岩石和瓦斯突出发生条件及机理研究
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摘要
近年来,国内外煤矿矿井在深部掘进巷道时出现了岩石和瓦斯突出现象。岩石和瓦斯突出包括了岩石突出、岩石与瓦斯一起突出,它们不仅发生在采矿工程中的岩巷掘进,也发生在隧道与其他地下工程施工的相应工程地质环境中。目前,国内外学术界对岩石和瓦斯突出发生条件和机理研究还不够,尚不能准确回答岩石和瓦斯突出过程中的能量来源及能量的转化过程、爆破与岩石和瓦斯突出的关系及其作用机理、岩石和瓦斯突出的启动和停止等更深层次上的原因。
本文基于永川煤矿的岩石和瓦斯突出现象,针对永川煤矿的地质条件、突出砂岩的物性;突出岩石受载变形的损伤、强度和破坏;煤岩和瓦斯突出过程中的瓦斯膨胀能;岩石和瓦斯突出、岩爆发生的一般规律和成因;岩石和瓦斯突出的能量、发生的临界条件及机理等问题展开研究,主要结论如下:
永川煤矿的岩石和瓦斯突出发生在距主采煤层-大龙煤层之下43m的T_3xj~4砂岩层中,该砂岩层为三角洲平原沉积相;T_3xj~4砂岩含有的Si、Al元素较多,矿物组成以石英、云母、长石为主;T_3xj~4砂岩渗透性较差,比表面积较大,其内部孔的孔径一般大于甲烷分子直径;T_3xj~4砂岩微观裂隙和节理不发育、连通性差,呈块状、结构致密,砂岩层中的黑色包裹体是一种成分复杂的矿物质;T_3xj~4砂岩层中赋存的瓦斯气体成分以甲烷为主,其次还有少量的乙烷、丙烷、异丁烷,该砂岩层具有吸附瓦斯的能力;大龙煤层的煤质为1/3焦煤,该煤的比表面积高达280m2/g,SEM图像表明其内部裂隙发育,且互相交联。
T_3xj~4砂岩样强度较低,屈服现象明显,其循环加卸载的疲劳破坏过程受静态全应力应变曲线的控制;T_3xj~4砂岩声发射类型与MOGI-I相似,在应力应变曲线上对应的Kaiser点、屈服点及峰值点处声发射信号明显,且该种砂岩存在Kaiser效应和Felicity效应;在围压条件下,峰后破裂T_3xj~4砂岩样的破裂比(r)与其对应的割线模量、轴向最大应变量及轴向应力应变曲线峰前段下的面积(应变能)有一定的线性关系,且破裂砂岩样是在完整砂岩样破坏的基础上进一步破坏的;破裂T_3xj~4砂岩样的蠕变规律与完整岩样的相似,均可用改进的西原正夫模型描述蠕变的各个阶段;顶板砂质页岩脆性较大,破坏时产生较大爆裂声响,其声发射类型与致密不稳定的-IV相似,应力应变全过程曲线对应的Kaiser点、峰值点处声发射信号明显。
利用自主研制的煤岩介质中瓦斯膨胀能测试装置研究了不同条件下煤和T_3xj~4砂岩中的瓦斯膨胀做功规律,研究表明:低瓦斯压力条件下,煤中瓦斯对外做膨胀功推出活塞的长度(它反映了做功能力)与瓦斯压力呈指数关系变化,而砂岩中瓦斯对外做膨胀功推出活塞的长度与瓦斯压力呈线性关系,通过计算瓦斯膨胀的多变指数,得出煤岩中瓦斯的膨胀过程为等温过程。
岩石和瓦斯突出、岩爆都属于矿山压力所导致的岩石动力现象,均发生在高地应力地区,且都与工程扰动有关;普遍的岩石和瓦斯突出都是由爆破作业引起的,突出发生时伴随着岩石碎片的抛出和瓦斯气体的涌出,突出的能量来源为岩体弹性变形能、重力势能和瓦斯膨胀能,突出孔洞为梨形、口袋形等向岩层内部延伸的不规则孔洞;岩爆可以自发地发生,多发生在强度高、脆性大的坚硬岩层中,岩爆发生后仅在岩体上留下较浅的爆坑;计算了永川煤矿岩巷的断裂失稳区,并与压性水平构造应力为主的地应力场下的断裂失稳区进行了对比,指出以近竖直方向为主的地应力导致的断裂失稳区在巷道两肩呈对称分布,而压性水平构造应力为主的地应力导致的断裂失稳区分布特征则不同。对比分析了岩石断裂失稳区与实际突出孔洞,认为岩石和瓦斯突出孔洞是由高地应力形成的局部破坏区演化、发展来的,爆炸应力并不能改变外载应力条件,爆破对岩石和瓦斯突出起诱导作用。
讨论了断裂失稳区中破裂岩石的弹性变形能、瓦斯膨胀能和重力势能及其在岩石和瓦斯突出中的功能转化关系,根据功能平衡原理得出了岩石和瓦斯突出时岩石的弹性模量临界条件和抛出初速度;指出围压条件下岩石最大泊松比的取值应根据岩样峰后连续加卸载的试验方法确定;岩石和瓦斯突出开始的时间理论上可根据平面应力条件下岩石蠕变失稳的应变-时间关系来估算;得出了岩石和瓦斯突出的机理:岩石和瓦斯突出是具有一定物理力学性质的岩石体在高地应力条件下形成断裂失稳区,并在瓦斯作用下和爆破工程诱导及其他工程扰动作用下产生的一种动力现象,突出的能量来源于弹性变形能、瓦斯的膨胀能和重力势能,当岩体释放的弹性能潜能足够大时,可破坏岩体,激发突出,即岩石和瓦斯突出开始发动;若突出孔洞壁有足够大的地应力梯度和瓦斯压力梯度,岩体的破碎就会不断向周围扩展,岩石和瓦斯突出得以发展;当突出的能量消耗殆尽和突出孔道受阻碍、不能继续在突出孔洞壁建立高的地应力梯度和瓦斯压力梯度时,突出即告停止。
Recently, rock and gas outburst always happened in coal mines at home and abroad when driving into the deep roadway. The rock and gas outburst includes rock outburst and rock outburst accompanied with gas outburst, which does not occur only in rock excavation, but also in tunnels and other underground engineering construction environment. However, researches about the occurrence conditions and mechanism of rock and gas outburst were not enough to exactly understand the sources and transformation processes of energy, the relationship and interaction mechanism between the blast and the outburst, the start and stop of the outburst.
