混杂纤维增强高性能混凝土深梁受剪性能研究
摘要
钢筋混凝土深梁以其巨大的承载能力,在土木工程中得到越来越广泛的应用。由于深梁的跨高比较小,在荷载作用下弯矩值较低,而剪力值却相对较高,其受剪承载力的计算在结构设计中显得尤为重要。为了满足抗剪要求,深梁往往具有较大的高度,并且需要配置大量的钢筋,这样既浪费材料,同时也给施工增加了难度。高性能混凝土具有较高的强度和耐久性,将其应用于深梁结构能较大地提高深梁的承载能力,减小构件的尺寸和自重,节约建筑材料。但主要缺点是仍然没有改变混凝土的脆性性质,并且混凝土强度越高,其脆性越大,这使得深梁剪切破坏时延性更差,不利于结构抗震。混杂纤维混凝土以其优良的力学性能,越来越受到各国研究者的关注。能否将钢纤维／聚丙烯纤维混杂掺入高性能混凝土,得到性能更优的高性能混凝土：一方面利用混杂纤维增加高性能混凝土的韧性,提高深梁剪切破坏延性；另一方面依靠混杂纤维的增强作用,提高深梁斜截面承载能力,减小分布钢筋用量,解决配筋过密引起的施工困难。为此,本文采用试验研究与理论分析相结合的方法,对混杂纤维高性能混凝土深梁受剪性能进行较为深入的研究,主要包括以下几方面内容：
(1)采用正交试验法设计混杂纤维高性能混凝土强度试验,分析钢纤维外形、长径比、体积率及聚丙烯纤维体积率对高性能混凝土立方体抗压强度、劈裂抗拉强度及拉压强度比的影响,比较各因素对高性能混凝土强度影响的大小顺序。结果表明,钢纤维／聚丙烯纤维混杂掺入高性能混凝土后,使基体高性能混凝土的立方体抗压强度、劈裂抗拉强度及拉压强度比普遍提高。其中,钢纤维外形的影响最大,钢纤维长径比的影响最小。
(2)通过18根混杂纤维高性能混凝土深梁及2根普通高性能混凝土深梁的受剪试验,采用直观分析法对影响深梁抗剪极限强度的各因素进行定量分析与比较。结果表明,混杂纤维的掺入可以显著提高高性能混凝土深梁的抗剪极限强度。影响混杂纤维高性能混凝土深梁抗剪极限强度的各因素中,水平分布钢筋配筋率的影响最大,钢纤维长径比的影响次之,聚丙烯纤维体积率的影响最小。
(3)结合我国现行《混凝土结构设计规范》(GB50010-2002)和《纤维混凝土结构技术规程》(CECS 38:2004)中深梁受剪承载力计算公式,参考国内外学者相关研究成果,分析规范现有受剪承载力计算公式对高性能混凝土深梁的适用性,提出混杂纤维高性能混凝土深梁斜截面受剪承载力计算公式,可供工程设计参考。
(4)基于深梁受剪试验结果,采用直观分析法对影响深梁剪切初裂强度的各因素进行定量分析与比较。结果表明,混杂纤维的掺入可以显著提高高性能混凝土深梁的剪切初裂强度。在影响混杂纤维高性能混凝土深梁剪切初裂强度的诸因素中,钢纤维长径比的影响最大,聚丙烯纤维体积率的影响次之,竖向分布钢筋配筋率的影响最小。
(5)结合我国现行《混凝土结构设计规范》(GB50010-2002)中普通混凝土深梁及《纤维混凝土结构技术规程》(CECS 38:2004)中钢纤维混凝土深梁斜截面抗裂度计算公式,参考国内外学者相关研究成果,建立了混杂纤维高性能混凝土深梁斜截面抗裂度计算公式,为实际工程设计提供参考。
(6)在混杂纤维高性能混凝土深梁受剪性能试验研究的基础上,采用正交分析法探讨钢纤维外形、长径比及体积率、聚丙烯纤维体积率、水平及竖向分布钢筋配筋率对深梁受剪破坏形态及延性的影响,比较各因素对深梁剪切破坏延性的影响,分析了混杂纤维高性能混凝土深梁的受剪破坏机理。结果表明,混杂纤维的掺入可以显著提高高性能混凝土深梁剪切破坏延性。其中,钢纤维体积率的影响最大,超过了水平和竖向分布钢筋的影响,钢纤维外形的影响最小。
(7)运用大型有限元分析软件ABAQUS对普通高性能混凝土深梁及混杂纤维高性能混凝土深梁受剪性能进行数值模拟,并与试验结果进行了比较,同时针对试验中未能考虑的影响因素进行有限元拓展分析。有限元分析结果表明,随着配筋率的增加,混杂纤维高性能混凝土深梁抗剪极限承载力有所提高,但提高的幅度很小；当剪跨比λ≤1时,混杂纤维高性能混凝土深梁受剪承载力随剪跨比的变化不明显；增大跨高比使混杂纤维高性能混凝土深梁的受剪极限承载力有所提高,但变化幅度不大,这些都与普通混凝土深梁的规律一致。
Nowadays, reinforced concrete deep beams are more and more widely used in civil engineering because of their tremendous bearing capacity. The shear capacity calculation of deep beam is of especial significance in the structural design because the span-depth ratio of deep beam is relatively small, which leads to a small moment but fairly high shear stress under loads. In order to meet the needs of shear resistance, deep beams are usually high with lots of steels inside, which on the other hand means more materials needed and more difficulties met in construction. High performance concrete (HPC) is featured in high strength and good durability. The application of HPC to deep beam structure will improve the bearing capacity of deep beam, reducing the component dimension and self-weight, to save the construction materials. However, HPC still fails to get rid of the brittle nature of concrete, and the higher strength of HPC, the brittler the concrete will be. Due to the bad ductility in shear failure, HPC deep beams are rarely favored to seismic resistance. Meanwhile, hybrid fiber reinforced concrete has been paid more and more attention to by researchers because of its eminent