可可西里地区渐新统含盐层系沉积特征与钾盐资源前景
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摘要
钾盐对国家经济建设和资源安全具有非常重要的意义,同时又是我国重要的紧缺矿物资源。继续深入钾盐资源勘查,加强在中国古今盐盆地找钾的研究与勘探,是摆在地质工作者面前一项十分迫切的任务。
渐新世可可西里地区与柴达木盆地同处于干旱气候条件下,区内渐新统雅西措群地层中广泛分布有蒸发盐、膏盐岩沉积,纵向上具有多层系、厚度巨大的特点。柴达木盆地及西部的塔里木盆地已经发现有大量的新生代盐类矿产资源,同处于羌塘—滇西构造成矿域的云南思茅盆地也发现了具有工业价值的固体钾盐矿床,广袤的可可西里地区具有较好的钾盐资源前景,一直以来都被看作是钾盐远景区,但区内钾盐资源评价工作还是一片空白。
本论文以沉积学理论、盐类地球化学分析理论为指导,以可可西里地区渐新统雅西措群含盐层系为主要研究对象,选取区内错仁德加盆地和沱沱河盆地为研究重点,通过野外宏观勘查与室内地球化学分析相结合的方法,对可可西里地区新生代盆地雅西措群进行了初步的沉积特征、沉积模式研究,盐类地球化学分析和找钾远景评价,为青藏高原北缘内陆湖相蒸发盆地找钾工作提供了新的理论支持和科学依据。
首先,依靠路线地质调查资料和野外实测剖面,划分含盐层系,分析含盐层系的岩相类型、沉积相,进一步深入研究含盐层系的沉积特征和沉积模式。结果表明,可可西里地区至少可以识别出两套含盐层系,错仁德加盆地为紫红色含盐层系;沱沱河盆地为以黄绿色为主色调,间夹紫红色、灰绿色、灰黑色的杂色含盐层系。两套含盐层系都位于渐新统雅西措群中上部,均属于内陆湖相沉积,含膏盐岩产出在干盐湖沉积亚相,但两套含盐层系的沉积模式不同,错仁德加盆地属于开放型干盐湖沉积,沱沱河盆地属于封闭型干盐湖沉积体系。两者的沉积环境和古地理条件都有利于成钾。
其次,利用微体古生物化石样品的鉴定结果,讨论含盐层系的时代归属,对比区内已知盐矿点的分布与含盐层系的空间展布,配合遥感解译工作,查明含盐层系的时空分布特点,还原古盐湖盆地的范围,圈定沉积中心。结果显示,紫红色含盐层系的时代大致可与柴达木盆地始新统下干柴沟组(E2)对应;沱沱河盆地杂色含盐层系可与柴达木盆地中新统下油砂山组(N1)对应。含盐层系的空间展布与盐矿点的分布具有高度的一致性,与遥感解译的沉积中心也能够很好地吻合。渐新世错仁德加地区古含盐湖盆中心出现在今贡冒日玛山—秀水河一带,野外露头可以以连片出现的中新统五道梁群泥灰岩为标志;沱沱河盆地古沉积中心在今唐古拉山乡—布玛浪纳地区,并以布查湖—盖巴些尕湖一带为最,露头上以厚度在50m以上大套连片产出的石膏层沉积为标志。
最后,根据在南北两个盆地中发现的马鞍山盐湖,布查湖及盐湖周围采集的卤水样品水化学分析;精测剖面采集的岩盐地层样品地球化学成分分析,利用钾盐资源评价常用的特征系数溴氯系数、钾溴系数、钾氯系数,解析区内卤水的类型、含矿性及含盐层系的成钾潜力。结果表明,虽然研究区大规模的岩盐露头比较少见,但盐湖、盐泉(卤水)点出露较多,卤水矿化度较高,盐度较高,均属于岩盐淋滤型卤水,地球化学指标显示地下水含有曾与石盐、钾石盐矿层发生溶滤作用的特征,卤水中溴氯系数(Br×103/Cl)值较高,普遍>0.3,其它的特征系数变化趋势与Br×103/Cl变化一致,水化学分析结果的可信度高。研究区卤水样品的水化学指标达到了成钾潜力好的级别,钾盐资源前景好。区内岩盐地层样品受风化作用影响,地球化学特征值偏低,但布查湖南岸精测剖面仍具有钾盐矿化异常现象。
综合评价认为,渐新世可可西里地区错仁德加盆地和沱沱河盆地成盐环境比较复杂,均属于内陆干盐湖成盐体系,沉积环境、岩相古地理和气候条件有利于成钾,地球化学指标显示地下水具有曾与石盐、钾石盐矿层发生溶滤作用的特征,区内两个盆地分别以马鞍山盐湖、布查湖为中心,存在着明显的水化学异常,曾经普遍达到过卤水演化析出钾盐的阶段,找钾前景较好。相比较而言,错仁德加地区成钾条件更好,具有发现隐伏钾盐矿层的可能。
Potash has extremely vital significance to the national economic construction and resources security. However, it is one of the most our country scarce resources in our country. Deepening the potash resources exploration and strengthening the study and survey in the ancient and modern salt basins are the very urgent tasks for all the geologists in China.
