基于喷射策略和燃料设计的压燃式发动机高效低排放燃烧模式研究
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摘要
面对日益严格的排放法规和严重的能源危机，本文采用试验和仿真的手段对高效低排放低温燃烧进行了系统深入的研究。本文综合运用EGR，喷射策略以及燃料设计等手段，在高压共轨发动机上实现了低温燃烧。研究了低温燃烧模式下燃烧和排放的特点；并且通过燃料设计的理念，拓展了低温燃烧的运行工况和提高了低温燃烧的热效率；结合低温燃烧和多次喷射的优点，研究了多次喷射策略对发动机低温燃烧燃烧和排放的影响规律；最后，通过仿真手段对低温燃烧缸内过程和热效率的影响因素进行了分析。全文总结如下：
（1）采用多次喷射策略，实现了发动机HCCI-DI复合燃烧模式。研究了预喷时刻，预喷量，以及主喷时刻等因素对HCCI-DI燃烧和排放特性的影响规律，并通过综合考虑各影响因素，对HCCI-DI燃烧进行了优化。研究表明：HCCI-DI燃烧模式的放热率由HCCI低温反应、HCCI高温反应和扩散燃烧三阶段组成。主喷时刻对HCCI-DI燃烧和排放的影响最大，预喷量和预喷时刻的影响较小。HCCI-DI燃烧模式可以保证在烟度和燃油消耗率变化不大的情况下，有效地降低了中小负荷的NO_X排放。但是，高负荷的NO_X排放仍然较高，有待进一步降低。
（2）为了进一步降低NO_X排放，通过采用中等EGR和推迟喷射时刻的策略，研究了低温燃烧（LTC）的燃烧和排放特征，并且和传统燃烧模式进行了对比；研究了不同EGR率、喷射时刻和喷射压力对低温燃烧和排放的影响规律。研究表明：采用中等EGR率，结合延长滞燃期的方式也能在中低负荷范围内实现低温燃烧。低温燃烧缸内压力峰值显著下降，放热率的开始时刻明显的推迟，滞燃期增长，有利于燃料和空气的混合。低温燃烧下，NO_X排放随着喷射时刻的推迟而下降，烟度排放随着喷射时刻的推迟出现了先上升后下降的趋势，实现了NO_X排放和烟度排放的同时下降。NO_X排放随着喷射压力的提高而升高，烟度、HC和CO排放随着喷射压力的提高而下降。
（3）根据燃料设计的思想，研究了含氧燃料生物柴油和多次喷射策略对低温燃烧和排放的影响；研究了燃料组分、预喷时刻和预喷量对混合燃料低温燃烧模式的影响规律。研究表明：含氧燃料生物柴油，促进和改善了缸内燃烧，有利于烟度排放的降低。当燃料为纯生物柴油时，在高负荷也实现了低温燃烧。生物柴油把低温燃烧的负荷范围拓展到高负荷，低温燃烧的热效率较柴油略高或者与其相当。多次喷射低温燃烧可以进一步降低NO_X排放，热效率也得到改善，但是烟度排放增加，缩小了工况运行范围。选择合适的预喷量，有助于降低低温燃烧压力升高率和循环变动。
（4）为了进一步优化低温燃烧模式，研究了乙醇柴油对低温燃烧的燃烧和排放的影响规律，并且对乙醇柴油的低温燃烧运行范围进行了分析。研究表明：乙醇柴油是低十六烷值含氧燃料，低十六烷值可使滞燃期延长，增加了燃料和空气的混合时间，降低了燃空当量比，同时含氧可以促进和改善了缸内燃烧，两者有效地降低了烟度排放，烟度排放在高负荷下降更加明显，乙醇柴油将低温燃烧的负荷运行范围拓展到高负荷。BDE20燃料可采用较早的喷射时刻，使低温燃烧的热效率得到进一步提高。与柴油燃料相比，BDE20燃料在拓展低温燃烧负荷范围的同时，实现了高效低排放的燃烧模式。
（5）通过运用3D流体力学软件对传统燃烧和低温燃烧模式进行了仿真计算，研究了缸内的温度、正庚烷、CH_2O、OH、NO和CO分布和发展历程，并且重点对影响低温燃烧热效率的各因素进行了分析。研究表明：缸内压力的模拟计算结果与试验结果比较吻合。低温燃烧的最高温度比传统燃烧低。低温燃烧模式的正庚烷低温氧化过程明显要长于传统燃烧模式。从影响热效率的各个因素来说，燃烧相位对热效率影响最大，燃烧效率的影响次之，燃烧持续期和放热率形状的影响较小。从低温燃烧的实现方式来说，喷射时刻对热效率的影响大于EGR的作用。
Under the influence of the severer energy crisis and stricter environmental regulations,study on high-efficiency and low-emissions of low temperature combustion mode wasinvestigated experimentally and computationally. In this study, the low temperaturecombustion (LTC) was achieved in a common rail diesel engine using the means of exhaustgase recirculation (EGR), injection strategy and fuel design concept. The combustion andemissions characteristics of LTC were investigated. Then the fuel design concept was used toextend the operation range of LTC and improve the thermal efficiency. The combination ofLTC and the injection strategy was also investigated. Finally, the time evolution and spatialdistributions of the in-cylinder temperature and several spieces were studied using the3Dsimulation software, and the factors of lower thermal efficiency for were analyzed. The maincontent is as follow:
(1) The HCCI-DI combustion was achieved using multiple injection strategies. Theeffects of pilot injection timing, pilot injection quantity and main injection timing oncombustion and emissions of HCCI-DI combustion were investigated. The results show thatthe heat release rate of HCCI-DI combustion consists of the cool flame stage, the thermalflame stage of HCCI combustion and diffusion stage of CIDI combustion. The smokeemissions and the brake specific fuel consumption of HCCI-DI combustion are kept almostconstant, and NO_Xemissions can be reduced greatly. But NOx emissions is still in a highlevel that need to be reduced in the high load.