mechanical performance. So is it practical to reinforce HPC with steel and polypropylene hybrid fiber in order to obtain better-performance HPC: On the one hand, the advantage of hybrid fiber can increase the toughness of HPC and the ductility of deep beam in shear failure; on the other, making use of the reinforcement of hybrid fiber to improve the shear capacity of deep beam, which can reduce the amount of reinforcing steel so as to solve the construction problems caused by over-dense steel. Considering the reasons above, experimental and theoretical researches are carried out to study the shear performance of hybrid fiber reinforced HPC deep beams in this paper, with the following contents mainly concerned:
(1) Orthogonal experimental method is adopted to conduct the cubic compression tests and tensile splitting tests of hybrid fiber reinforce HPC. The effects of several parameters (including the shape, length-diameter ratio, volume ratio of steel fiber, and the volume ratio of polypropylene fiber) on the cubic compression strength and tensile splitting strength of hybrid fiber reinforce HPC are analyzed respectively, and comparison is made to list these factors in order according to the magnitude of their effects. The test results show that the cubic compression strength, splitting tensile strength and the tensile-compression strength ratio of the HPC increased generally after being reinforced by the steel- polypropylene hybrid fiber, and among all the influencing factors, the shape of steel fiber is the most influential one, while the length-diameter ratio of steel fiber has the least effect.
(2) Based on the shear tests of 18 HPC deep beams reinforced by steel- polypropylene hybrid fiber and 2 ordinary HPC deep beams, direct-viewing method is applied in comparing and quantitatively analyzing the effects of different factors on the shear capacity of deep beams. The test results indicate that the hybrid fiber can significantly increase the shear capacity of HPC deep beams. Among all the factors influencing the shear capacity of HPC deep beam reinforced by hybrid fiber, the reinforcement ratio of horizontal distribution bars is ranked as the top, the length-diameter ratio of steel fiber takes second place, and the volume ratio of polypropylene fiber is the least influential one.
(3) Through combining the shear capacity calculation formulas for deep beams in current codes "Code for design of concrete structures" (GB50010-2002) with "Technical specification for fiber reinforced concrete structures" (CECS 38:2004), and referring to related research findings from scholars both at home and abroad, comparison is made to analyze the applicability of current shear capacity calculation formulas for HPC deep beams. Based on this analysis, a shear capacity calculation formula for HPC deep beams reinforced by steel- polypropylene hybrid fiber is proposed, which can be taken as a reference in engineering design.
