浸没式膜生物反应器处理校园生活污水的应用研究
|
摘要
浸没式膜生物反应器又称为一体式膜生物反应器(MBR),其膜组件直接置于反应器内部,目前应用较为广泛。本课题主要围绕浸没式膜生物反应器应用于校园生活污水处理展开研究。
本课题考察了应用PVDF材质膜组件的MBR在不排泥情况的运行特性。在长期运行阶段,运行时间为60d,系统对COD、浊度、NH3-N均获得了较好的处理效果：进水COD在170-360m/l之间,出水COD维持在30m/l以下,去除率均达到91%以上；对浊度的去除效率均在99%以上,膜组件的高效截留作用对COD及浊度去除贡献较大。系统对NH3-N去除率最终稳定在85%以上,其上清液与出水值差别不大,说明膜组件对NH3-N的截留作用很小。对TN.TP的去除效果较差,去除率分别在31.1%-56.4%与50-75.6%之间,且膜组件贡献较小。系统运行期间,膜过滤的压力变化较为稳定,表明膜污染并不严重。一对膜组件进行体外水力清洗发现,膜组件两端污染程度要高于中部膜丝,表明较高的膜丝密度使得空气不易进入膜丝间形成扰动作用,造成固体物质大量沉积；沉淀在膜表面的较为疏松的沉积物通过物理清洗基本能够被除去。
在长期不排泥运行的浸没式膜生物反应器内,有机底物的去除主要用于维持微生物的生命活动。通过污泥增殖动力学研究得出,本实验中MBR的污泥理论产率系数Y=0.4137mgVSS/mgCOD,衰减系数Kd=0.0524d-1,与传统活性污泥法的值较为接近。根据动力学模型确定的预测污泥浓度值与实测值变化趋势基本一致,表明污泥动力学模型可以用于指导MBR的设计运行。
正交实验阶段考察了PVDF材质MBR中四种运行因素对三种评价指标：COD去除率、NH3-N去除率、过膜压力增长速率的影响程度。其中对COD去除效果影响程度的主次顺序依次为抽吸时间、泵出水量、暂停时间、曝气量；以NH3-N去除率为考察指标的排序依次为曝气量、暂停时间、泵出水量、抽吸时间；以过膜压力增长速率为考察指标的排序依次为暂停时间、泵出水量、曝气量、抽吸时间。通过正交实验的分析研究得出较为合理的运行工况为：曝气量0.2m3/h,抽吸时间10min,暂停时间2min,泵出水量25L/h。
本课题研究制备了1#PVDF、2#PAN、3#PVC三种不同材质的膜,并将其膜组件应用于MBR中,考察了对污染物质的不同去除效果。COD去除效果均较为稳定,1#膜反应器的COD去除效果要优于2#膜反应器和3#膜反应器；三种材质的MBR对浊度去除效果良好,均达到98%以上,出水浊度完全符合国家再生水回用标准要求；对于NH3-N及TN的去除效果表现比较一致,均较低,但1#优于后两者；对TP去除率的变化较为平稳,且差别较小。通过膜材质性能的对比可以发现,PVDF膜材质的膜通量要低一些,且是疏水性的,抗污染能力稍弱,其余两者虽在部分性能上有一定优势,但处理效果又稍差。三种材质的对比实验结果表明,1#PVDF膜反应器对各污染物质的去除效果综合表现优于2#PAN膜反应器和3#PVC膜反应器。
Submerged membrane bioreactor whose membrane module was placed inside the reactor was employed more widely nowadays.This paper was focused on domestic wtewater treatment of campus with submerged membrane bioreactor.
This paper studied the operating characteristics of MBR whose membrane module material was PVDF,and during this experiment period active sludge was not discharged. Across the long system of operation phase,running time is60d, the treatment efficiency of COD,turbidity,NH3-N turns out to be well:the COD value of yielding water was below30mg/1while the value of raw water was between170-360mg/l,the efficiency had all achieved more than91%; the efficiency of turbidity was more than99%,the efficient interception of membrane module played a big role in the removal of COD and turbidity.The ratio of NH3-N elimination had eventually achieved more than85%which was not very good,and the concentration difference of supernate and yielding water was not notable which showed that membrane module didn't play a big role in the removal of NH3-N. The lower removal rates of TN,TP respectively are around31.1%-56.4%,50-75.6%. Pressure of membrane filtration varied steady,which expressed the membrane fouling was not severe.Through the hydraulic cleaning, phenomenon showed that the degree of pollution on both sides of membrane module was more serious than middle part and the conclusion can be drawed that the higher the membrane wires density,the easier the fouling formed; loose sediments deposited on the membrane surface can be mostly removed by physical cleaning.
