台湾海峡西侧近岸沉积及主要河流贡献研究
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摘要
基于2005~2009年间在台湾海峡西侧近岸进行的海洋地质地球物理调查获取了大量的底质、浅地层剖面和侧扫声纳数据，通过数据处理和分析，结合台湾海峡西侧近岸收集的~(14)C、~(210)Pb测年等数据，分析了台湾海峡西侧近岸表层沉积物的分布特征，浅部地层的沉积层序，并估算了海峡西侧近岸的沉积通量对海峡西侧主要河流的沉积层序和沉积分布进行研究，探讨了西侧河流对台湾海峡的沉积贡献并与海峡东侧的河流进行了比对研究。
台湾海峡位于亚洲大陆东南，是我国最大的海峡，也是南海和东海进行物质能量交换的主要通道。在气候上受西太平洋高压与亚洲季风主导；在海洋上有北太平洋黑潮流经台湾东西两岸,并伴随南海暖流和东海环流等多种水系的影响，发育上升流、海洋锋等多种海洋过程，众多山溪性河流从海峡东西两侧注入海洋；在地质上是海陆两大板块的缝合带，因此，使得这块区域成为西太平洋与东亚地球科学系统的重要枢纽，在大气圈、水圈、地圈的地球系统科学研究中提供一个独具特色的自然研究平台。
台湾海峡西侧近岸沉积物的分布以海坛岛为界，其北侧由北往南颗粒物的粒径增大，其南侧由岸向海颗粒物变粗。其上发育有多种多样的沙波微地貌特征，可进一步细分为挠曲状沙波、线型沙波、鱼鳞状波痕、细沙波纹等微地貌类型，常伴随沙脊分布。
台湾海峡西侧近岸浅部沉积层序可分为QT_0和QT_1界面，局部可见QT_0~1和QT_0~2等次一级反射界面，进一步可划分为Ⅰ_1、Ⅰ_2和Ⅰ_3等亚层组，分别对应全新世的早期、中期和晚期。
台湾海峡西侧近岸的全新统沉积厚度南北存在差异特征，以海坛岛为界，北部的全新统沉积一般大于10m，以南北向的带状分布特征为主，由北往南有变薄趋势，而海坛岛南侧的全新统界面埋深有从岸向海递增的趋势。本次研究揭示台湾海峡西侧近岸在全新世的沉积通量为14.3~11.7Mt/y，与海峡西侧3条主要河流闽江（7.5Mt/y）、九龙江（3Mt/y）、晋江（2.5Mt/y）等的现今入海通量估算的总和约13Mt/y相当。但长江来源物质和海峡西侧近岸河流推移质输沙通量大小等因素对本区域的影响需进一步研究。
闽江、九龙江等的古河道均可见南北两支，但南侧河流的密度和宽度往往大于北侧分支，可能是当时的入海主通道。此外，在闽江、九龙江均可见显著的水下三角洲沉积特征，与黄慧珍揭示的现代长江水下三角洲层序的地震反射波特征类似。闽江揭示的水下三角洲呈北宽南窄的斧头状，九龙江揭示的水下三角洲呈哑铃状。
在不考虑河流推移质物质输沙量的前提下，闽江和九龙江每年的入海通量约有一半沉积于水下三角洲以内的河口附近，其余越过水下三角洲输入台湾海峡。若将水下三角洲前缘区域作为主要的悬移物质落淤区进行估计，闽江水下三角洲沉积的悬移质物质通量约为0.5Mt/y，而九龙江水下三角洲沉积仅0.17Mt/y，与现今闽江7.5Mt/y、九龙江3Mt/y的年输沙通量相差较远，推测可能大量的悬移质颗粒进入了台湾海峡。
虽然从流域输沙量和单位面积输沙量考虑，海峡西侧的河流比海峡东侧的主要河流低很多，如总输沙量仅相当于海峡东侧河流的约1/10。但值得注意的是可能很多从台湾岛上河流来的物质通过黑潮或南海暖流及台湾东北方向的冷涡诱导而输离了台湾海峡，而南侧河流则大多通过海底峡谷进入了南海东北部；与之相反，海峡西侧的河流沉积物大部分堆积于海峡之内，所以，其长期的总贡献可能并不比海峡东侧的河流少。
A lot of sediment, sub-bottom profile and side-scan sonar data have been acquired in thewestern nearshore of the Taiwan Strait, during the marine geophysics and geology investigation in2005~2009. Through data processing and analysis, combining with the~(14)C,~(210)Pb data have beenpublished in the Taiwan Strait, the distribution of surface sediments, shallow strata of sedimentarysequences, and sediment flux buried in the west side nearshore of the Taiwan Strait are studied.Especially, the flux and fate of the largest rivers derived sediment into the west side of the TaiwanStrait is estimated, and the river sediment contribution to the Taiwan Strait are compared betweenwest side and the east side of the Strait.