(4) Based on the shear tests of deep beams, direct-viewing method is adopted to quantitatively analyze and compare the effects of different factors on the initial cracking strength of deep beams. The test results show that the hybrid fiber can notably increase the initial cracking strength of HPC deep beams. Among all the factors influencing the initial cracking strength of HPC deep beam reinforced by hybrid fiber, the length-diameter ratio of steel fiber is the most influential one, the volume ratio of polypropylene fiber being less influential, and the reinforcement ratio of vertical distribution bars the least.
(5) By combining the crack resistance capacity calculation formulas for steel fiber reinforced deep beams in current codes "Code for design of concrete structures" (GB50010-2002) with "Technical specification for fiber reinforced concrete structures" (CECS 38:2004), and basing on relevant research findings of scholars both at home and abroad, a crack resistance capacity calculation formula for HPC deep beams reinforced by steel- polypropylene hybrid fiber is come out with, which can provide references to engineering design.
(6) Built upon the shear tests of HPC deep beams reinforced by steel- polypropylene hybrid fiber, orthogonal analysis is conducted to investigate the effect of different parameters, including the shape, length-diameter ratio, volume ratio of steel fiber, volume ratio of polypropylene, and horizontal and vertical reinforcement ratio, on the shear failure modes and ductility of the deep beams. Comparison is made to find out the magnitude of effect of different factors on the deformation and ductility of the deep beams. Hence, the shear failure mechanism of hybrid fiber reinforced HPC deep beams is revealed. The analysis results reflect that the hybrid fiber can greatly increase the ductility of HPC deep beam in shear failure. Among all the factors influencing the ductility of HPC deep beam reinforced by hybrid fiber in shear failure, the volume ratio of steel fiber is the most influential one, even more influential than the reinforcement ratio of vertical and horizontal distribution bars, and the shape of steel fiber being the least influential.
(7) By using the large-scale finite element analysis software ABAQUS, numerical simulations of the shear performance of both ordinary HPC deep beams and HPC deep beams reinforced by hybrid fiber are made, and the simulation results and test results are compared. Meanwhile, expanding analysis is carried out to study those factors which have not been considered in experiments, for their effects on the shear performance of hybrid fiber reinforced HPC deep beams. The results of finite element analysis indicate that with the increment of reinforcement ratio, the shear capacity of HPC deep beams reinforced by hybrid fiber increases, but quite limited. When the shear span ratio is no more than 1(λ≤1), the variation of shear capacity of HPC deep beams reinforced by hybrid fiber is not that obvious as the shear span ratio changes. The increment of span-depth ratio can improve the shear capacity of HPC deep beams reinforced by hybrid fiber, but only with small amplitude. All these regularities are similar to those of ordinary reinforced concrete deep beams.
(1)采用正交试验法设计混杂纤维高性能混凝土强度试验,分析钢纤维外形、长径比、体积率及聚丙烯纤维体积率对高性能混凝土立方体抗压强度、劈裂抗拉强度及拉压强度比的影响,比较各因素对高性能混凝土强度影响的大小顺序。结果表明,钢纤维／聚丙烯纤维混杂掺入高性能混凝土后,使基体高性能混凝土的立方体抗压强度、劈裂抗拉强度及拉压强度比普遍提高。其中,钢纤维外形的影响最大,钢纤维长径比的影响最小。
(2)通过18根混杂纤维高性能混凝土深梁及2根普通高性能混凝土深梁的受剪试验,采用直观分析法对影响深梁抗剪极限强度的各因素进行定量分析与比较。结果表明,混杂纤维的掺入可以显著提高高性能混凝土深梁的抗剪极限强度。影响混杂纤维高性能混凝土深梁抗剪极限强度的各因素中,水平分布钢筋配筋率的影响最大,钢纤维长径比的影响次之,聚丙烯纤维体积率的影响最小。
