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箬竹林结构特征及竹叶生物活性成分研究
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摘要
箬竹属(Indocalamus)植物已知有34种,主要分布于我国长江流域及以南地区。此属竹种综合利用程度较低。为了更好地综合利用箬竹属植物资源,本文以粽粑竹(Ⅰ. herklotsii)和美丽箬竹(Ⅰ. decorus)为研究材料,通过对立竹度和笋数的控制,初步研究了箬竹属叶用林生长发育规律及结构与生物量的关系,并对粽粑竹、美丽箬竹和阔叶箬竹(Ⅰ. latifolius)3个竹种叶片中的主要活性成分及影响因素进行了测定分析,主要研究结果如下:
     粽粑竹人工林中,2龄级立竹数量最多,其次是当年生立竹,4龄级立竹最少。笋期始于2月上旬,止于5月下旬。出笋数量动态呈现慢-快-慢的规律。出笋末期退笋率最高,退笋的高度随出土时间的推移而降低。竹笋-幼株高生长用Logistic曲线拟合效果好,其完成高生长所需的时间随出土时间的推迟而缩短。当竹秆高生长停止后,其枝叶才开始抽展。新竹当年只抽发一级枝条。
     箬竹的地上部分可划分为3个构件,即秆、枝和叶鞘、叶片。粽粑竹、美丽箬竹各构件的含水率大小顺序为:枝和叶鞘>秆>叶。各构件的含水率随竹龄的增大而下降,枝和叶鞘的下降幅度最大。单株地上生物量的大小及各构件所占的比重与竹种、竹龄有关。粽粑竹单株生物量大于美丽箬竹,其秆的生物量所占的比重最大,叶片最小。3龄级粽粑竹地上生物量最大。美丽箬竹地上生物量中叶所占的比重最多,其Ⅱ龄级立竹的生物量大于Ⅰ龄级。粽粑竹各构件生物量与植株高度的相关性较高。美丽箬竹各构件生物量与叶片数关系的拟合效果最好。
     竹林结构经调整后,粽粑竹、美丽箬竹新竹的生长情况、单位面积生物量在各处理间存在显著差异。美丽箬竹各构件生物量及其占地上生物量的比重在各处理间均存在显著差异。当留竹数大于120,笋数大于60时,地上生物量和叶生物量最大。
     水浴法提取长节箬竹(Indocalamus longiauritus)叶中黄酮的最佳条件为:乙醇浓度85%,料液比1:20(g:mL),提取水浴温度为85℃,提取时间为50 min。在上述的最佳条件下,长节箬竹叶总黄酮含量为2.23%。
     长节箬竹叶茶多酚微波辅助提取最佳条件:提取温度70℃,微波功率200W,乙醇浓度70%,料液比为1:20(g:mL),提取时间20min。在最佳提取工艺条件下,长节箬竹叶茶多酚含量为6.24%。
     3种箬竹叶片总黄酮的变化范围为1.70%-2.69%,茶多酚为5.52%~7.55%,可溶性糖1.02%~8.50%。这三种活性成分的含量在季节和竹种间均存在显著差异。阔叶箬竹的活性成分含量最高。各活性成分含量在展叶后的3个月内随叶龄的增加而增加。12月-翌年3月为箬竹叶的最佳采叶时期,阔叶箬竹是利用活性成分潜力较大的竹种。
There are 34 species in the genus of Indocalamus, which mainly distributes in southern watershed of Yangtzi River. The resources of Indoclamus species have not been well utilized yet. To promote comprehensive utilization of Indocalamus species, we studied the growth and development, the relationship between process, stand density control, stand structure and biomass ofⅠ. herklotsii andⅠ. decorus. The main leaf bio-active ingredients and influencing factors were investigated. The main results could be described as follows:
     In experiment sites, the number of 2-year- old culms is the largest, following by the number of one-year-old culms. The 4-year-old culms are the least. The shooting period ofⅠ. herklotsii was from the first ten-day of February to the last ten-day of May. The dynamic change of shoot quantity followed as slow-fast-slow pattern. The rate of the degraded shoots was highest in the last shooting phase. The later the shoots emerge from soil, the shorter the degraded shoots were. The height growth of young culms could be modeled by Logstic curve, and the growth time of culms shorted with their shooting time. The branches did not grow until culms stopped growing. The current culms only had first class branches.
     The above-ground part of bamboo plant could be divided into 3 modular organisms, namely, culm, branch and leaf sheath and leaf blade. The moisture contents of modular organisms ofⅠ. herklotsii andⅠ. decorus were ordered asfollows:branch and leaf sheath the biggest, and then the culm, and leaf blade was the least. The moisture content of each modular organism became lower with the increase of bamboo age, with branch and leaf sheath had the biggest decline ranges. Biomass of individual culm and the ratio of various modular organism biomass differed among species and age-classes. Biomass of individual culm ofⅠ. herklotsii was much bigger than that ofⅠ. decorus. The ratio of culm biomass to total above-ground biomass was the biggest, and that of leaf was the least. The individual culm of 3-year-old had the biggest biomass. As forⅠ. decorus, the ratio of leaf biomass to total above-ground biomass was the largest, and the biomass of individual culm of 2-year-old had bigger biomass than that of 1-year- old.
     There were significant differences in the growth characteristics of new culms betweenⅠ. herklotsii andⅠ. decorus, and as well as the biomass per unit area in different treatment after bamboo stand structure was adjusted. Biomass and ratio of each modular organism ofⅠ. decorus differed among different treatments. When the number of culms and shoots were left more than 120 and 60 respectively, the aboveground biomass and leaf biomass per square meter both reached their maximum values.
     The optimum experimental conditions to extract flavonoids fromⅠ. longiauritus leaves using water bath can be achieved using:ethanol concentration 85%(v/v), liquid/solid ratio 20:1 (mL: g), water temperature 85℃, extraction time 50min. Under the optimum experimental conditions, the yield of total flavonoids of bamboo leaves could be up to 2.23%.
     A microwave-assisted extraction method was used for the extraction of tea polyphenols(TP) fromⅠ. longiauritus leaves. The optimum experimental conditions included:extracting temperature 70℃, ethanol concentration 70%(v/v), liquid/solid ratio 20:1(mL:g), microwave-assisted extraction time 20min. Under the optimum experimental conditions, the yield of TP of bamboo leaves was came up to 6.24%.
     The bio-active ingredient contents in leaves of three bamboo species varied with bamboo species and leaves harvesting time. The range of total flavonoids content was 1.7%~2.69%, tea polyphenols content was 5.52%~7.55%, and soluble sugar content was 1.02%-8.50%. There were significant differences among different species and different seasons. Leaves ofⅠ. latifolius had the highest contents of bio-active ingredients. The bio-active ingredient content for each species increased with leaf age. The period from Dec. to Mar. was the best time to collect leaves. Leaves ofⅠ. latifolius had the highest contents of the three active ingredients suggestingⅠ. latifolius had more potential value than the other two species.
引文
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