(2) In order to further reduce the NO_Xemissions, the low temperature combustion usingmoderate level of EGR and the prolonged injection timing was achieved in low and moderateloads. The results of LTC combustion were compared with those obtained from CIDIcombustion. The effects of EGR rate, start of injection and injection pressure on emissionsand combustion characteristics of LTC combustion were investigated. The results show thatthe in-cylinder pressure of LTC is greatly reduced and the start of combustion is obviouslyretarded. The prolonged ignition delay of LTC is ideal for fuel-air mixing. The NO_Xemissionsdecrease monotonically, and smoke emissions increase firstly and then decrease as theinjection timing is retarded. The NO_Xand smoke emissions of LTC are reducedsimultaneously in low and moderate loads. The NO_Xemissions increase, but smoke, HC andCO emissions decrease with the increase of injection pressure.
(3) Based on the fuel design concept, the effects of the oxygenated fuel and multipleinjection strategy on combustion and emissions of LTC were investigated. The effects of fuelblends, pilot injection timing and pilot injection quantity on combustion and emissions ofLTC were also investigated. The results show that the combustion of LTC is improvedbecause of the oxygen content of biodiesel, leading to the reduction of smoke emissions. TheLTC combustion fueled with biodiesel fuel blends is achieved over a wide operating range.The brake thermal efficiency of biodiesel fuel blends is slightly higher than that of diesel fuel.The NO_Xemissions of LTC could be further reduced by employing pilot injection strategy,but the smoke emissions increase. The pressure rise rate and cycle variation of LTC is reducedwhen the appropriate pilot quantity is applied.
(4) In order to optimize the LTC further, the effects of ethanol-biodiesel-diesel fuelblends on emissions and combustion of LTC were investigated, and the operating range ofLTC combustion was discussed. The results show that the lower smoke emissions are theresult of the lower cetane numbers of fuel blends that lead to longer ignition delay and greaterfuel-air mixing time. Moreover, the higher oxygen content in ethanol is effective for the reduction of smoke emissions. The effects of ethanol on the reduction of smoke emissions areobvious at the high loads. In this way, the upper load limit of LTC is extended. The brakethermal efficiency of BDE20(20%ethanol in blends) is improved because of the advancedinjection timing. The high-efficiency and low-emissions of LTC are achieved withethanol-biodiesel-diesel fuel blends.