(3)结合我国现行《混凝土结构设计规范》(GB50010-2002)和《纤维混凝土结构技术规程》(CECS 38:2004)中深梁受剪承载力计算公式,参考国内外学者相关研究成果,分析规范现有受剪承载力计算公式对高性能混凝土深梁的适用性,提出混杂纤维高性能混凝土深梁斜截面受剪承载力计算公式,可供工程设计参考。
(4)基于深梁受剪试验结果,采用直观分析法对影响深梁剪切初裂强度的各因素进行定量分析与比较。结果表明,混杂纤维的掺入可以显著提高高性能混凝土深梁的剪切初裂强度。在影响混杂纤维高性能混凝土深梁剪切初裂强度的诸因素中,钢纤维长径比的影响最大,聚丙烯纤维体积率的影响次之,竖向分布钢筋配筋率的影响最小。
(5)结合我国现行《混凝土结构设计规范》(GB50010-2002)中普通混凝土深梁及《纤维混凝土结构技术规程》(CECS 38:2004)中钢纤维混凝土深梁斜截面抗裂度计算公式,参考国内外学者相关研究成果,建立了混杂纤维高性能混凝土深梁斜截面抗裂度计算公式,为实际工程设计提供参考。
(6)在混杂纤维高性能混凝土深梁受剪性能试验研究的基础上,采用正交分析法探讨钢纤维外形、长径比及体积率、聚丙烯纤维体积率、水平及竖向分布钢筋配筋率对深梁受剪破坏形态及延性的影响,比较各因素对深梁剪切破坏延性的影响,分析了混杂纤维高性能混凝土深梁的受剪破坏机理。结果表明,混杂纤维的掺入可以显著提高高性能混凝土深梁剪切破坏延性。其中,钢纤维体积率的影响最大,超过了水平和竖向分布钢筋的影响,钢纤维外形的影响最小。
(7)运用大型有限元分析软件ABAQUS对普通高性能混凝土深梁及混杂纤维高性能混凝土深梁受剪性能进行数值模拟,并与试验结果进行了比较,同时针对试验中未能考虑的影响因素进行有限元拓展分析。有限元分析结果表明,随着配筋率的增加,混杂纤维高性能混凝土深梁抗剪极限承载力有所提高,但提高的幅度很小；当剪跨比λ≤1时,混杂纤维高性能混凝土深梁受剪承载力随剪跨比的变化不明显；增大跨高比使混杂纤维高性能混凝土深梁的受剪极限承载力有所提高,但变化幅度不大,这些都与普通混凝土深梁的规律一致。
Nowadays, reinforced concrete deep beams are more and more widely used in civil engineering because of their tremendous bearing capacity. The shear capacity calculation of deep beam is of especial significance in the structural design because the span-depth ratio of deep beam is relatively small, which leads to a small moment but fairly high shear stress under loads. In order to meet the needs of shear resistance, deep beams are usually high with lots of steels inside, which on the other hand means more materials needed and more difficulties met in construction. High performance concrete (HPC) is featured in high strength and good durability. The application of HPC to deep beam structure will improve the bearing capacity of deep beam, reducing the component dimension and self-weight, to save the construction materials. However, HPC still fails to get rid of the brittle nature of concrete, and the higher strength of HPC, the brittler the concrete will be. Due to the bad ductility in shear failure, HPC deep beams are rarely favored to seismic resistance. Meanwhile, hybrid fiber reinforced concrete has been paid more and more attention to by researchers because of its eminent mechanical performance. So is it practical to reinforce HPC with steel and polypropylene hybrid fiber in order to obtain better-performance HPC: On the one hand, the advantage of hybrid fiber can increase the toughness of HPC and the ductility of deep beam in shear failure; on the other, making use of the reinforcement of hybrid fiber to improve the shear capacity of deep beam, which can reduce the amount of reinforcing steel so as to solve the construction problems caused by over-dense steel. Considering the reasons above, experimental and theoretical researches are carried out to study the shear performance of hybrid fiber reinforced HPC deep beams in this paper, with the following contents mainly concerned:
(1) Orthogonal experimental method is adopted to conduct the cubic compression tests and tensile splitting tests of hybrid fiber reinforce HPC. The effects of several parameters (including the shape, length-diameter ratio, volume ratio of steel fiber, and the volume ratio of polypropylene fiber) on the cubic compression strength and tensile splitting strength of hybrid fiber reinforce HPC are analyzed respectively, and comparison is made to list these factors in order according to the magnitude of their effects. The test results show that the cubic compression strength, splitting tensile strength and the tensile-compression strength ratio of the HPC increased generally after being reinforced by the steel- polypropylene hybrid fiber, and among all the influencing factors, the shape of steel fiber is the most influential one, while the length-diameter ratio of steel fiber has the least effect.
