海上生产平台油气处理系统风险分析及控制
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摘要
海洋平台是海洋石油开发的关键设备,作业环境恶劣、作业空间狭小、作业设备集中,事故危害性大。油气处理模块是海洋平台的重要部分,且存在发生危险的重大可能性,一旦发生灾害事故,将会造成极其严重的后果,易引起连锁事故的发生,出现人员伤亡、设备财产损失巨大的局面。国外对海洋平台进行风险评估的规范和体系已比较完善。我国的石油企业以及院校对海洋平台风险评估也进行了大量研究,然而有关油气处理模块综合风险的研究还不是很多。本文针对我国海洋石油开发的需要,以海上生产平台油气处理系统为研究对象,结合863项目“近海石油老龄平台延寿技术研究”和中国石油大学(华东)自主创新科研计划项目“南海深水油气开采风险控制技术应用基础研究”,进行油气处理系统风险分析及控制技术的研究。
从分析国内外海洋平台风险评估研究状况以及海洋生产平台油气处理模块的特点出发,根据目前油气处理模块风险分析存在的主要问题初步建立风险评价体系框架,指出评价过程中运用的主要技术方法。辨识油气处理工艺过程主要物料和设备潜在的有害因素及危险特性,对导致事故、危害条件的直接原因、诱导因素进行定性分析,继而采用LEC法对危险事件发生的可能性、暴露于危险环境的频率、发生事故或危险的可能结果进行直接评价,确定主要危险。为保证风险分析的准确性,采用模糊综合评价法对主要事故进行定量分析,确定海洋生产平台下层甲板油气处理系统安全运行水平。确定主要危险事故后,建立油气处理系统模型,对原油泄漏引发的火灾事故进行仿真分析,从温度、热辐射、烟气层高度、能见度等方面判断风险程度,为风险控制提供理论支持。结合仿真分析结果,提出基于安全控制系统的风险控制方案,并对风险控制效果进行仿真分析对比,以保障油气处理系统安全运行,确保设备、作业、系统的风险水平降低到国家法规和公司标准要求的风险水平。
Offshore platforms, which have poor working environment, narrow working space, concentrating operating equipments, great harm of accidents are the key equipments of ocean oil development. The standards and systems of risk assessment for offshore platforms is perfect in foreign, and ocean corporations and colleges and universities in China also have extensive research for them. Oil and gas processing system is an important part of offshore production platform, but there is lack of risk assessment research mainly to it. This dissertation mainly focuses on the need of ocean oil development in China, with offshore oil and gas processing system as research object, which is a part of the“863”High Technology Research and Development Program of China of“Research on Life Extension Technology for Aged Offshore Platforms”. Research of risk assessment and control technology for oil and gas processing system was carried on.
This paper analysis the research status of risk assessment for offshore production platform at present and the characteristics of offshore oil and gas processing system, establish the risk assessment framework for offshore oil and gas processing system preliminary, point out the main technical methods used in risk assessment. On the base of indentifying the main hazard factors and hazardous characteristics for the materials and equipments in process, make qualitative analysis for the direct cause and induction factors leading to risk events, evaluate the likelihood of hazardous events, frequency exposed in hazardous environment, the hazardous consequence directly by using the method of LEC. In order to ensure the accuracy of risk analysis, apply the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method for quantitative analysis to judge the safety operation level of offshore oil and gas processing system. Then select fire accident caused by oil leaking to be simulated, analysis the impact and consequences of fire accidents, and estimate the degree of risk through tempreature, radiation, smoke layer height and visibility. On this basis, the risk control project based on risk control system was built, simulation analysis and comparison was implemented to the effect of risk control project to ensure offshore oil and gas processing system operating safely and the level of risk is accord with the national regulations and company standards.