(5) Combustion process, n-heptane, CH_2O, OH, NO and CO distributions of both CIDIand LTC combustion were investigated using a CFD software. Factors governing the thermalefficiency were also investigated. It is found that the simulated in-cylinder pressures are ingood agreement with the measured results for both combustion modes. The maximumtemperature of LTC is lower than those of CIDI combustion. The low temperature oxidationprocess of LTC is longer than that of CIDI combustion. The results show that the combustionphasing is the most important factor, followed by combustion efficiency. The effects ofcombustion duration and the shape of heat release rate are minimal. From the means of LTCcombustion, the effect of the injection timing on brake thermal efficiency is greater than thatof EGR.
（1）采用多次喷射策略，实现了发动机HCCI-DI复合燃烧模式。研究了预喷时刻，预喷量，以及主喷时刻等因素对HCCI-DI燃烧和排放特性的影响规律，并通过综合考虑各影响因素，对HCCI-DI燃烧进行了优化。研究表明：HCCI-DI燃烧模式的放热率由HCCI低温反应、HCCI高温反应和扩散燃烧三阶段组成。主喷时刻对HCCI-DI燃烧和排放的影响最大，预喷量和预喷时刻的影响较小。HCCI-DI燃烧模式可以保证在烟度和燃油消耗率变化不大的情况下，有效地降低了中小负荷的NO_X排放。但是，高负荷的NO_X排放仍然较高，有待进一步降低。
（2）为了进一步降低NO_X排放，通过采用中等EGR和推迟喷射时刻的策略，研究了低温燃烧（LTC）的燃烧和排放特征，并且和传统燃烧模式进行了对比；研究了不同EGR率、喷射时刻和喷射压力对低温燃烧和排放的影响规律。研究表明：采用中等EGR率，结合延长滞燃期的方式也能在中低负荷范围内实现低温燃烧。低温燃烧缸内压力峰值显著下降，放热率的开始时刻明显的推迟，滞燃期增长，有利于燃料和空气的混合。低温燃烧下，NO_X排放随着喷射时刻的推迟而下降，烟度排放随着喷射时刻的推迟出现了先上升后下降的趋势，实现了NO_X排放和烟度排放的同时下降。NO_X排放随着喷射压力的提高而升高，烟度、HC和CO排放随着喷射压力的提高而下降。
（3）根据燃料设计的思想，研究了含氧燃料生物柴油和多次喷射策略对低温燃烧和排放的影响；研究了燃料组分、预喷时刻和预喷量对混合燃料低温燃烧模式的影响规律。研究表明：含氧燃料生物柴油，促进和改善了缸内燃烧，有利于烟度排放的降低。当燃料为纯生物柴油时，在高负荷也实现了低温燃烧。生物柴油把低温燃烧的负荷范围拓展到高负荷，低温燃烧的热效率较柴油略高或者与其相当。多次喷射低温燃烧可以进一步降低NO_X排放，热效率也得到改善，但是烟度排放增加，缩小了工况运行范围。选择合适的预喷量，有助于降低低温燃烧压力升高率和循环变动。
（4）为了进一步优化低温燃烧模式，研究了乙醇柴油对低温燃烧的燃烧和排放的影响规律，并且对乙醇柴油的低温燃烧运行范围进行了分析。研究表明：乙醇柴油是低十六烷值含氧燃料，低十六烷值可使滞燃期延长，增加了燃料和空气的混合时间，降低了燃空当量比，同时含氧可以促进和改善了缸内燃烧，两者有效地降低了烟度排放，烟度排放在高负荷下降更加明显，乙醇柴油将低温燃烧的负荷运行范围拓展到高负荷。BDE20燃料可采用较早的喷射时刻，使低温燃烧的热效率得到进一步提高。与柴油燃料相比，BDE20燃料在拓展低温燃烧负荷范围的同时，实现了高效低排放的燃烧模式。
（5）通过运用3D流体力学软件对传统燃烧和低温燃烧模式进行了仿真计算，研究了缸内的温度、正庚烷、CH_2O、OH、NO和CO分布和发展历程，并且重点对影响低温燃烧热效率的各因素进行了分析。研究表明：缸内压力的模拟计算结果与试验结果比较吻合。低温燃烧的最高温度比传统燃烧低。低温燃烧模式的正庚烷低温氧化过程明显要长于传统燃烧模式。从影响热效率的各个因素来说，燃烧相位对热效率影响最大，燃烧效率的影响次之，燃烧持续期和放热率形状的影响较小。从低温燃烧的实现方式来说，喷射时刻对热效率的影响大于EGR的作用。
Under the influence of the severer energy crisis and stricter environmental regulations,study on high-efficiency and low-emissions of low temperature combustion mode wasinvestigated experimentally and computationally. In this study, the low temperaturecombustion (LTC) was achieved in a common rail diesel engine using the means of exhaustgase recirculation (EGR), injection strategy and fuel design concept. The combustion andemissions characteristics of LTC were investigated. Then the fuel design concept was used toextend the operation range of LTC and improve the thermal efficiency. The combination ofLTC and the injection strategy was also investigated. Finally, the time evolution and spatialdistributions of the in-cylinder temperature and several spieces were studied using the3Dsimulation software, and the factors of lower thermal efficiency for were analyzed. The maincontent is as follow:
(1) The HCCI-DI combustion was achieved using multiple injection strategies. Theeffects of pilot injection timing, pilot injection quantity and main injection timing oncombustion and emissions of HCCI-DI combustion were investigated. The results show thatthe heat release rate of HCCI-DI combustion consists of the cool flame stage, the thermalflame stage of HCCI combustion and diffusion stage of CIDI combustion. The smokeemissions and the brake specific fuel consumption of HCCI-DI combustion are kept almostconstant, and NO_Xemissions can be reduced greatly. But NOx emissions is still in a highlevel that need to be reduced in the high load.