In the period of Oligocene, Hoh Xil Basin was in the arid climate condition as same as the Qaidam Basin. There are a lot of salt rocks and evaporates deposits distribute in the stratum of Oligocene which was called Yaxicuo formation in Hoh Xil. These rocks own multi-layer and large thickness in vertical serial. In Qaidam, geologists have found a large number of salts mineral resources in Cenozoic, and the same result in Tarim basin where is in west of the Hoh Xil), meanwhile, in the south of Qiangtang-western Yunnan salt minerogenetic belt, Simao basin also be found as a solid potassium deposits area, has industrial value. Anyhow, vast Hoh Xil region has good prospect of potash resources, always be regarded as a key ones for potash search. Unfortunately, due to bad climate condition and high altitude, it is still a virgin land for potash resources evaluation.
Take sedimentology and salt geochemical analysis as guiding theory, focus on Yaxicuo formation in Oligocene, select Cuorendejia(CRDJ) basin and Tuotuohe(TTH) basin in Hoh Xil region as the main research object, combine field exploration with indoor geochemical method, this paper summarizes the sedimentary characteristics and deposition model of the salt-bearing series in Cenozoic basin, in addition, by geochemical analysis, summarizes the condition of salt-forming processes, finally, evaluates the potash resource perspective. This paper is not only my master degree thesis, it also expected to give some theoretical support and new scientific basis for potash search in inland lacustrine facies evaporite basin in Qinghai-Tibet plateau.
First, based on litho-facies and precipitation facies analysis of field section planes, identify sedimentary characteristics and deposition model of the salt-bearing series. The results showed that the Hoh Xil area can be at least identified two sets of salt-bearing series. Symbolize amaranth salt sediment group in the north, CRDJ basin, with yellow-green as mass-tone, sandwiched amaranth, celadon and gray, variegated salt sediment group in the south, TTH basin. Both of them are located in upper stratigraphic position in Oligocene Yaxicuo group, belong to inland lacustrine sediment, formed in ancient playa, but had different deposit modes. The former was formed in opening playa type, the latter belong to closing playa sediment. Nevertheless, both of the sedimentary environment and paleogeographic pattern are conducive to form potash mineral.
Secondly, compared with the known salt occurrences and temporal and spatial distribution of the salt-bearing series, cooperated with satellite remote sensing, restoring the domain of ancient salt lake, delineating sedimentary center. The results showed that the distribution of salt occurrences and salt- bearing series are highly consistency, and perfectly identical with the remote sensing data. In Oligocene, ancient CRDJ salt lake basin center appeared in Gongmaorima mountain—Xiushui river area, could be marked at outcrops by the sectors-connecting Miocene Wudaoliang group limestone. TTH salt lake’s center at the region of Tanggula mountain—Bumalangna, with it deepest place at the area of Bucha lake—Gaibaxiega lake, could be identified by large sectors-connecting plaster layer, many of them was more than 50m in thickness.
At last, using brine and salt geochemical method analysis, rely on Br×103 /Cl ratio, K×103 /Cl ratio, K/Br ratio, nMg/nCl ratio, which are common characteristics coefficient in potash resources evaluation, analytical the type of brine, the potentiality of mineral-bearing and the potential of salt-bearing stratum. As the results showed that large-scale halite outcrop relatively rare, but the salt lake, surface springs(brine) was plenty, having high salinity, and all belong to the concentrated solution, containing the old information of lixiviation with salt layer or potash layer. In the brine, Br×103 /Cl ratio is high, generally greater than 0.3, the other features coefficients have the same character and change trend, illuminate that chemical analysis is authentic. According to the geochemical index, most samples reach into good level of potash potential, Hoh Xil regions is proved as favorable and promising potash deposit-searching area.
Comprehensive evaluation revealed that salt-forming environment belong to inland playa deposition system in this area, sedimentary environment, paleo- geographic and climate condition conducive to potash deposit. As respectively deposit center of CRDJ and TTH basin, Ma Anshan salt lake and Bucha salt lake and their circumambience exist obviously potash-mineral abnormalities. The two ancient salt lakes have been come through the stage of exhalation sylvite. Hoh Xil regions have good prospect of potash deposit. In comparison, the CRDJ basin is better than TTH basin, provided with probability to find some concealed potash ore-bearing.