The Taiwan Strait in the Southeast Asia continent is the largest Strait in China, and is themain material and energy exchange channel between the South China Sea and East China Sea.Which dominant by West Pacific high and the Asian monsoon on the climate; the Kuroshioflows via both sides of the Taiwan Strait Island which originated from the North PacificOcean, associated with the effects of South China Sea Warm Current and the East China Seacirculation, development of upwelling, ocean front and other oceanographic processes, andmany mountain rivers delivered into the Strait from east and west side; the Taiwan Strait isalso the suture zone of continental plate and oceanic plate in geology. These charactersmaking this area are an important hub for Earth System Science between the Western Pacificand East Asia, providing a unique platform for nature study in the atmosphere, hydrosphereand geosphere.
Sediment types in the west side nearshor of the Taiwan Straits are bounded by the HaitanIsland, particles size increases from north to south in the northern, the same with the southernfrom coastal to sea. A variety of sand wave developed in this area, and can be classifiedthrough shape,like deflection ripples, linear ripples, scaly ripples, and other micro-landformtypes, associated with the distribution of sand ridges.
Two acoustic reflection interface are identified with QT_0and QT_1in the seismic profiles, further QT_0~1、QT_0~2reflection interface can be recognition locally, and divided into Ⅰ_1、Ⅰ_2andⅠ_3acoustic units, corresponding to late holocene, middle Holocene and early Holocene.
sedimentary thickness of Holocene in the western side nearshore of the Taiwan Strait isdifferences, bounded by Hai Tan Island, northern of Holocene deposition is generally greaterthan10m, there is a trend from north to south thinner, like a shape of strip in south-northdirection; while the thickness of Holocene sediment in the south of Hai Tan Island has anincreasing trend from the shore to sea. The west side nearshore sediment flux of the TaiwanStrait revealed by this study is14.3~11.7Mt/y, a figure not too different from the threemajor rivers in the west of the Strait,as Minjiang River (7.5Mt/y), Jiulong river(3Mt/y),Jinjiang river(2.5Mt/y) and so the estimated total flux from river delivered into the sea about13Mt/y. But the flux from Yangtze River transport to this area as well as bed load flux fromLocal River is not consideration.
Ancient channel can be divided into two branch in Min river, Jiulong river and Jinjiangriver adjacent region, such as north and south branch, but south channel of the river is oftengreater density and width than the the north branch, may be the main channel into the sea atthe time. In addition, the Minjiang River, Jiulong River can be seen a significant sedimentarycharacteristic of subaqueous delta, similar with the modern Yangtze subaqueous deltasequence by Huang Huizhen revealed. The morphology of Minjiang River and Jiulong Riversubaqueous Delta is different, the former is a narrow-south and north-width like axe, and thelatter is dumbbell-shaped.
Minjiang River and Jiulong River may capture about half of the river delivered fluxwithin the estuary and subaqueous delta, the rest entered into the Taiwan Strait. However, thisestimation doesn’t consider the river bed-load material sediment discharge. Assumption thesubaqueous delta front is the main area capture of suspended load matter from Minjiang Riverand Jiulong River, then suspended sediment mass flux is estimated of about0.5Mt/y, whilethe Jiulong River delta sediments is only0.17Mt/y, far underestimate the current flux in Minriver(7.5Mt/y)and Jiulong river(3Mt/y) respectively, likely to represent a large number ofsuspended sediment particles into the Taiwan Strait.The amount of river delivered sediment from the watershed and sediment discharge per unitarea is larger in the east side of Taiwan Strait than in the west side, ex the total sediment discharge in western of Taiwan Strait is about1/10of eastern. But it is worth noting that theflux from Taiwanese river may be escape from the Taiwan Strait. A lot part of them transportto the north through the South China Sea Warm Current and Kuroshio, with the conduct of thecold eddy in the northeast of Taiwan Island; and the flux from the river of south side inTaiwan Island transport into the east-north of South China Sea through canyon and adjacentchannels. However, the majority flux from the western side river delivered sediment of theTaiwan Strait is accumulation in the strait, so its total contribution to the long-term may notbe less than the river’s west of the Strait.
