中国海洋渔业资源资产产权制度的变迁与变革研究
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摘要
中国是世界上拥有丰富海洋渔业资源的国家之一,渔业资源的开发利用为中国海洋经济及国民经济发展做出了突出贡献。然而,海洋渔业发展潜力有限,总量高增长性无法掩盖渔业资源质量下降、部分种群濒于灭绝的事实。现有海洋渔业资源资产产权制度和渔业资源固有的生物经济特性的不相吻合,导致捕捞竞争失控,渔民缺乏养护资源的基本诱因。在渔业资源供给有限的条件下,“谁捕到归谁所有”的游戏规则,是导致渔业经济绩效低下和渔业资源过度利用的根本性原因;只要渔业处于自由准入状态,无论是事实上的,还是法理上的,渔业问题就不可能从根本上得到解决。因此,海洋渔业资源资产产权制度的变革已成为中国海洋渔业发展亟待解决的重要课题。
本文围绕这一主题,系统研究了中国海洋渔业资源资产产权制度的变迁,借鉴国外海洋渔业资源资产产权制度的先进经验,尝试性地提出了中国海洋渔业资源资产产权制度的变革模式。具体研究的内容和成果主要体现在以下几个方面:
一、通过对中国海洋渔业资源资产产权制度变迁的研究,总结出变迁的总体规律:产权结构不断私有化、产出控制受到重视以及渔业效率不断提高。并由此为依据,探索中国海洋渔业资源资产产权制度变革取向。
二、借鉴国外先进的海洋渔业资源资产产权制度经验,结合中国现实实际和中央有关指示精神,兼顾公平和效率,提出了中国海洋渔业资源资产产权制度变革的模式,即基于社区的渔业管理模式以及实施社区捕捞配额的集体产权制度。
三、提出了中国海洋渔业资源资产集体产权制度的实施条件:国家授权、加强渔村社区建设、开展海洋渔业资源资产的调查与研究、加大渔政执法力度、大力实施减船措施,安排部分渔民转产转业;预计中国变革后的海洋渔业资源资产产权制度,能够在渔业资源养护、提高捕捞效率、维护沿海渔民利益等方面起到良好作用。
四、构建中国海洋渔业资源资产产权制度变革的支撑体系:在国家农村宏观政策、政府合理授权、渔民转产转业、人才培养与引进等方面提供制度变革的政策保障;在明确产权归属、落实资源养护与管理、建立责任渔业制度、海岸带管理立法等方面提供制度变革的法律保障;在成立专设机构统一管理渔业产权和理顺渔政执法秩序、提高执法能力方面提供制度变革的体制保障;在科技服务和人才服务方面提供制度变革的服务保障。
五、研究了中国海洋渔业资源资产产权制度变革的实施策略:转变政府职能、建设服务型政府、充足的资金保证、加强渔业社区管理的相关制度建设和组织能力建设、做好渔民转产转业工作以及从经济、福利、文化、生态、建设等各方面采取有力措施,实现中国沿海渔村社区的可持续发展。
China is one of the nations which are rich in marine fisheries resources. The explorations and utilizations of fisheries resources contribute great to China’s development of marine economy and national economy. However, the development potential of marine fisheries is limited, and great increase of the gross can’t gloss over the facts that the quality of marine fisheries has been decreasing and parts of populations are danger in depopulation. The current property right system is not consistent with the inherent bio-economic characteristics of fisheries resources, and this inconsistency results in losing control of fishing competition. Fishermen are short of the basic incentives to conserve the fisheries resources. In the condition of the limited supply of fisheries resources,“the law of capture”is the root reason which leads to the low performance of fisheries economy and overutilization of fisheries resources. As long as the fisheries are in the open access conditions—no matter in de facto conditions or in de jure conditions, the fisheries problems can’t be settled radically. Therefore, the innovation of property right system of marine fisheries resources asset has become one of the most important issues of China’s marine fisheries development which needs to be resolved urgently.
