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普洱茶饮料加工工艺技术研究
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摘要
普洱茶是一种具有降脂、减肥、抑菌、抗癌等多种功效的后发酵茶,将其开发为液体茶饮料具有较好的保健价值及市场前景。目前,普洱茶的研究主要集中在药理功能的动物试验方面,而对其开发利用较少,尤其是将其开发为液体茶饮料在国内外还尚未见报道。本研究主要针对普洱茶的特性,将膜技术运用于普洱茶饮料的加工中,对普洱茶饮料的提取、澄清、配方、灭菌等方面进行研究,建立一套低成本、产品澄清透明、保质期长,并符合健康食品安全标准的普洱茶饮料加工技术。
     1、在提取工艺研究中,采用蒸馏水作为浸提剂,通过正交试验及方差分析,综合考虑提取效果与生产成本,对提取条件进行优化,确定了最佳提取工艺,茶水比为1:30,浸提温度为85℃,浸提时间为15min,一次浸提。
     2、为了确定普洱茶饮料过滤澄清的最佳工艺参数,从安全、无毒、无有害溶剂残留等角度出发,研究了自然过滤、离心、抽滤、低温处理、膜滤等物理澄清方法的澄清效果,比较了不同孔径微滤膜在不同操作条件下过滤澄清普洱茶提取液的渗透通量及普洱茶液过滤后主要滋味成分含量的变化。结果表明,膜滤澄清技术较其它方法能更有效地解决混浊沉淀问题;采用0.2μm微滤膜能截留大部分易发生沉淀的高分子物质,可显著提高普洱茶提取液的澄清度,在最佳的操作条件下茶汁有效风味成分的保留率高,且感观品质也佳。
     3、为了开发普洱纯茶饮料,本研究对其配制进行了优化,并开发了调味型的茶饮料。结果表明,淡茶型纯茶饮料以微滤液稀释5倍为宜,即固形物含量750-792mg/L,茶多酚含量340-363mg/L,咖啡碱含量160-189mg/L;浓茶型的纯茶饮料以微滤液稀释4倍为宜,即固形物含量960-980mg/L,茶多酚含量410-432mg/L,咖啡碱含量200-210mg/L。调味型的普洱茶饮料以含终浓度为5×10~(-5)%康红专用香精,5×10~(-4)%甜菊糖为宜。
     4、灭菌技术对茶饮料的品质与风味影响很大,为了改善普洱茶饮料的色泽品质,在前人研究的基础上,对茶饮料灭菌技术作了进一步的研究,选择108℃(M_0);110℃(M_1);112℃(M_2);115℃(M_3);121℃(M_4);121℃(M_5)6种灭菌方法,研究了不同灭菌方法对普洱茶饮料物理性状的影响,并进行了微生物培养。
    
    结果表明,温度越高,茶汤色泽越深,透光率越低;时间越长,色泽越深,透光
    率越低,并且在贮藏期间,24h后观察到肉眼可见沉淀。最佳灭菌方法是112℃灭
    菌(MZ)(升温7min,恒温1 Zmin,降温7min);1 1 soC灭菌(M3)(升温smin,
    恒温10min,降温smin)。
Pu-erh tea is a kind of after-fermentation tea which is of many kinds of health care functions, such as reducing blood lipids, weight loss, anti-microbes and anti-cancer. Up to now, the researches on Pu-erh tea mainly focused on the pharmacology function through animal test, however, there was few report on its application, especially Pu-erh tea drink development. In order to establish the manufacture technique of Pu-erh tea drink which has the merits of transparent, long preservation, low cost and meeting the safe standard of health food, this paper studied on the technology of material extraction, clarification with membrane, drink confection and sterilization according to the characteristic of Pu-erh tea. The results showed:
    1. Use distilled water as solvent of material extraction, through comparing with extracting efficiency and operating costs, the optimal extraction condition of Pu-erh tea was ratio of tea to water was 1:30, extracting temperature and time was 85℃ and 15 minutes respectively, one time extraction was chose.
    2. In order to determine the optimal operating parameters of clarification, the clarification effect of different physical filtration methods including ordinary filter paper filtering, centrifuge filtering, vacuum filtering, filtering after low temperature treating and micro-filtering were compared, especially the permeation ability of Pu-erh tea liquid and contents of main taste components of tea liquid filtered with different aperture membranes under different operation condition was studied. The results showed that membrane filter clarification solved the problem of muddy and sediment more effectively, and high-molecule substances were obstructed with 0.2μm micro-filter membrane and clarification of Pu-erh tea liquid was increased markedly, and the retaining rate of main components was high in the case of optimal micro-filtration process accompanied with good organoleptic quality.
    3. This paper mainly studied on confection of pure Pu-erh tea drink and developed compound tea drink. The results showed that tasteless pure tea should be micro-filtration liquid diluted five times. That is, solid substantial content 750-792mg/L, polyphenol content 340-363mg/L, and caffeine content 160-189mg/L; strong pure tea
    
    
    should be micro-filtration liquid diluted four times. That is, solid substance content 960-980mg/L, polyphenol content 410-432mg/L, caffeine content 200-210mg/L. Compound tea drink should added 5 X 10-5 % special essence of Kang Shi-fu black tea and 5 X 10-4% stevia into the tea liquid.
    4. On the base of former study, following six sterilization methods were tried, 108 ℃(M0), 110℃(Mi), 112℃(M2), 115℃(M3), 121℃(M4) and 121℃(M5). The effect of different sterilization methods on physical properties of Pu-erh tea drink was studied and the microbe was cultured. Results showed that the effect of temperature and time on the brightness and sedimentation of Pu-erh tea was significant. Higher temperature and longer time was, darker color and lower permeation rate was got; what's more, macroscopic sedimentation could be seen after 24 hour storage. The optimal sterilization method should be 112 ℃ sterilization (Ma) (rise temperature 7min, constant temperature 12min, reduce temperature 7min); 115℃sterilization (Ms) (rise temperature 8min, constant temperature 10min, reduce temperature 8min).
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