In this paper, geological conditions of Yongchuan coal mine, physical properties of the outburst sandstones, injury, strength and damage of the outburst sandstone deformed under load, gas expansion energy in the process of rock and gas outburst, general principles and causes of the rock and gas outburst and rock burst, energy, critical conditions and mechanism of the rock and gas outburst were studied. The main results are as follows:
Rock and gas outburst of Yongchuan coal mine happened in the T3xj4 sandstone stratum, which is 43 m below the main coal seam-Dalong coal seam, and is the sedimentary facies of the delta plain. The T3xj4 sandstone contains more Si and Al elements. Quartz, mica and feldspar are the main mineral composition of T3xj4 sandstone. The T3xj4 sandstone has low permeability and high specific surface area, and the diameter of the inside pore is bigger than that of the methane molecule. In the microstructure, not developed cracks and joints, poor connectivity, and lump and dense structure appear, and the black inclusion within the sandstone stratum is kind of complex mineral. Methane is the main composition of the gas absorbed in the T3xj4 sandstone stratum. There are also few ethane, propane and isobutene. The T3xj4 sandstone has adsorptive capacity for gas. One-third of coal in Dalong coal seam is coke, which has a high specific surface area of 280 m2/g. From SEM images, cracks has been developed and crosslinked.
The T3xj4 sandstone had low intensity and obvious yielding, and the process of fatigue failure under cyclic loading and unloading fitted static complete stress-strain curve. The type of acoustic emission of T3xj4 sandstone was similar to that of MOGI-I. All the signals in the Kaiser point, yield point and peak point of the stress-strain curve were significant, and there were Kaiser and Felicity effects. Under the confining pressure, the fracture ratio showed a good linear relationship with the secant modulus, axial maximum strain and strain energy of the fractured rock sample, and the full sandstone sample was further destructed to fractured sandstone sample. Both fractured T_3xj~4 sandstone sample and full sandstone sample followed the same creep law. All the stages in the creeping process could be described with the modified Nishihara model. Sandy shale in the apical plate had high brittleness, loud crack, an acoustic emission similar to dense unstable-IV, and significant signals in Kaiser point and peak point.