Across the experiment period which active sludge was not discharged, the removal of the organic substrate was mainly used to maintain microbial life activities. By means of sludge proliferation kinetics research, the sludge theoretical yield coefficient of MBR in this experiment was Y=0.4137mgVSS/mgCOD while attenuation quotient wasKd=0.0524d-1,which was approaching to the values of Conventional activated sludge process. Trends of measured and predicted values according to the kinetic model were basically the same,which demonstrated that the model can be used to instruct design and operation of MBR.
Four operating factors and three evaluation indexes were considered during orthogonal experimental stage. Impact of operation condition on the degradation rate of COD in supernatant were ranged as following:pumping time, pumping water yield, pause time,aeration intensity; on the degradation rate of NH3-N were ranged as following:aeration intensity, pause time, pumping water yield, pumping time;and on transmembrane pressure growth rate were pause time, pumping water yield, aeration intensity, pumping time. Reasonable operating conditions were aeration intensity0.2m3/h, pumping time10min. pause time2min, pumping water yield25L/h.
Three kinds of membrane materials were fabricated including1#PVDF,2#PAN and3#PVC,and they were all used in submerged membrane bioreactor to carry on comparative study of removal efficiency about pollutants.The removal of COD were all stable while1#reactor got the best efficiency; the efficiency of turbidity had all achieved more than98%; the removal performance is consistent between NH3-N and TN which were all at lower level,but1#reactor was superior to the latter two reactors; difference of TP removal efficiency was not great. Through comparative analysis of membrane property,the conclusion was that membrane flux of PVDF is relatively lower,and its hydrophobic nature lead to poor capability of antipollution,the other two materials did have some advantages but got somewhat less treatment efficiency. The results showed that comprehensive performance of pollutants removal of1#reactor was superior to the other two reactors.
本课题考察了应用PVDF材质膜组件的MBR在不排泥情况的运行特性。在长期运行阶段,运行时间为60d,系统对COD、浊度、NH3-N均获得了较好的处理效果：进水COD在170-360m/l之间,出水COD维持在30m/l以下,去除率均达到91%以上；对浊度的去除效率均在99%以上,膜组件的高效截留作用对COD及浊度去除贡献较大。系统对NH3-N去除率最终稳定在85%以上,其上清液与出水值差别不大,说明膜组件对NH3-N的截留作用很小。对TN.TP的去除效果较差,去除率分别在31.1%-56.4%与50-75.6%之间,且膜组件贡献较小。系统运行期间,膜过滤的压力变化较为稳定,表明膜污染并不严重。一对膜组件进行体外水力清洗发现,膜组件两端污染程度要高于中部膜丝,表明较高的膜丝密度使得空气不易进入膜丝间形成扰动作用,造成固体物质大量沉积；沉淀在膜表面的较为疏松的沉积物通过物理清洗基本能够被除去。
在长期不排泥运行的浸没式膜生物反应器内,有机底物的去除主要用于维持微生物的生命活动。通过污泥增殖动力学研究得出,本实验中MBR的污泥理论产率系数Y=0.4137mgVSS/mgCOD,衰减系数Kd=0.0524d-1,与传统活性污泥法的值较为接近。根据动力学模型确定的预测污泥浓度值与实测值变化趋势基本一致,表明污泥动力学模型可以用于指导MBR的设计运行。
正交实验阶段考察了PVDF材质MBR中四种运行因素对三种评价指标：COD去除率、NH3-N去除率、过膜压力增长速率的影响程度。其中对COD去除效果影响程度的主次顺序依次为抽吸时间、泵出水量、暂停时间、曝气量；以NH3-N去除率为考察指标的排序依次为曝气量、暂停时间、泵出水量、抽吸时间；以过膜压力增长速率为考察指标的排序依次为暂停时间、泵出水量、曝气量、抽吸时间。通过正交实验的分析研究得出较为合理的运行工况为：曝气量0.2m3/h,抽吸时间10min,暂停时间2min,泵出水量25L/h。
本课题研究制备了1#PVDF、2#PAN、3#PVC三种不同材质的膜,并将其膜组件应用于MBR中,考察了对污染物质的不同去除效果。COD去除效果均较为稳定,1#膜反应器的COD去除效果要优于2#膜反应器和3#膜反应器；三种材质的MBR对浊度去除效果良好,均达到98%以上,出水浊度完全符合国家再生水回用标准要求；对于NH3-N及TN的去除效果表现比较一致,均较低,但1#优于后两者；对TP去除率的变化较为平稳,且差别较小。通过膜材质性能的对比可以发现,PVDF膜材质的膜通量要低一些,且是疏水性的,抗污染能力稍弱,其余两者虽在部分性能上有一定优势,但处理效果又稍差。三种材质的对比实验结果表明,1#PVDF膜反应器对各污染物质的去除效果综合表现优于2#PAN膜反应器和3#PVC膜反应器。
Submerged membrane bioreactor whose membrane module was placed inside the reactor was employed more widely nowadays.This paper was focused on domestic wtewater treatment of campus with submerged membrane bioreactor.
