplet-mode sulfate and SOC, indicating the occurrence of in-cloud SOA formation at Mt. Heng. The positive relationship between aerosol acidity and SOC suggests the enhancement of SOC by acid-catalyzed heterogeneous reactions. During the observation period, the air masses were mostly from the PRD and the eastern coast regions, demonstrating the impact of the long-range transport of pollutants from these developed regions to the rural areas in southern China. High concentrarions of carbonaceous aerosols and potasium were observed at the early stage of the observation, which were found to be related with the biomass burning events in Southeast Asia.
To study the production and aging of organic aerosols in a subtropical environment, we measured hourly resolved organic carbon (OC) and element carbon (EC) in PM2.5at a receptor site (Tung Chung, TC) in Hong Kong from August2011to May2012. We found that the SOC and odd oxygen (Ox) were highly correlated during the summer and autumn seasons, suggesting that photochemical processing contributed to the formation of organic aerosols. Therefore, we quantitatively studied the photochemical aging of organic aerosol during the smog episodes in summer and autumn. The results showed that the PRD cities and Hong Kong were the source regions and that aerosol particles became more aged as they were advected toward the receptor TC site. The SOC production rates were estimated to be in the range of1.31-1.82μg m-3ppmv-1h-1in autumn and3.86μg m"3ppmv-1h-1in summer, with the summer rate in the upper end of the range observed in the U.S. and Mexico City. The reduced rates in the autumn episodes may be due to decreased level of photochemistry. The results of this study can help improve modeling the formation of organic aerosols in polluted sub-tropical environments.
To evaluate the wintertime regional brown haze in northern China, trace gases and aerosols were measured at an urban site in Ji'nan from9-20November,2009. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) was applied to analyze the individual particle aerosols. We found that over90%of particles contained ammoniated sulfate (AS) in foggy, clear and haze days. Based on their mixing states, aerosol particles were further grouped into eight classes:AS-soot, AS-OM, AS-fly ash, AS-CaSO4, AS-soot/OM/fly ash, AS, AS-mineral, and others. Based on the estimations from TEM analysis, relative number fractions of both AS-soot (20%) and AS-soot/OM/fly ash (20%) from hazy days exceeded those from clear days (13%and12%), implying that coagulation is an important mixing mechanism in polluted air. Comparisons of TEM images of individual particles collected in foggy, clear and haze days, we found that many ambient AS particles from foggy and hazy days retained considerable water on their surfaces.
We investigated the microscopic characteristics of individual particle aerosols collected in one photochemical pollution episode in Hong Kong. The results revealed large contrasts of aerosol physico-chemical properties on clean and smoggy days, with thick organic coatings internally mixed with inorganic sulfate for all particle sizes in the aged plumes from the PRD region.
Trace metals in PM2.5were measured at one industrial site and one urban site in Ji'nan during September,2010. Individual particle aerosols and PM2.5samples were collected concurrently at both sites. The results show that mass concentrations of PM2.5(130μg m-3) and trace metals (4.03μgm-3) at the industrial site were1.3times and1.7times higher than those at the urban site, respectively, indicating that industrial activities nearby the city can emit trace metals into the surrounding atmosphere. Correlation coefficient analysis and principal component analysis revealed that Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn were originated from vehicular traffic and industrial emissions at both sites; As, Cr, and part of Pb from coal-fired power plant; Ba and Ti from natural soil. Based on the TEM analysis, we found that most of the trace metals were internally mixed with secondary sulfate/organic particles. These internally mixed trace metals in the urban air may have different toxic abilities compared with externally mixed trace metals.
引文
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