Gas expands doing work law in coal and T_3xj~4 sandstone under different conditions were systematically studied with the independently made device. The results showed that under low gas pressure, the protrusive length of piston, which reflected the ability of doing work, had an exponent relationship with the pressure of gas in the coal, while showed a linear relationship with the pressure of gas in the sandstone. After computing the polytropic exponent of gas expanding, the gas expansion process is considered to be an isothermal process.
Both rock and gas outburst and rock burst belong to the rock dynamic phenomena. And both of them happen in high stress zone, and have an relationship with construction disturbance. Generally, rock and gas outburst was caused by blasting operation, accompanied with rock fragments and gas emission. The energy source of the outburst was the elastic strain energy and ravity potential energy of rock mass, and gas expansion energy. Outburst cavern was irregular, which means the pyriform and bag, and the cavern extend to interior of rock mass. Rock burst occurred spontaneously, and mostly in the rocks with high strength and hard brittle. Shallow blasting pits formed after rock burst. After computing the fracture zone in the rock lane of Yongchuan coal mine, and comparing with that under ground stress field which is mainly composed of horizontal structure stress, it was indicated that the plastic deformation zone, caused by the vertical ground stress, distributed symmetrically on the double shoulders of the roadway, while the distribution of the plastic deformation zone caused by the horizontal ground stress was different. Comparing the rock fracture zone with the actual outburst cavern, it was shown that the outburst cavern was evoluted and developed from the partial damage zone caused by high ground stress, the external loading stress could not be changed by the explosive stress, and rock and gas outburst could be induced by blasting.
Elastic deformation energy, gas expansion energy, gravitational potential energy, and energy conversion of the three energies of fracture zone in rock and gas outburst were discussed. According to energy balance principle, critical condition of elastic modulus and initial velocity of thrown out of roc were obtained. The maximum Poisson's ratio of rock should be obtained with cyclic loading test after post peak. Theoretically, the start time for rock and gas outburst can be estimated with the strain-time curve of rock creep failure under plane stress condition. The mechanism of rock and gas outburst was also proposed. The outburst is a kind of mineral dynamic phenomenon, which is caused by the deformation zone under the combined action of gas and blasting and other factors. The deformation zone is formed in the rock with physical-mechanical properties under high ground stress. The energy for rock and gas