This paper studied the operating characteristics of MBR whose membrane module material was PVDF,and during this experiment period active sludge was not discharged. Across the long system of operation phase,running time is60d, the treatment efficiency of COD,turbidity,NH3-N turns out to be well:the COD value of yielding water was below30mg/1while the value of raw water was between170-360mg/l,the efficiency had all achieved more than91%; the efficiency of turbidity was more than99%,the efficient interception of membrane module played a big role in the removal of COD and turbidity.The ratio of NH3-N elimination had eventually achieved more than85%which was not very good,and the concentration difference of supernate and yielding water was not notable which showed that membrane module didn't play a big role in the removal of NH3-N. The lower removal rates of TN,TP respectively are around31.1%-56.4%,50-75.6%. Pressure of membrane filtration varied steady,which expressed the membrane fouling was not severe.Through the hydraulic cleaning, phenomenon showed that the degree of pollution on both sides of membrane module was more serious than middle part and the conclusion can be drawed that the higher the membrane wires density,the easier the fouling formed; loose sediments deposited on the membrane surface can be mostly removed by physical cleaning.
Across the experiment period which active sludge was not discharged, the removal of the organic substrate was mainly used to maintain microbial life activities. By means of sludge proliferation kinetics research, the sludge theoretical yield coefficient of MBR in this experiment was Y=0.4137mgVSS/mgCOD while attenuation quotient wasKd=0.0524d-1,which was approaching to the values of Conventional activated sludge process. Trends of measured and predicted values according to the kinetic model were basically the same,which demonstrated that the model can be used to instruct design and operation of MBR.
Four operating factors and three evaluation indexes were considered during orthogonal experimental stage. Impact of operation condition on the degradation rate of COD in supernatant were ranged as following:pumping time, pumping water yield, pause time,aeration intensity; on the degradation rate of NH3-N were ranged as following:aeration intensity, pause time, pumping water yield, pumping time;and on transmembrane pressure growth rate were pause time, pumping water yield, aeration intensity, pumping time. Reasonable operating conditions were aeration intensity0.2m3/h, pumping time10min. pause time2min, pumping water yield25L/h.
Three kinds of membrane materials were fabricated including1#PVDF,2#PAN and3#PVC,and they were all used in submerged membrane bioreactor to carry on comparative study of removal efficiency about pollutants.The removal of COD were all stable while1#reactor got the best efficiency; the efficiency of turbidity had all achieved more than98%; the removal performance is consistent between NH3-N and TN which were all at lower level,but1#reactor was superior to the latter two reactors; difference of TP removal efficiency was not great. Through comparative analysis of membrane property,the conclusion was that membrane flux of PVDF is relatively lower,and its hydrophobic nature lead to poor capability of antipollution,the other two materials did have some advantages but got somewhat less treatment efficiency. The results showed that comprehensive performance of pollutants removal of1#reactor was superior to the other two reactors.