(2) In order to further reduce the NO_Xemissions, the low temperature combustion usingmoderate level of EGR and the prolonged injection timing was achieved in low and moderateloads. The results of LTC combustion were compared with those obtained from CIDIcombustion. The effects of EGR rate, start of injection and injection pressure on emissionsand combustion characteristics of LTC combustion were investigated. The results show thatthe in-cylinder pressure of LTC is greatly reduced and the start of combustion is obviouslyretarded. The prolonged ignition delay of LTC is ideal for fuel-air mixing. The NO_Xemissionsdecrease monotonically, and smoke emissions increase firstly and then decrease as theinjection timing is retarded. The NO_Xand smoke emissions of LTC are reducedsimultaneously in low and moderate loads. The NO_Xemissions increase, but smoke, HC andCO emissions decrease with the increase of injection pressure.
(3) Based on the fuel design concept, the effects of the oxygenated fuel and multipleinjection strategy on combustion and emissions of LTC were investigated. The effects of fuelblends, pilot injection timing and pilot injection quantity on combustion and emissions ofLTC were also investigated. The results show that the combustion of LTC is improvedbecause of the oxygen content of biodiesel, leading to the reduction of smoke emissions. TheLTC combustion fueled with biodiesel fuel blends is achieved over a wide operating range.The brake thermal efficiency of biodiesel fuel blends is slightly higher than that of diesel fuel.The NO_Xemissions of LTC could be further reduced by employing pilot injection strategy,but the smoke emissions increase. The pressure rise rate and cycle variation of LTC is reducedwhen the appropriate pilot quantity is applied.
(4) In order to optimize the LTC further, the effects of ethanol-biodiesel-diesel fuelblends on emissions and combustion of LTC were investigated, and the operating range ofLTC combustion was discussed. The results show that the lower smoke emissions are theresult of the lower cetane numbers of fuel blends that lead to longer ignition delay and greaterfuel-air mixing time. Moreover, the higher oxygen content in ethanol is effective for the reduction of smoke emissions. The effects of ethanol on the reduction of smoke emissions areobvious at the high loads. In this way, the upper load limit of LTC is extended. The brakethermal efficiency of BDE20(20%ethanol in blends) is improved because of the advancedinjection timing. The high-efficiency and low-emissions of LTC are achieved withethanol-biodiesel-diesel fuel blends.
(5) Combustion process, n-heptane, CH_2O, OH, NO and CO distributions of both CIDIand LTC combustion were investigated using a CFD software. Factors governing the thermalefficiency were also investigated. It is found that the simulated in-cylinder pressures are ingood agreement with the measured results for both combustion modes. The maximumtemperature of LTC is lower than those of CIDI combustion. The low temperature oxidationprocess of LTC is longer than that of CIDI combustion. The results show that the combustionphasing is the most important factor, followed by combustion efficiency. The effects ofcombustion duration and the shape of heat release rate are minimal. From the means of LTCcombustion, the effect of the injection timing on brake thermal efficiency is greater than thatof EGR.
引文
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