台湾海峡位于亚洲大陆东南，是我国最大的海峡，也是南海和东海进行物质能量交换的主要通道。在气候上受西太平洋高压与亚洲季风主导；在海洋上有北太平洋黑潮流经台湾东西两岸,并伴随南海暖流和东海环流等多种水系的影响，发育上升流、海洋锋等多种海洋过程，众多山溪性河流从海峡东西两侧注入海洋；在地质上是海陆两大板块的缝合带，因此，使得这块区域成为西太平洋与东亚地球科学系统的重要枢纽，在大气圈、水圈、地圈的地球系统科学研究中提供一个独具特色的自然研究平台。
台湾海峡西侧近岸沉积物的分布以海坛岛为界，其北侧由北往南颗粒物的粒径增大，其南侧由岸向海颗粒物变粗。其上发育有多种多样的沙波微地貌特征，可进一步细分为挠曲状沙波、线型沙波、鱼鳞状波痕、细沙波纹等微地貌类型，常伴随沙脊分布。
台湾海峡西侧近岸浅部沉积层序可分为QT_0和QT_1界面，局部可见QT_0~1和QT_0~2等次一级反射界面，进一步可划分为Ⅰ_1、Ⅰ_2和Ⅰ_3等亚层组，分别对应全新世的早期、中期和晚期。
台湾海峡西侧近岸的全新统沉积厚度南北存在差异特征，以海坛岛为界，北部的全新统沉积一般大于10m，以南北向的带状分布特征为主，由北往南有变薄趋势，而海坛岛南侧的全新统界面埋深有从岸向海递增的趋势。本次研究揭示台湾海峡西侧近岸在全新世的沉积通量为14.3~11.7Mt/y，与海峡西侧3条主要河流闽江（7.5Mt/y）、九龙江（3Mt/y）、晋江（2.5Mt/y）等的现今入海通量估算的总和约13Mt/y相当。但长江来源物质和海峡西侧近岸河流推移质输沙通量大小等因素对本区域的影响需进一步研究。
闽江、九龙江等的古河道均可见南北两支，但南侧河流的密度和宽度往往大于北侧分支，可能是当时的入海主通道。此外，在闽江、九龙江均可见显著的水下三角洲沉积特征，与黄慧珍揭示的现代长江水下三角洲层序的地震反射波特征类似。闽江揭示的水下三角洲呈北宽南窄的斧头状，九龙江揭示的水下三角洲呈哑铃状。
在不考虑河流推移质物质输沙量的前提下，闽江和九龙江每年的入海通量约有一半沉积于水下三角洲以内的河口附近，其余越过水下三角洲输入台湾海峡。若将水下三角洲前缘区域作为主要的悬移物质落淤区进行估计，闽江水下三角洲沉积的悬移质物质通量约为0.5Mt/y，而九龙江水下三角洲沉积仅0.17Mt/y，与现今闽江7.5Mt/y、九龙江3Mt/y的年输沙通量相差较远，推测可能大量的悬移质颗粒进入了台湾海峡。
虽然从流域输沙量和单位面积输沙量考虑，海峡西侧的河流比海峡东侧的主要河流低很多，如总输沙量仅相当于海峡东侧河流的约1/10。但值得注意的是可能很多从台湾岛上河流来的物质通过黑潮或南海暖流及台湾东北方向的冷涡诱导而输离了台湾海峡，而南侧河流则大多通过海底峡谷进入了南海东北部；与之相反，海峡西侧的河流沉积物大部分堆积于海峡之内，所以，其长期的总贡献可能并不比海峡东侧的河流少。
A lot of sediment, sub-bottom profile and side-scan sonar data have been acquired in thewestern nearshore of the Taiwan Strait, during the marine geophysics and geology investigation in2005~2009. Through data processing and analysis, combining with the~(14)C,~(210)Pb data have beenpublished in the Taiwan Strait, the distribution of surface sediments, shallow strata of sedimentarysequences, and sediment flux buried in the west side nearshore of the Taiwan Strait are studied.Especially, the flux and fate of the largest rivers derived sediment into the west side of the TaiwanStrait is estimated, and the river sediment contribution to the Taiwan Strait are compared betweenwest side and the east side of the Strait.