渐新世可可西里地区与柴达木盆地同处于干旱气候条件下,区内渐新统雅西措群地层中广泛分布有蒸发盐、膏盐岩沉积,纵向上具有多层系、厚度巨大的特点。柴达木盆地及西部的塔里木盆地已经发现有大量的新生代盐类矿产资源,同处于羌塘—滇西构造成矿域的云南思茅盆地也发现了具有工业价值的固体钾盐矿床,广袤的可可西里地区具有较好的钾盐资源前景,一直以来都被看作是钾盐远景区,但区内钾盐资源评价工作还是一片空白。
本论文以沉积学理论、盐类地球化学分析理论为指导,以可可西里地区渐新统雅西措群含盐层系为主要研究对象,选取区内错仁德加盆地和沱沱河盆地为研究重点,通过野外宏观勘查与室内地球化学分析相结合的方法,对可可西里地区新生代盆地雅西措群进行了初步的沉积特征、沉积模式研究,盐类地球化学分析和找钾远景评价,为青藏高原北缘内陆湖相蒸发盆地找钾工作提供了新的理论支持和科学依据。
首先,依靠路线地质调查资料和野外实测剖面,划分含盐层系,分析含盐层系的岩相类型、沉积相,进一步深入研究含盐层系的沉积特征和沉积模式。结果表明,可可西里地区至少可以识别出两套含盐层系,错仁德加盆地为紫红色含盐层系;沱沱河盆地为以黄绿色为主色调,间夹紫红色、灰绿色、灰黑色的杂色含盐层系。两套含盐层系都位于渐新统雅西措群中上部,均属于内陆湖相沉积,含膏盐岩产出在干盐湖沉积亚相,但两套含盐层系的沉积模式不同,错仁德加盆地属于开放型干盐湖沉积,沱沱河盆地属于封闭型干盐湖沉积体系。两者的沉积环境和古地理条件都有利于成钾。
其次,利用微体古生物化石样品的鉴定结果,讨论含盐层系的时代归属,对比区内已知盐矿点的分布与含盐层系的空间展布,配合遥感解译工作,查明含盐层系的时空分布特点,还原古盐湖盆地的范围,圈定沉积中心。结果显示,紫红色含盐层系的时代大致可与柴达木盆地始新统下干柴沟组(E2)对应;沱沱河盆地杂色含盐层系可与柴达木盆地中新统下油砂山组(N1)对应。含盐层系的空间展布与盐矿点的分布具有高度的一致性,与遥感解译的沉积中心也能够很好地吻合。渐新世错仁德加地区古含盐湖盆中心出现在今贡冒日玛山—秀水河一带,野外露头可以以连片出现的中新统五道梁群泥灰岩为标志;沱沱河盆地古沉积中心在今唐古拉山乡—布玛浪纳地区,并以布查湖—盖巴些尕湖一带为最,露头上以厚度在50m以上大套连片产出的石膏层沉积为标志。
最后,根据在南北两个盆地中发现的马鞍山盐湖,布查湖及盐湖周围采集的卤水样品水化学分析;精测剖面采集的岩盐地层样品地球化学成分分析,利用钾盐资源评价常用的特征系数溴氯系数、钾溴系数、钾氯系数,解析区内卤水的类型、含矿性及含盐层系的成钾潜力。结果表明,虽然研究区大规模的岩盐露头比较少见,但盐湖、盐泉(卤水)点出露较多,卤水矿化度较高,盐度较高,均属于岩盐淋滤型卤水,地球化学指标显示地下水含有曾与石盐、钾石盐矿层发生溶滤作用的特征,卤水中溴氯系数(Br×103/Cl)值较高,普遍>0.3,其它的特征系数变化趋势与Br×103/Cl变化一致,水化学分析结果的可信度高。研究区卤水样品的水化学指标达到了成钾潜力好的级别,钾盐资源前景好。区内岩盐地层样品受风化作用影响,地球化学特征值偏低,但布查湖南岸精测剖面仍具有钾盐矿化异常现象。
综合评价认为,渐新世可可西里地区错仁德加盆地和沱沱河盆地成盐环境比较复杂,均属于内陆干盐湖成盐体系,沉积环境、岩相古地理和气候条件有利于成钾,地球化学指标显示地下水具有曾与石盐、钾石盐矿层发生溶滤作用的特征,区内两个盆地分别以马鞍山盐湖、布查湖为中心,存在着明显的水化学异常,曾经普遍达到过卤水演化析出钾盐的阶段,找钾前景较好。相比较而言,错仁德加地区成钾条件更好,具有发现隐伏钾盐矿层的可能。
Potash has extremely vital significance to the national economic construction and resources security. However, it is one of the most our country scarce resources in our country. Deepening the potash resources exploration and strengthening the study and survey in the ancient and modern salt basins are the very urgent tasks for all the geologists in China.