(2) Based on the shear tests of 18 HPC deep beams reinforced by steel- polypropylene hybrid fiber and 2 ordinary HPC deep beams, direct-viewing method is applied in comparing and quantitatively analyzing the effects of different factors on the shear capacity of deep beams. The test results indicate that the hybrid fiber can significantly increase the shear capacity of HPC deep beams. Among all the factors influencing the shear capacity of HPC deep beam reinforced by hybrid fiber, the reinforcement ratio of horizontal distribution bars is ranked as the top, the length-diameter ratio of steel fiber takes second place, and the volume ratio of polypropylene fiber is the least influential one.
(3) Through combining the shear capacity calculation formulas for deep beams in current codes "Code for design of concrete structures" (GB50010-2002) with "Technical specification for fiber reinforced concrete structures" (CECS 38:2004), and referring to related research findings from scholars both at home and abroad, comparison is made to analyze the applicability of current shear capacity calculation formulas for HPC deep beams. Based on this analysis, a shear capacity calculation formula for HPC deep beams reinforced by steel- polypropylene hybrid fiber is proposed, which can be taken as a reference in engineering design.
(4) Based on the shear tests of deep beams, direct-viewing method is adopted to quantitatively analyze and compare the effects of different factors on the initial cracking strength of deep beams. The test results show that the hybrid fiber can notably increase the initial cracking strength of HPC deep beams. Among all the factors influencing the initial cracking strength of HPC deep beam reinforced by hybrid fiber, the length-diameter ratio of steel fiber is the most influential one, the volume ratio of polypropylene fiber being less influential, and the reinforcement ratio of vertical distribution bars the least.
(5) By combining the crack resistance capacity calculation formulas for steel fiber reinforced deep beams in current codes "Code for design of concrete structures" (GB50010-2002) with "Technical specification for fiber reinforced concrete structures" (CECS 38:2004), and basing on relevant research findings of scholars both at home and abroad, a crack resistance capacity calculation formula for HPC deep beams reinforced by steel- polypropylene hybrid fiber is come out with, which can provide references to engineering design.
(6) Built upon the shear tests of HPC deep beams reinforced by steel- polypropylene hybrid fiber, orthogonal analysis is conducted to investigate the effect of different parameters, including the shape, length-diameter ratio, volume ratio of steel fiber, volume ratio of polypropylene, and horizontal and vertical reinforcement ratio, on the shear failure modes and ductility of the deep beams. Comparison is made to find out the magnitude of effect of different factors on the deformation and ductility of the deep beams. Hence, the shear failure mechanism of hybrid fiber reinforced HPC deep beams is revealed. The analysis results reflect that the hybrid fiber can greatly increase the ductility of HPC deep beam in shear failure. Among all the factors influencing the ductility of HPC deep beam reinforced by hybrid fiber in shear failure, the volume ratio of steel fiber is the most influential one, even more influential than the reinforcement ratio of vertical and horizontal distribution bars, and the shape of steel fiber being the least influential.
(7) By using the large-scale finite element analysis software ABAQUS, numerical simulations of the shear performance of both ordinary HPC deep beams and HPC deep beams reinforced by hybrid fiber are made, and the simulation results and test results are compared. Meanwhile, expanding analysis is carried out to study those factors which have not been considered in experiments, for their effects on the shear performance of hybrid fiber reinforced HPC deep beams. The results of finite element analysis indicate that with the increment of reinforcement ratio, the shear capacity of HPC deep beams reinforced by hybrid fiber increases, but quite limited. When the shear span ratio is no more than 1(λ≤1), the variation of shear capacity of HPC deep beams reinforced by hybrid fiber is not that obvious as the shear span ratio changes. The increment of span-depth ratio can improve the shear capacity of HPC deep beams reinforced by hybrid fiber, but only with small amplitude. All these regularities are similar to those of ordinary reinforced concrete deep beams.
引文
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