引文
[1]. Tom Stephenson, Simon Judd, Bruce Jefferson, et al。Membrane Bioreactors for Wastewater Treatment [M]。 London, UK:IWA Publishing,2000
[2]. Yamamoto K., Hiasa M., Mahamood T, et al。 Direct solid-liquid separation using hollow fiber membrane in an activated sludge aeration tank[J]。 Wat.Sci.Tech.,1989,21:43-54
[3]. Simon Judd. Claire Judd。 The MBR Book:Principles and Applications of Membrane Bioreactors in Water and Wastewater Treatment[M]。 Oxford, UK:Elsevier Ltd,2006
[4].王志斌,杨宗伟,邢晓林,等。膜分离技术应用的研究进展[J]。过滤与分离,2008,18(2)19-23,36
[5].庞国安,金虎,王韬,等。膜分离技术在废水处理中的应用[J]。科技资讯,2008, (11)：5-6
[6].顾国维,何义亮。膜生物反应器在污水处理中的研究和应用[M]。北京：化学工业出版社,2002
[7]. Pierre Le-Clecho Membrane bioreactors and their uses in wastewater treatments [J]。Appl-Microbiol Biotechnol,2010 (88):1253-1260
[8].周玉芬,于淼,杨勇,等。MBR在我国应用现状与市场发展趋势[J]。工业水处理,2010,30(7)：5-7
[9].郭强。一体式膜生物反应器处理生活污水的研究[D]。重庆：重庆工商大学环境工程专业,2008
[10]. Lawrence K. Wang, Ravinder Menon。Handbook of Environmental Engineering Volume 9[M]。New York:Humana Press,2009
[11].徐越群,苏喆。我国MBR技术研究进展[J]。石家庄铁路职业技术学院学报,2008,7(4)：48-53
[12].Jelena Radjenovic, Marin Matosic, IvanMijatovic, et al。Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) as an AdvancedWastewater Treatment Technology[J]。Hdb EnvChem Vol.5, Part S/2 (2008):37-101
[13].刘颖,高艳玲,吕立宏。MBR技术在污水处理中的应用[J]。沈阳大学学报,2006,18(2)70-72
[14].W.S. Guo, S. Vigneswaran, H.H. Ngo, et al。 Comparison of membrane bioreactor systems in wastewater treatment[J]。Desalination,2008 (231):61-70
[15].牛涛涛,汪建根,李振玉等。膜生物反应器处理污水的研究进展[J]。内蒙古环境科学,2008,20(2)：68-71
[16]. Stefan Weiss.Thorsten Reemtsma。 Membrane bioreactors for municipal wastewatertreatment—A viable option to reduce the amount of polar pollutants discharged into surface waters? [J]。Water research,42(2008):3837-3847
[17].吴坤。废水处理中膜生物反应器的研究进展[J]。广西轻工业,2008,8：67-68,174
[18].苗利峰,马亚钦,姚亮。膜生物反应器的应用和研究进展[J]。唐山师范学院报,2008,30(5)：41-43
[19].孙冬旭。浸没式膜-生物反应器运行特性试验研究[D]。陕西：长安大学环境工程,2009
[20].耿玉秀。用于污水处理的中空纤维膜的研制与应用[D]。山东：山东建筑大学市政工程专业，2010
[21].王桂香,韩恩山,许寒等。膜技术在应用领域的进展[J]。山西化工,2008,28(1)：25-27
[22].任雅玲,张莉平。膜生物反应器处理住宅小区生活污水[J]。给水排水,2009,35：376-379
[23].左伍斌,张燕。MBR法处理生活污水中膜组件性能对比试验研究[J]。水处理技术,2010,36(10)：84-87,91
[24].彭朝辉。现代膜技术及其在水处理应用中的研究进展[J]。科技创新导报,2008,28：114-116
[25].王大新,王晓琳。面向饮用水制备过程的纳滤膜分离技术[J]。膜科学与技术,2003,23(4)61-66。
[26].Mark A. Shannon, Paul W. Bohn, Menachem Elimelech, et al。Science and technology for water purification in the coming decades[J]。 NATURE,2008,452 (20):301-310。