outburst results from elastic deformation energy , gas expansion energy and gravitational potential energy. When the potential of elastic deformation energy of rock mass is sufficiently large, rock mass will be destroyed, and outburst begins. If gradient of in-situ stress and gas pressure is sufficiently large, outburst will be developed and expand. Rock and gas outburst will stop once the depletion of energy and hinder channel of outburst, and gradient of in-situ stress and gas pressure is low.
本文基于永川煤矿的岩石和瓦斯突出现象,针对永川煤矿的地质条件、突出砂岩的物性;突出岩石受载变形的损伤、强度和破坏;煤岩和瓦斯突出过程中的瓦斯膨胀能;岩石和瓦斯突出、岩爆发生的一般规律和成因;岩石和瓦斯突出的能量、发生的临界条件及机理等问题展开研究,主要结论如下:
永川煤矿的岩石和瓦斯突出发生在距主采煤层-大龙煤层之下43m的T_3xj~4砂岩层中,该砂岩层为三角洲平原沉积相;T_3xj~4砂岩含有的Si、Al元素较多,矿物组成以石英、云母、长石为主;T_3xj~4砂岩渗透性较差,比表面积较大,其内部孔的孔径一般大于甲烷分子直径;T_3xj~4砂岩微观裂隙和节理不发育、连通性差,呈块状、结构致密,砂岩层中的黑色包裹体是一种成分复杂的矿物质;T_3xj~4砂岩层中赋存的瓦斯气体成分以甲烷为主,其次还有少量的乙烷、丙烷、异丁烷,该砂岩层具有吸附瓦斯的能力;大龙煤层的煤质为1/3焦煤,该煤的比表面积高达280m2/g,SEM图像表明其内部裂隙发育,且互相交联。
T_3xj~4砂岩样强度较低,屈服现象明显,其循环加卸载的疲劳破坏过程受静态全应力应变曲线的控制;T_3xj~4砂岩声发射类型与MOGI-I相似,在应力应变曲线上对应的Kaiser点、屈服点及峰值点处声发射信号明显,且该种砂岩存在Kaiser效应和Felicity效应;在围压条件下,峰后破裂T_3xj~4砂岩样的破裂比(r)与其对应的割线模量、轴向最大应变量及轴向应力应变曲线峰前段下的面积(应变能)有一定的线性关系,且破裂砂岩样是在完整砂岩样破坏的基础上进一步破坏的;破裂T_3xj~4砂岩样的蠕变规律与完整岩样的相似,均可用改进的西原正夫模型描述蠕变的各个阶段;顶板砂质页岩脆性较大,破坏时产生较大爆裂声响,其声发射类型与致密不稳定的-IV相似,应力应变全过程曲线对应的Kaiser点、峰值点处声发射信号明显。
利用自主研制的煤岩介质中瓦斯膨胀能测试装置研究了不同条件下煤和T_3xj~4砂岩中的瓦斯膨胀做功规律,研究表明:低瓦斯压力条件下,煤中瓦斯对外做膨胀功推出活塞的长度(它反映了做功能力)与瓦斯压力呈指数关系变化,而砂岩中瓦斯对外做膨胀功推出活塞的长度与瓦斯压力呈线性关系,通过计算瓦斯膨胀的多变指数,得出煤岩中瓦斯的膨胀过程为等温过程。
岩石和瓦斯突出、岩爆都属于矿山压力所导致的岩石动力现象,均发生在高地应力地区,且都与工程扰动有关;普遍的岩石和瓦斯突出都是由爆破作业引起的,突出发生时伴随着岩石碎片的抛出和瓦斯气体的涌出,突出的能量来源为岩体弹性变形能、重力势能和瓦斯膨胀能,突出孔洞为梨形、口袋形等向岩层内部延伸的不规则孔洞;岩爆可以自发地发生,多发生在强度高、脆性大的坚硬岩层中,岩爆发生后仅在岩体上留下较浅的爆坑;计算了永川煤矿岩巷的断裂失稳区,并与压性水平构造应力为主的地应力场下的断裂失稳区进行了对比,指出以近竖直方向为主的地应力导致的断裂失稳区在巷道两肩呈对称分布,而压性水平构造应力为主的地应力导致的断裂失稳区分布特征则不同。对比分析了岩石断裂失稳区与实际突出孔洞,认为岩石和瓦斯突出孔洞是由高地应力形成的局部破坏区演化、发展来的,爆炸应力并不能改变外载应力条件,爆破对岩石和瓦斯突出起诱导作用。
讨论了断裂失稳区中破裂岩石的弹性变形能、瓦斯膨胀能和重力势能及其在岩石和瓦斯突出中的功能转化关系,根据功能平衡原理得出了岩石和瓦斯突出时岩石的弹性模量临界条件和抛出初速度;指出围压条件下岩石最大泊松比的取值应根据岩样峰后连续加卸载的试验方法确定;岩石和瓦斯突出开始的时间理论上可根据平面应力条件下岩石蠕变失稳的应变-时间关系来估算;得出了岩石和瓦斯突出的机理:岩石和瓦斯突出是具有一定物理力学性质的岩石体在高地应力条件下形成断裂失稳区,并在瓦斯作用下和爆破工程诱导及其他工程扰动作用下产生的一种动力现象,突出的能量来源于弹性变形能、瓦斯的膨胀能和重力势能,当岩体释放的弹性能潜能足够大时,可破坏岩体,激发突出,即岩石和瓦斯突出开始发动;若突出孔洞壁有足够大的地应力梯度和瓦斯压力梯度,岩体的破碎就会不断向周围扩展,岩石和瓦斯突出得以发展;当突出的能量消耗殆尽和突出孔道受阻碍、不能继续在突出孔洞壁建立高的地应力梯度和瓦斯压力梯度时,突出即告停止。
Recently, rock and gas outburst always happened in coal mines at home and abroad when driving into the deep roadway. The rock and gas outburst includes rock outburst and rock outburst accompanied with gas outburst, which does not occur only in rock excavation, but also in tunnels and other underground engineering construction environment. However, researches about the occurrence conditions and mechanism of rock and gas outburst were not enough to exactly understand the sources and transformation processes of energy, the relationship and interaction mechanism between the blast and the outburst, the start and stop of the outburst.