The Taiwan Strait in the Southeast Asia continent is the largest Strait in China, and is themain material and energy exchange channel between the South China Sea and East China Sea.Which dominant by West Pacific high and the Asian monsoon on the climate; the Kuroshioflows via both sides of the Taiwan Strait Island which originated from the North PacificOcean, associated with the effects of South China Sea Warm Current and the East China Seacirculation, development of upwelling, ocean front and other oceanographic processes, andmany mountain rivers delivered into the Strait from east and west side; the Taiwan Strait isalso the suture zone of continental plate and oceanic plate in geology. These charactersmaking this area are an important hub for Earth System Science between the Western Pacificand East Asia, providing a unique platform for nature study in the atmosphere, hydrosphereand geosphere.
Sediment types in the west side nearshor of the Taiwan Straits are bounded by the HaitanIsland, particles size increases from north to south in the northern, the same with the southernfrom coastal to sea. A variety of sand wave developed in this area, and can be classifiedthrough shape,like deflection ripples, linear ripples, scaly ripples, and other micro-landformtypes, associated with the distribution of sand ridges.
Two acoustic reflection interface are identified with QT_0and QT_1in the seismic profiles, further QT_0~1、QT_0~2reflection interface can be recognition locally, and divided into Ⅰ_1、Ⅰ_2andⅠ_3acoustic units, corresponding to late holocene, middle Holocene and early Holocene.
sedimentary thickness of Holocene in the western side nearshore of the Taiwan Strait isdifferences, bounded by Hai Tan Island, northern of Holocene deposition is generally greaterthan10m, there is a trend from north to south thinner, like a shape of strip in south-northdirection; while the thickness of Holocene sediment in the south of Hai Tan Island has anincreasing trend from the shore to sea. The west side nearshore sediment flux of the TaiwanStrait revealed by this study is14.3~11.7Mt/y, a figure not too different from the threemajor rivers in the west of the Strait,as Minjiang River (7.5Mt/y), Jiulong river(3Mt/y),Jinjiang river(2.5Mt/y) and so the estimated total flux from river delivered into the sea about13Mt/y. But the flux from Yangtze River transport to this area as well as bed load flux fromLocal River is not consideration.
Ancient channel can be divided into two branch in Min river, Jiulong river and Jinjiangriver adjacent region, such as north and south branch, but south channel of the river is oftengreater density and width than the the north branch, may be the main channel into the sea atthe time. In addition, the Minjiang River, Jiulong River can be seen a significant sedimentarycharacteristic of subaqueous delta, similar with the modern Yangtze subaqueous deltasequence by Huang Huizhen revealed. The morphology of Minjiang River and Jiulong Riversubaqueous Delta is different, the former is a narrow-south and north-width like axe, and thelatter is dumbbell-shaped.
Minjiang River and Jiulong River may capture about half of the river delivered fluxwithin the estuary and subaqueous delta, the rest entered into the Taiwan Strait. However, thisestimation doesn’t consider the river bed-load material sediment discharge. Assumption thesubaqueous delta front is the main area capture of suspended load matter from Minjiang Riverand Jiulong River, then suspended sediment mass flux is estimated of about0.5Mt/y, whilethe Jiulong River delta sediments is only0.17Mt/y, far underestimate the current flux in Minriver(7.5Mt/y)and Jiulong river(3Mt/y) respectively, likely to represent a large number ofsuspended sediment particles into the Taiwan Strait.The amount of river delivered sediment from the watershed and sediment discharge per unitarea is larger in the east side of Taiwan Strait than in the west side, ex the total sediment discharge in western of Taiwan Strait is about1/10of eastern. But it is worth noting that theflux from Taiwanese river may be escape from the Taiwan Strait. A lot part of them transportto the north through the South China Sea Warm Current and Kuroshio, with the conduct of thecold eddy in the northeast of Taiwan Island; and the flux from the river of south side inTaiwan Island transport into the east-north of South China Sea through canyon and adjacentchannels. However, the majority flux from the western side river delivered sediment of theTaiwan Strait is accumulation in the strait, so its total contribution to the long-term may notbe less than the river’s west of the Strait.
引文
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