[27].宋海亮,杨小丽。膜生物处理技术的机理及应用研究[J]。工业水处理,2006,26(8)：1-4
[28].Fangang Meng, So-Ryong Chae, Anja Drewso Recent advances in membrane bioreactors(MBRs): Membrane fouling and membrane material[J]。 Water research,2009 (43):1489-1512。
[29].孙丽华,李星,杨艳玲等。浸没式超滤膜处理地表水的膜污染影响因素试验研究[J]。给水排水,2009,25(4)：18-22。
[30].Marek Gryta, Maria Tomaszewska, Krzysztof Karakulskio Wastewater treatment by membrane distillation [J]。 Desalination,2006 (198):67-73
[31].董秉直,冯晶。有机物对UF膜过滤通量的影响[J]。环境科学学报,2007,27(5)：758-762。
[32].赵英,白晓琴,高飞亚等。膜生物反应器在污水处理中的研究进展[J]。中国给水排水,2004,20(12)： 33-36。
[33].朱洪涛,文湘华,黄霞。膜法水处理技术的最新进展[J]。中国给水排水,2007,23(22)：12-17。
[34].杨永强,王娟,张新妙等。废水pH对超滤膜过程的影响[J]。水处理技术,2010,36(2)：33-35。
[35].佘乾洪,迟莉娜,周伟丽等。操作压力和溶液组成对蛋白质在超滤过程中的膜污染的影响[J]。膜科学与技术,2010,30(1)：39-43。
[36].何攀,何凤华,王海燕等。操作条件对浸没式超滤膜污染影响的中试研究[J]。给水排水,2010,36(3)： 12-17
[37].S.S.Madaeni, S.Samieirad。 Chemical cleaning of reverse osmosis membrane fouled by wastewater[J]。 Desalination,257(2010)80-86
[38].陈桂娥,卢琼,周颖等。TiO2动态改性膜应用于MBR的研究[J]。膜科学与技术,2009,29(6)32-35。
[39].聂莉,董乘直。不同相对分子质量的有机物对膜通量的影响[J]。中国环境科学,2009,29(10)：1086-1092。
[40].于莉君,赵虎,李圭白等。粉末活性炭—混凝—超滤联用处理含藻水的研究[J]。中国给水排水,2008,24(19)：51-54。
[41].孙丽华,李星,夏圣骥等。高锰酸钾强化混凝/砂滤/超滤组合工艺处理松花江水试验研究[J]。膜科学与技术,2008,28(1)：77-80,85
[42].董秉直,杨伟帅,刘铮等。不同混凝剂改善超滤膜通量的效果[J]。给水排水,2009,35(12)12-17。
[43].许航,陈卫,李为兵等。常规—超滤膜组合工艺净化湖泊水研究[J]。中国给水排水,2008,24(15)：58-62。
[44]. V. Bonnelyea, L. Guey, J. Del Castillo。UF/MF as RO pre-treatment:the real benefit[J]。Desalination, 2008(222):59-65
[45].薛罡,邱恒,刘亚男等。改性PES膜在MBR中膜阻力分析及膜污染机理研究[J]。环境工程学报,2010,4(5)：1089-1095。
[46].雷晓玲。给水超滤膜系统中曝气对膜通量的影响及其机理研究[J]。给水排水,2009,35(11)129-135。
[47].Khaled Walha, Raja Ben Amar, Francis Quemeneur, et al。 Treatment by nanofiltration and reverse osmosis of high salinity drilling water for seafood washing and processing[J]。 Desalination,219 (2008):231-239。
[48].张艳,于丽君,李立秋等。浸没式超滤膜用于砂滤池的研究[J]。膜科学与技术,2009,29(5)70-73。
[49].王瑞芳,陈发河,吴光斌等。超滤法提纯茶多酚的研究[J]。膜科学与技术,2009,29(4)：112-115。
[50].Lucia Dancova. Igor Bodik, Andrea Blstakova, et al。 Operation ofdomestic wastewater treatment plant with submerged membrane modules[J]。 Dangerous Pollutants (Xenobiotics) in Urban Water Cycle. 2008:297-306
[51].张建昆。一体式A/O—MBR工艺处理生活污水试验研究[J]。中国给水排水,2010,26(13)54-55,59
[52].李世峰。膜生物反应器处理生活污水的试验研究[D]。山东：中国海洋大学环境工程专业,2008
[53].杨琦,尚海涛,杨春,等。A/O—BR工艺处理城市污水的研究[J]。中国给水排水,2006,22(7)：101-104
[54].王雅琴,谭德军,吕伟娅,等。膜生物反应器处理生活污水的膜污染研究环境科学与管理,2006,31(8)：148-150