In this paper, geological conditions of Yongchuan coal mine, physical properties of the outburst sandstones, injury, strength and damage of the outburst sandstone deformed under load, gas expansion energy in the process of rock and gas outburst, general principles and causes of the rock and gas outburst and rock burst, energy, critical conditions and mechanism of the rock and gas outburst were studied. The main results are as follows:
Rock and gas outburst of Yongchuan coal mine happened in the T3xj4 sandstone stratum, which is 43 m below the main coal seam-Dalong coal seam, and is the sedimentary facies of the delta plain. The T3xj4 sandstone contains more Si and Al elements. Quartz, mica and feldspar are the main mineral composition of T3xj4 sandstone. The T3xj4 sandstone has low permeability and high specific surface area, and the diameter of the inside pore is bigger than that of the methane molecule. In the microstructure, not developed cracks and joints, poor connectivity, and lump and dense structure appear, and the black inclusion within the sandstone stratum is kind of complex mineral. Methane is the main composition of the gas absorbed in the T3xj4 sandstone stratum. There are also few ethane, propane and isobutene. The T3xj4 sandstone has adsorptive capacity for gas. One-third of coal in Dalong coal seam is coke, which has a high specific surface area of 280 m2/g. From SEM images, cracks has been developed and crosslinked.
The T3xj4 sandstone had low intensity and obvious yielding, and the process of fatigue failure under cyclic loading and unloading fitted static complete stress-strain curve. The type of acoustic emission of T3xj4 sandstone was similar to that of MOGI-I. All the signals in the Kaiser point, yield point and peak point of the stress-strain curve were significant, and there were Kaiser and Felicity effects. Under the confining pressure, the fracture ratio showed a good linear relationship with the secant modulus, axial maximum strain and strain energy of the fractured rock sample, and the full sandstone sample was further destructed to fractured sandstone sample. Both fractured T_3xj~4 sandstone sample and full sandstone sample followed the same creep law. All the stages in the creeping process could be described with the modified Nishihara model. Sandy shale in the apical plate had high brittleness, loud crack, an acoustic emission similar to dense unstable-IV, and significant signals in Kaiser point and peak point.
Gas expands doing work law in coal and T_3xj~4 sandstone under different conditions were systematically studied with the independently made device. The results showed that under low gas pressure, the protrusive length of piston, which reflected the ability of doing work, had an exponent relationship with the pressure of gas in the coal, while showed a linear relationship with the pressure of gas in the sandstone. After computing the polytropic exponent of gas expanding, the gas expansion process is considered to be an isothermal process.
Both rock and gas outburst and rock burst belong to the rock dynamic phenomena. And both of them happen in high stress zone, and have an relationship with construction disturbance. Generally, rock and gas outburst was caused by blasting operation, accompanied with rock fragments and gas emission. The energy source of the outburst was the elastic strain energy and ravity potential energy of rock mass, and gas expansion energy. Outburst cavern was irregular, which means the pyriform and bag, and the cavern extend to interior of rock mass. Rock burst occurred spontaneously, and mostly in the rocks with high strength and hard brittle. Shallow blasting pits formed after rock burst. After computing the fracture zone in the rock lane of Yongchuan coal mine, and comparing with that under ground stress field which is mainly composed of horizontal structure stress, it was indicated that the plastic deformation zone, caused by the vertical ground stress, distributed symmetrically on the double shoulders of the roadway, while the distribution of the plastic deformation zone caused by the horizontal ground stress was different. Comparing the rock fracture zone with the actual outburst cavern, it was shown that the outburst cavern was evoluted and developed from the partial damage zone caused by high ground stress, the external loading stress could not be changed by the explosive stress, and rock and gas outburst could be induced by blasting.
Elastic deformation energy, gas expansion energy, gravitational potential energy, and energy conversion of the three energies of fracture zone in rock and gas outburst were discussed. According to energy balance principle, critical condition of elastic modulus and initial velocity of thrown out of roc were obtained. The maximum Poisson's ratio of rock should be obtained with cyclic loading test after post peak. Theoretically, the start time for rock and gas outburst can be estimated with the strain-time curve of rock creep failure under plane stress condition. The mechanism of rock and gas outburst was also proposed. The outburst is a kind of mineral dynamic phenomenon, which is caused by the deformation zone under the combined action of gas and blasting and other factors. The deformation zone is formed in the rock with physical-mechanical properties under high ground stress. The energy for rock and gas outburst results from elastic deformation energy , gas expansion energy and gravitational potential energy. When the potential of elastic deformation energy of rock mass is sufficiently large, rock mass will be destroyed, and outburst begins. If gradient of in-situ stress and gas pressure is sufficiently large, outburst will be developed and expand. Rock and gas outburst will stop once the depletion of energy and hinder channel of outburst, and gradient of in-situ stress and gas pressure is low.
引文
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