In the period of Oligocene, Hoh Xil Basin was in the arid climate condition as same as the Qaidam Basin. There are a lot of salt rocks and evaporates deposits distribute in the stratum of Oligocene which was called Yaxicuo formation in Hoh Xil. These rocks own multi-layer and large thickness in vertical serial. In Qaidam, geologists have found a large number of salts mineral resources in Cenozoic, and the same result in Tarim basin where is in west of the Hoh Xil), meanwhile, in the south of Qiangtang-western Yunnan salt minerogenetic belt, Simao basin also be found as a solid potassium deposits area, has industrial value. Anyhow, vast Hoh Xil region has good prospect of potash resources, always be regarded as a key ones for potash search. Unfortunately, due to bad climate condition and high altitude, it is still a virgin land for potash resources evaluation.
Take sedimentology and salt geochemical analysis as guiding theory, focus on Yaxicuo formation in Oligocene, select Cuorendejia(CRDJ) basin and Tuotuohe(TTH) basin in Hoh Xil region as the main research object, combine field exploration with indoor geochemical method, this paper summarizes the sedimentary characteristics and deposition model of the salt-bearing series in Cenozoic basin, in addition, by geochemical analysis, summarizes the condition of salt-forming processes, finally, evaluates the potash resource perspective. This paper is not only my master degree thesis, it also expected to give some theoretical support and new scientific basis for potash search in inland lacustrine facies evaporite basin in Qinghai-Tibet plateau.
First, based on litho-facies and precipitation facies analysis of field section planes, identify sedimentary characteristics and deposition model of the salt-bearing series. The results showed that the Hoh Xil area can be at least identified two sets of salt-bearing series. Symbolize amaranth salt sediment group in the north, CRDJ basin, with yellow-green as mass-tone, sandwiched amaranth, celadon and gray, variegated salt sediment group in the south, TTH basin. Both of them are located in upper stratigraphic position in Oligocene Yaxicuo group, belong to inland lacustrine sediment, formed in ancient playa, but had different deposit modes. The former was formed in opening playa type, the latter belong to closing playa sediment. Nevertheless, both of the sedimentary environment and paleogeographic pattern are conducive to form potash mineral.
Secondly, compared with the known salt occurrences and temporal and spatial distribution of the salt-bearing series, cooperated with satellite remote sensing, restoring the domain of ancient salt lake, delineating sedimentary center. The results showed that the distribution of salt occurrences and salt- bearing series are highly consistency, and perfectly identical with the remote sensing data. In Oligocene, ancient CRDJ salt lake basin center appeared in Gongmaorima mountain—Xiushui river area, could be marked at outcrops by the sectors-connecting Miocene Wudaoliang group limestone. TTH salt lake’s center at the region of Tanggula mountain—Bumalangna, with it deepest place at the area of Bucha lake—Gaibaxiega lake, could be identified by large sectors-connecting plaster layer, many of them was more than 50m in thickness.
At last, using brine and salt geochemical method analysis, rely on Br×103 /Cl ratio, K×103 /Cl ratio, K/Br ratio, nMg/nCl ratio, which are common characteristics coefficient in potash resources evaluation, analytical the type of brine, the potentiality of mineral-bearing and the potential of salt-bearing stratum. As the results showed that large-scale halite outcrop relatively rare, but the salt lake, surface springs(brine) was plenty, having high salinity, and all belong to the concentrated solution, containing the old information of lixiviation with salt layer or potash layer. In the brine, Br×103 /Cl ratio is high, generally greater than 0.3, the other features coefficients have the same character and change trend, illuminate that chemical analysis is authentic. According to the geochemical index, most samples reach into good level of potash potential, Hoh Xil regions is proved as favorable and promising potash deposit-searching area.
Comprehensive evaluation revealed that salt-forming environment belong to inland playa deposition system in this area, sedimentary environment, paleo- geographic and climate condition conducive to potash deposit. As respectively deposit center of CRDJ and TTH basin, Ma Anshan salt lake and Bucha salt lake and their circumambience exist obviously potash-mineral abnormalities. The two ancient salt lakes have been come through the stage of exhalation sylvite. Hoh Xil regions have good prospect of potash deposit. In comparison, the CRDJ basin is better than TTH basin, provided with probability to find some concealed potash ore-bearing.
引文
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