[55].曹占平,张景丽,张宏伟。污泥龄对MBR中微生物特性的影响[J]。环境工程学报,2011,5(4)：801-806
[56].张立秋,封莉,吕灿南,等。淹没式MBR去除有机物动力学模型及其应用[J]。膜科学与技术,2005,25(3)：1-4,9
[57].刘再亮,孟海玲。MBR污水处理过程中的微生物增殖动力学模型探讨[J]。科技信息,2009,(17)：11-12
[58].薛涛,俞开吕,关晶,等。MBR污水处理工艺中活性污泥动力学参数测定[J]。环境科学,2011,32(4)：1027-1033
[59].林红军,陆晓峰,施柳青。膜生物反应器中的基质降解动力学研究[J]。环境科学与技术,2006,29(10)： 10-12
[60].陈兆鹏。膜生物反应器废水处理运行特性研究[D]。黑龙江：哈尔滨工程大学,环境工程,2009
[61].Shankararaman Chellam, Mark R Wiesner.Particle back transport and permeate flux behavior in crossflow membrane filters。 Environ Science and Technology,1997,31(4):819-824
[62].张传义,王勇,黄霞,等。 一体式膜-生物反应器经济曝气量的试验研究[J]。膜科学与技术,2004,24(5)：11-15
[63].王宗华,曹邦卿,韩沛,等。膜生物反应器在校园生活污水处理中的应用[J]。水处理技术,2009,35(8) ：117-119
[64].Fangang Meng, Baoqiang Shi, Fenglin Yang, et al。 Effect of hydraulic retention time on membrane fouling and biomass characteristics in submerged membrane bioreactors[J] o Bioprocess Biosyst Eng, 2007 (30): 359-367
[65].张自杰。排水工程[M]。北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2000
[66].刘飞,胡光安,韩舞鹰。水力停留时间、水温与氨氮浓度对浸没式生物滤池氨氮去除速率的效应[J]。淡水渔业,2004, (1)：3-5
[67].李继香,夏四清,徐胜男,等。一体式新型PVC材料膜牛物反应器处理生活污水的研究[J]。水处理技术,2010,36(7)：115-118
[68].N.O.Yigit, I.Hannan, G.Civelekoglu, et al。 Efficient Management of Wastewater[M]。 Berlin: Springer-Verlag,2008
[2]. Yamamoto K., Hiasa M., Mahamood T, et al。 Direct solid-liquid separation using hollow fiber membrane in an activated sludge aeration tank[J]。 Wat.Sci.Tech.,1989,21:43-54
[3]. Simon Judd. Claire Judd。 The MBR Book:Principles and Applications of Membrane Bioreactors in Water and Wastewater Treatment[M]。 Oxford, UK:Elsevier Ltd,2006
[4].王志斌,杨宗伟,邢晓林,等。膜分离技术应用的研究进展[J]。过滤与分离,2008,18(2)19-23,36
[5].庞国安,金虎,王韬,等。膜分离技术在废水处理中的应用[J]。科技资讯,2008, (11)：5-6
[6].顾国维,何义亮。膜生物反应器在污水处理中的研究和应用[M]。北京：化学工业出版社,2002
[7]. Pierre Le-Clecho Membrane bioreactors and their uses in wastewater treatments [J]。Appl-Microbiol Biotechnol,2010 (88):1253-1260
[8].周玉芬,于淼,杨勇,等。MBR在我国应用现状与市场发展趋势[J]。工业水处理,2010,30(7)：5-7
[9].郭强。一体式膜生物反应器处理生活污水的研究[D]。重庆：重庆工商大学环境工程专业,2008
[10]. Lawrence K. Wang, Ravinder Menon。Handbook of Environmental Engineering Volume 9[M]。New York:Humana Press,2009
[11].徐越群,苏喆。我国MBR技术研究进展[J]。石家庄铁路职业技术学院学报,2008,7(4)：48-53
[12].Jelena Radjenovic, Marin Matosic, IvanMijatovic, et al。Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) as an AdvancedWastewater Treatment Technology[J]。Hdb EnvChem Vol.5, Part S/2 (2008):37-101
[13].刘颖,高艳玲,吕立宏。MBR技术在污水处理中的应用[J]。沈阳大学学报,2006,18(2)70-72