This dissertation circumfuses the above theme, researches the change of property right system of China’s marine fisheries resources asset systematically, learns from the foreign advance experiences of property right system of marine fisheries resources asset, and attempts to develop the innovative model of property right system of China’s marine fisheries resources. The material contents and productions of this dissertation are as follows:
(1) This dissertation concludes the overall change rule in terms of researching the property right system of China’s marine fisheries resources asset. Namely, the structure of property right is ever privatized; control of output is regarded and the efficiency of fishery is ever improved. On the basis of the above, this dissertation explores the reform tendency of the property right system of China’s marine fisheries resources asset.
(2) This dissertation develops the innovative model of property right system of China’s marine fisheries resources asset in the basis of learning from the foreign advance experiences of property right system of marine fisheries resources asset combining with the China’s actual facts and the central interrelated direction spirits, and giving attention to equity and efficiency. In other words, the innovative model is the community-based fisheries management model and the collective property right system of community fishing quota.
(3) This dissertation develops the conditions to carry out the collective property right system of China’s marine fisheries resources asset: national authorization, enforcing the construction of fishing community, carrying out the investigation and research of marine fisheries resources, enforcing the power of the fishery patrol to execute the law, implementing the enforcement to decrease the fishing vessels energetically, arrange parts of fishermen to transfer their product and work. This dissertation research reveals that the new property right system of China’s marine fisheries resources asset can play positive roles in the conservation of fisheries resources, improving the fishing efficiency, maintaining the benefits of coastal fishermen and so on.
(4) This dissertation constructs the support system of the reform tendency of the property right system of China’s marine fisheries resources asset. Namely, providing policy safeguard system of institutional innovation in terms of macroscopical policy of national country, reasonable authorization of government, transferring product and work of fishermen, cultivating and indraughting person with ability and so on; Providing law safeguard of institutional innovation in terms of clarifying property right, conserving and managing the fisheries resources, establishing responsible fisheries system, lawmaking of coastal zone management and son on; providing system safeguard of institutional innovation in terms of establishing special agency to manage fisheries property right uniformly, rectifying law enforcement order of fishery administration and improving law enforcement ability; and providing service safeguard of institutional innovation in terms of scientech service and person with ability service.
(5) This dissertation researches the strategic application of the reform tendency of the property right system of China’s marine fisheries resources asset. Namely, changing the function of the government, setting up service government, ensuring enough fund, enforcing the construction of interrelated institution and capacity of organization, transferring fishermen’s product and work well and adopting active measures to achieve the sustainable development of China’s coastal fishing village community from perspectives of economy, welfare, culture, zoology and construction.
本文围绕这一主题,系统研究了中国海洋渔业资源资产产权制度的变迁,借鉴国外海洋渔业资源资产产权制度的先进经验,尝试性地提出了中国海洋渔业资源资产产权制度的变革模式。具体研究的内容和成果主要体现在以下几个方面:
一、通过对中国海洋渔业资源资产产权制度变迁的研究,总结出变迁的总体规律:产权结构不断私有化、产出控制受到重视以及渔业效率不断提高。并由此为依据,探索中国海洋渔业资源资产产权制度变革取向。
二、借鉴国外先进的海洋渔业资源资产产权制度经验,结合中国现实实际和中央有关指示精神,兼顾公平和效率,提出了中国海洋渔业资源资产产权制度变革的模式,即基于社区的渔业管理模式以及实施社区捕捞配额的集体产权制度。
三、提出了中国海洋渔业资源资产集体产权制度的实施条件:国家授权、加强渔村社区建设、开展海洋渔业资源资产的调查与研究、加大渔政执法力度、大力实施减船措施,安排部分渔民转产转业;预计中国变革后的海洋渔业资源资产产权制度,能够在渔业资源养护、提高捕捞效率、维护沿海渔民利益等方面起到良好作用。
四、构建中国海洋渔业资源资产产权制度变革的支撑体系:在国家农村宏观政策、政府合理授权、渔民转产转业、人才培养与引进等方面提供制度变革的政策保障;在明确产权归属、落实资源养护与管理、建立责任渔业制度、海岸带管理立法等方面提供制度变革的法律保障;在成立专设机构统一管理渔业产权和理顺渔政执法秩序、提高执法能力方面提供制度变革的体制保障;在科技服务和人才服务方面提供制度变革的服务保障。
五、研究了中国海洋渔业资源资产产权制度变革的实施策略:转变政府职能、建设服务型政府、充足的资金保证、加强渔业社区管理的相关制度建设和组织能力建设、做好渔民转产转业工作以及从经济、福利、文化、生态、建设等各方面采取有力措施,实现中国沿海渔村社区的可持续发展。