从分析国内外海洋平台风险评估研究状况以及海洋生产平台油气处理模块的特点出发,根据目前油气处理模块风险分析存在的主要问题初步建立风险评价体系框架,指出评价过程中运用的主要技术方法。辨识油气处理工艺过程主要物料和设备潜在的有害因素及危险特性,对导致事故、危害条件的直接原因、诱导因素进行定性分析,继而采用LEC法对危险事件发生的可能性、暴露于危险环境的频率、发生事故或危险的可能结果进行直接评价,确定主要危险。为保证风险分析的准确性,采用模糊综合评价法对主要事故进行定量分析,确定海洋生产平台下层甲板油气处理系统安全运行水平。确定主要危险事故后,建立油气处理系统模型,对原油泄漏引发的火灾事故进行仿真分析,从温度、热辐射、烟气层高度、能见度等方面判断风险程度,为风险控制提供理论支持。结合仿真分析结果,提出基于安全控制系统的风险控制方案,并对风险控制效果进行仿真分析对比,以保障油气处理系统安全运行,确保设备、作业、系统的风险水平降低到国家法规和公司标准要求的风险水平。
Offshore platforms, which have poor working environment, narrow working space, concentrating operating equipments, great harm of accidents are the key equipments of ocean oil development. The standards and systems of risk assessment for offshore platforms is perfect in foreign, and ocean corporations and colleges and universities in China also have extensive research for them. Oil and gas processing system is an important part of offshore production platform, but there is lack of risk assessment research mainly to it. This dissertation mainly focuses on the need of ocean oil development in China, with offshore oil and gas processing system as research object, which is a part of the“863”High Technology Research and Development Program of China of“Research on Life Extension Technology for Aged Offshore Platforms”. Research of risk assessment and control technology for oil and gas processing system was carried on.
This paper analysis the research status of risk assessment for offshore production platform at present and the characteristics of offshore oil and gas processing system, establish the risk assessment framework for offshore oil and gas processing system preliminary, point out the main technical methods used in risk assessment. On the base of indentifying the main hazard factors and hazardous characteristics for the materials and equipments in process, make qualitative analysis for the direct cause and induction factors leading to risk events, evaluate the likelihood of hazardous events, frequency exposed in hazardous environment, the hazardous consequence directly by using the method of LEC. In order to ensure the accuracy of risk analysis, apply the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method for quantitative analysis to judge the safety operation level of offshore oil and gas processing system. Then select fire accident caused by oil leaking to be simulated, analysis the impact and consequences of fire accidents, and estimate the degree of risk through tempreature, radiation, smoke layer height and visibility. On this basis, the risk control project based on risk control system was built, simulation analysis and comparison was implemented to the effect of risk control project to ensure offshore oil and gas processing system operating safely and the level of risk is accord with the national regulations and company standards.
引文
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[14]. Krueger J. and Smith D. A practical Approach to Fire Hazard Analysis for Offshore Structures[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, Volume 104, Issues 1-3, 14 November 2003, 107-122.
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[20].苗文成.国外安全评估软件在海上油气生产设施中的应用[J].石油工程建设, 2004,30(2): 53-55.
[21].李奇,牟善军,姜巍巍等.海上石油平台定量风险评估[J].中国海洋平台, 2007, 22(6): 38-42.
[22].李刚.风险评估技术及其在海上平台的应用[J].内将科技. 2006, 4: 159.
[23].潘大新,霍有利.海上油气田工程油气泄漏事故风险分析[J].海洋环境科学, 2009, 28(4): 426-429.
[24].王少平.海上油气田平台安全定量分析[J].石油工业技术监督, 2004, 22(10): 20-23.
[25]. Chen Guo-ming. Reliability Based Defect Assessment for Offshore Structure[J]. Proceedings of sixth Pacific structural steel conference, 2001, Vol.1: 278-283.
[26]. Xu Liangbin, Chen Guo-ming. Fuzzy Reliability Assessment for Offshore Structures Considering Inspection and Maintenance[C]. Proc OMAE, 2003, vol.2: 163-169.
[27].肖建勇.海洋平台安全风险分析方法研究[D].天津大学. 2003.
[28].孙彦杰,李良碧,尹群.碰撞、爆炸灾害下海洋平台风险评估研究初探[J].中国海洋平台, 2007, 22(5): 38-43.
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[30].牟善军.海上石油工程风险评估技术研究[D].中国海洋大学. 2006.
[31].吕秀艳,刘德辅,牟善军,李晓冬.基于随机分析和概率预测的固定式海洋平台结构风险评估研究[J].中国海洋平台, 2005, 20(5): 6-16.
[32].徐东华.综合安全评估中人的可靠性分析[J].世界海运, 2006, 29(1): 36-38.
[33].刘富君,孔帅,胡东明等.风险评估技术在我国的应用进展[C]. 2009年远东无损检测论坛论文精选, 2009, 31(12): 953-958.
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