[14].W.S. Guo, S. Vigneswaran, H.H. Ngo, et al。 Comparison of membrane bioreactor systems in wastewater treatment[J]。Desalination,2008 (231):61-70
[15].牛涛涛,汪建根,李振玉等。膜生物反应器处理污水的研究进展[J]。内蒙古环境科学,2008,20(2)：68-71
[16]. Stefan Weiss.Thorsten Reemtsma。 Membrane bioreactors for municipal wastewatertreatment—A viable option to reduce the amount of polar pollutants discharged into surface waters? [J]。Water research,42(2008):3837-3847
[17].吴坤。废水处理中膜生物反应器的研究进展[J]。广西轻工业,2008,8：67-68,174
[18].苗利峰,马亚钦,姚亮。膜生物反应器的应用和研究进展[J]。唐山师范学院报,2008,30(5)：41-43
[19].孙冬旭。浸没式膜-生物反应器运行特性试验研究[D]。陕西：长安大学环境工程,2009
[20].耿玉秀。用于污水处理的中空纤维膜的研制与应用[D]。山东：山东建筑大学市政工程专业，2010
[21].王桂香,韩恩山,许寒等。膜技术在应用领域的进展[J]。山西化工,2008,28(1)：25-27
[22].任雅玲,张莉平。膜生物反应器处理住宅小区生活污水[J]。给水排水,2009,35：376-379
[23].左伍斌,张燕。MBR法处理生活污水中膜组件性能对比试验研究[J]。水处理技术,2010,36(10)：84-87,91
[24].彭朝辉。现代膜技术及其在水处理应用中的研究进展[J]。科技创新导报,2008,28：114-116
[25].王大新,王晓琳。面向饮用水制备过程的纳滤膜分离技术[J]。膜科学与技术,2003,23(4)61-66。
[26].Mark A. Shannon, Paul W. Bohn, Menachem Elimelech, et al。Science and technology for water purification in the coming decades[J]。 NATURE,2008,452 (20):301-310。
[27].宋海亮,杨小丽。膜生物处理技术的机理及应用研究[J]。工业水处理,2006,26(8)：1-4
[28].Fangang Meng, So-Ryong Chae, Anja Drewso Recent advances in membrane bioreactors(MBRs): Membrane fouling and membrane material[J]。 Water research,2009 (43):1489-1512。
[29].孙丽华,李星,杨艳玲等。浸没式超滤膜处理地表水的膜污染影响因素试验研究[J]。给水排水,2009,25(4)：18-22。
[30].Marek Gryta, Maria Tomaszewska, Krzysztof Karakulskio Wastewater treatment by membrane distillation [J]。 Desalination,2006 (198):67-73
[31].董秉直,冯晶。有机物对UF膜过滤通量的影响[J]。环境科学学报,2007,27(5)：758-762。
[32].赵英,白晓琴,高飞亚等。膜生物反应器在污水处理中的研究进展[J]。中国给水排水,2004,20(12)： 33-36。
[33].朱洪涛,文湘华,黄霞。膜法水处理技术的最新进展[J]。中国给水排水,2007,23(22)：12-17。
[34].杨永强,王娟,张新妙等。废水pH对超滤膜过程的影响[J]。水处理技术,2010,36(2)：33-35。
[35].佘乾洪,迟莉娜,周伟丽等。操作压力和溶液组成对蛋白质在超滤过程中的膜污染的影响[J]。膜科学与技术,2010,30(1)：39-43。
[36].何攀,何凤华,王海燕等。操作条件对浸没式超滤膜污染影响的中试研究[J]。给水排水,2010,36(3)： 12-17
[37].S.S.Madaeni, S.Samieirad。 Chemical cleaning of reverse osmosis membrane fouled by wastewater[J]。 Desalination,257(2010)80-86
[38].陈桂娥,卢琼,周颖等。TiO2动态改性膜应用于MBR的研究[J]。膜科学与技术,2009,29(6)32-35。
[39].聂莉,董乘直。不同相对分子质量的有机物对膜通量的影响[J]。中国环境科学,2009,29(10)：1086-1092。
[40].于莉君,赵虎,李圭白等。粉末活性炭—混凝—超滤联用处理含藻水的研究[J]。中国给水排水,2008,24(19)：51-54。
[41].孙丽华,李星,夏圣骥等。高锰酸钾强化混凝/砂滤/超滤组合工艺处理松花江水试验研究[J]。膜科学与技术,2008,28(1)：77-80,85
[42].董秉直,杨伟帅,刘铮等。不同混凝剂改善超滤膜通量的效果[J]。给水排水,2009,35(12)12-17。