China is one of the nations which are rich in marine fisheries resources. The explorations and utilizations of fisheries resources contribute great to China’s development of marine economy and national economy. However, the development potential of marine fisheries is limited, and great increase of the gross can’t gloss over the facts that the quality of marine fisheries has been decreasing and parts of populations are danger in depopulation. The current property right system is not consistent with the inherent bio-economic characteristics of fisheries resources, and this inconsistency results in losing control of fishing competition. Fishermen are short of the basic incentives to conserve the fisheries resources. In the condition of the limited supply of fisheries resources,“the law of capture”is the root reason which leads to the low performance of fisheries economy and overutilization of fisheries resources. As long as the fisheries are in the open access conditions—no matter in de facto conditions or in de jure conditions, the fisheries problems can’t be settled radically. Therefore, the innovation of property right system of marine fisheries resources asset has become one of the most important issues of China’s marine fisheries development which needs to be resolved urgently.
This dissertation circumfuses the above theme, researches the change of property right system of China’s marine fisheries resources asset systematically, learns from the foreign advance experiences of property right system of marine fisheries resources asset, and attempts to develop the innovative model of property right system of China’s marine fisheries resources. The material contents and productions of this dissertation are as follows:
(1) This dissertation concludes the overall change rule in terms of researching the property right system of China’s marine fisheries resources asset. Namely, the structure of property right is ever privatized; control of output is regarded and the efficiency of fishery is ever improved. On the basis of the above, this dissertation explores the reform tendency of the property right system of China’s marine fisheries resources asset.
(2) This dissertation develops the innovative model of property right system of China’s marine fisheries resources asset in the basis of learning from the foreign advance experiences of property right system of marine fisheries resources asset combining with the China’s actual facts and the central interrelated direction spirits, and giving attention to equity and efficiency. In other words, the innovative model is the community-based fisheries management model and the collective property right system of community fishing quota.
(3) This dissertation develops the conditions to carry out the collective property right system of China’s marine fisheries resources asset: national authorization, enforcing the construction of fishing community, carrying out the investigation and research of marine fisheries resources, enforcing the power of the fishery patrol to execute the law, implementing the enforcement to decrease the fishing vessels energetically, arrange parts of fishermen to transfer their product and work. This dissertation research reveals that the new property right system of China’s marine fisheries resources asset can play positive roles in the conservation of fisheries resources, improving the fishing efficiency, maintaining the benefits of coastal fishermen and so on.
(4) This dissertation constructs the support system of the reform tendency of the property right system of China’s marine fisheries resources asset. Namely, providing policy safeguard system of institutional innovation in terms of macroscopical policy of national country, reasonable authorization of government, transferring product and work of fishermen, cultivating and indraughting person with ability and so on; Providing law safeguard of institutional innovation in terms of clarifying property right, conserving and managing the fisheries resources, establishing responsible fisheries system, lawmaking of coastal zone management and son on; providing system safeguard of institutional innovation in terms of establishing special agency to manage fisheries property right uniformly, rectifying law enforcement order of fishery administration and improving law enforcement ability; and providing service safeguard of institutional innovation in terms of scientech service and person with ability service.
(5) This dissertation researches the strategic application of the reform tendency of the property right system of China’s marine fisheries resources asset. Namely, changing the function of the government, setting up service government, ensuring enough fund, enforcing the construction of interrelated institution and capacity of organization, transferring fishermen’s product and work well and adopting active measures to achieve the sustainable development of China’s coastal fishing village community from perspectives of economy, welfare, culture, zoology and construction.
引文
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