[43].许航,陈卫,李为兵等。常规—超滤膜组合工艺净化湖泊水研究[J]。中国给水排水,2008,24(15)：58-62。
[44]. V. Bonnelyea, L. Guey, J. Del Castillo。UF/MF as RO pre-treatment:the real benefit[J]。Desalination, 2008(222):59-65
[45].薛罡,邱恒,刘亚男等。改性PES膜在MBR中膜阻力分析及膜污染机理研究[J]。环境工程学报,2010,4(5)：1089-1095。
[46].雷晓玲。给水超滤膜系统中曝气对膜通量的影响及其机理研究[J]。给水排水,2009,35(11)129-135。
[47].Khaled Walha, Raja Ben Amar, Francis Quemeneur, et al。 Treatment by nanofiltration and reverse osmosis of high salinity drilling water for seafood washing and processing[J]。 Desalination,219 (2008):231-239。
[48].张艳,于丽君,李立秋等。浸没式超滤膜用于砂滤池的研究[J]。膜科学与技术,2009,29(5)70-73。
[49].王瑞芳,陈发河,吴光斌等。超滤法提纯茶多酚的研究[J]。膜科学与技术,2009,29(4)：112-115。
[50].Lucia Dancova. Igor Bodik, Andrea Blstakova, et al。 Operation ofdomestic wastewater treatment plant with submerged membrane modules[J]。 Dangerous Pollutants (Xenobiotics) in Urban Water Cycle. 2008:297-306
[51].张建昆。一体式A/O—MBR工艺处理生活污水试验研究[J]。中国给水排水,2010,26(13)54-55,59
[52].李世峰。膜生物反应器处理生活污水的试验研究[D]。山东：中国海洋大学环境工程专业,2008
[53].杨琦,尚海涛,杨春,等。A/O—BR工艺处理城市污水的研究[J]。中国给水排水,2006,22(7)：101-104
[54].王雅琴,谭德军,吕伟娅,等。膜生物反应器处理生活污水的膜污染研究环境科学与管理,2006,31(8)：148-150
[55].曹占平,张景丽,张宏伟。污泥龄对MBR中微生物特性的影响[J]。环境工程学报,2011,5(4)：801-806
[56].张立秋,封莉,吕灿南,等。淹没式MBR去除有机物动力学模型及其应用[J]。膜科学与技术,2005,25(3)：1-4,9
[57].刘再亮,孟海玲。MBR污水处理过程中的微生物增殖动力学模型探讨[J]。科技信息,2009,(17)：11-12
[58].薛涛,俞开吕,关晶,等。MBR污水处理工艺中活性污泥动力学参数测定[J]。环境科学,2011,32(4)：1027-1033
[59].林红军,陆晓峰,施柳青。膜生物反应器中的基质降解动力学研究[J]。环境科学与技术,2006,29(10)： 10-12
[60].陈兆鹏。膜生物反应器废水处理运行特性研究[D]。黑龙江：哈尔滨工程大学,环境工程,2009
[61].Shankararaman Chellam, Mark R Wiesner.Particle back transport and permeate flux behavior in crossflow membrane filters。 Environ Science and Technology,1997,31(4):819-824
[62].张传义,王勇,黄霞,等。 一体式膜-生物反应器经济曝气量的试验研究[J]。膜科学与技术,2004,24(5)：11-15
[63].王宗华,曹邦卿,韩沛,等。膜生物反应器在校园生活污水处理中的应用[J]。水处理技术,2009,35(8) ：117-119
[64].Fangang Meng, Baoqiang Shi, Fenglin Yang, et al。 Effect of hydraulic retention time on membrane fouling and biomass characteristics in submerged membrane bioreactors[J] o Bioprocess Biosyst Eng, 2007 (30): 359-367
[65].张自杰。排水工程[M]。北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2000
[66].刘飞,胡光安,韩舞鹰。水力停留时间、水温与氨氮浓度对浸没式生物滤池氨氮去除速率的效应[J]。淡水渔业,2004, (1)：3-5
[67].李继香,夏四清,徐胜男,等。一体式新型PVC材料膜牛物反应器处理生活污水的研究[J]。水处理技术,2010,36(7)：115-118
[68].N.O.Yigit, I.Hannan, G.Civelekoglu, et al。 Efficient Management of Wastewater[M]。 Berlin: Springer-Verlag,2008
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |